170 resultados para LIF-KCL
Resumo:
变态过程是双壳贝类由幼虫向成体转变的一个必不缺少的发育阶段。研究双壳贝类幼虫的变态过程及其机理,对于阐明它们的种群数量变动,促进重要经济双壳贝类增养殖的发展有重要的理论和实践意义。本论文除了用化学物质对几种双壳贝类(海湾扇贝、墨西哥湾扇贝和硬壳蛤)幼虫的变态进行诱导外,主要以激素和神经递质的作用方式为基础,通过直接测定双壳贝类(以海湾扇贝为代表)幼虫体内激素和神经递质、第二信使cAMP等生化物质含量的变化来研究双壳贝类幼虫变态过程中的信息传递途径,从分子生物学和神经生物学角度阐明双壳贝类幼虫变态机理。主要结果如下:1.通过参考国内外大量文献的基础上,较为系统地评述了近二十年来海洋无脊椎动物幼虫附着变态研究的一些进展情况,主要包括诱导因子、附着变态机理模型、人工诱导物的应用和延迟变态四个方面。到目前为止,人们已经发现了许多海洋无脊椎动物幼虫附着变态的诱导物质,主要分为天然诱导物和人工诱导物两大类,一些人工诱导物如GABA、肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素已经在经济贝类苗种生产中得到应用。幼虫附着变态机理模型主要有长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)幼虫附着变态的双调控模型、红鲍(Haliotis rufescens)幼虫附着变态的上行调节模型以及多毛类Phragmatopoma california幼虫附着变态的脂肪酸调控模型。本论文还评述了海洋无脊椎动物幼虫发生延迟变态的原因以及延迟变态对海洋无脊椎动物造成的影响,并提出了解决的方法和今后研究的重点问题。2.在室内用氯化乙酰胆碱、ATP和CaCl_2 3种化学物质对海湾扇贝幼虫的变态进行了诱导实验。结果表明,虽然在个别浓度和处理时间氯化乙酰胆碱和ATP有诱导作用,但总体诱导效果不显著。而10×10~(-3)~40×10~(-3M的CaCl_2在处理12~24h后诱导效果较显著,其诱导效果对处理时间的依赖性较显著,在浓度为40×10~(-3)M和处理时间为24h时诱导效果最好,与对照组相比,变态率提高23.18%。3种诱导物对幼虫死亡率均有显著影响,并且死亡率对浓度和处理时间均有显著的依赖性,浓度越高,处理时间越长,死亡率越高。3.用KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和氯化胆碱进行了墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopectenirradians concentricus Say)幼虫变态的诱导作用实验。结果表明,KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和氯化胆碱对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫变态均有显著诱导作用。KCl在处理时间为12h~48h范围内均有诱导作用;13.42×10~(-3)M和20.13×10~(-3)M的KCl诱导效果较好,变态率平均提高10%以上。1.O×10~(-6)M~50×10~(-6)M的肾上腺素在处理时间为lh~12h较适宜,此时变态率均提高10%以上。1.0×10~(-6)M~50×10~(-6)M的去甲肾上腺素在处理时间为1h~24h都较适宜,变态率平均均提高10%以上,最高可提高31.07%。0.01×10~(-4)M~1.O×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱在处理时间为12h~48h时诱导效果均较好,它们之间的平均变态提高率并没有显著差别,均在12%~13%之间。10×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱在处理时间为12h时诱导效果较明显,变态率可以提高19.14%,超过12h,变态率明显下降,100×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱明显产生毒害作用,幼虫变态率均为零,而幼虫的死亡率均为100%。4.用KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,Serotonin,5-HT)和GABA(γ-氨基丁酸)进行了不同浓度不同处理时间对硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria L.)幼虫变态诱导实验。结果表明,KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA和5-羟色胺对硬壳蛤幼虫的变态均有诱导作用,而GABA的诱导 作用不显著。KCl的最佳诱导浓度随处理时间不同而有所不同。当处理时间为1~24h时,KCl的最佳诱导浓度为33.56×10~(-3)M,此时幼虫变态率均提高24%以上,当处理时间为48h时,KCl的最佳诱导浓度为20.13~26.85×10~(-3)M,处理时间为72h时,最佳诱导浓度为13.42×10~(-3)M。肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的诱导作用与浓度和处理时间均有关。肾上腺素的最佳处理浓度为100×10~(-6)M,最佳处理时间均为8h,此时幼虫变态率提高最大,为36.97%。当去甲肾上腺素的诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M,处理时间为8h~16h时,幼虫变态提高率较高,均大于18%,死亡提高率均低于30%,当去甲肾上腺索诱导浓度为500×10~(-6)M时,虽然在8h~16h的处理时间范围内,幼虫变态提高率也较高,均大于18%,但当处理时间超过8h,在16~48h范围内,幼 虫死亡提高率明显升高,均大于50%。L-DOPA的适宜诱导浓度为10×10~(-6)M~50×10~(-6)M,适宜处理时间为8~24h,此时幼虫变态率均提高30%以上,最高可提高79.43%。5-羟色胺的诱导作用较强,其适宜诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M—1000×10~(-6)M,适宜处理时间为0.5~24h,此时幼虫变态率提高均在30%以上,当处理时间为8h时,最佳诱导浓度为1000×10~(-6)M,此时幼虫变态率提高57.5%,当处理时间为24h时,最佳诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M,此时幼虫变态率提高69.29%。GABA的诱导作用较弱,最佳诱导浓度随处理时间的不同而有所不同。处理时间为24h和48h时,最佳诱导浓度为0.1×10~(-6)M;处理时间为0.5~16h时,最佳诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M。5.KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺索、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺、GABA、茶碱和咖啡因8种诱导物对不同发育阶段海湾扇贝幼虫变态的诱导作用是不同的。13.42×10~(-3)M和20.13×10~(-3)M的KCl对第12天幼虫的变态有抑制作用,变态提高率为负值;之后当幼虫发育至第13和14天时,两浓度的KCl能够明显诱导幼虫变态,变态提高率均高于20%,而对于第16天的幼虫诱导作用有所减弱,变态提高率有所降低;26.85×10~(-3)M的KCl对第12和13天幼虫的变态均有抑制作用,变态提高率为负值,对第14和16天幼虫的变态却有明显的持续的诱导作用,变态提高率分别为22.98%和37.5%。神经递质肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺和GABA的诱导作用规律基本相似,即对第13天海湾扇贝幼虫的变态有明显的抑制作用,变态提高率均为负值,而对第14天幼虫的诱导作用较显著。茶碱和咖啡因作为影响细胞内cAMP的物质,它们的诱导作用规律与神经递质有所不同。它们对第13天海湾扇贝幼虫变态的诱导效果最好。6.测定了不同发育阶段及人工诱导后海湾扇贝幼虫体内去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺和5-羟色胺含量的变化规律。结果表明,海湾扇贝幼虫体内去甲肾上腺索含量在变态前和变态后没有明显变化,变态前为2352(pg/mg湿重),变态后为2770(pg/mg湿重)。多巴胺和5-羟色胺含量在变态前随幼虫的发育而增加,变态前(第13天)急剧增加,第13天的幼虫比第12天的幼虫分别增加了2.8倍和5.7倍,变态后急剧下降,变态后幼苗比第13天的幼虫分别降低了25.1倍和16.4倍。海湾扇贝幼虫体内DA:NE比和5-HT:NE比在变态前和变态后变化比较剧烈。DA:NE比和5-HT:NE比在变态前(第13天)急剧增加,第13天的幼虫比第12天的幼虫增加了3.O倍(DA:NE比)和5.0倍(5-HT:NE比);变态后急剧降低,变态后幼苗比第13天的幼虫降低了29.8倍(DA:NE比)和19.5倍(5-HT:NE比)。海湾扇贝幼虫经KCl和氯化钙诱导24h后,体内去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺和5-羟色胺以及DA:NE比和5-HT:NE比均有所降低。本实验的结果表明,多巴胺和5-羟色胺可能启动了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。7.茶碱和咖啡因对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫的变态均有明显诱导作用。它们的诱导作用均对浓度的依赖性较强,对处理时间的依赖性较弱。10×10~(-4)M的茶碱诱导效果最好,平均变态提高率达33%,其次为1.0×10~(-4)M和100×10~(-4)M的茶碱,平均变态提高率分别为23.15%和21.97%。处理时间对茶碱诱导效果影响不显著,在1~24h范围内,平均变态提高率在19.07~26.1%之间变动。10×10~(-4)M的咖啡因诱导效果最佳,4个处理时间的平均变态提高率为36.01%,其次为100×10~(-4)M,平均变态提高率为26.43%。处理时间对茶碱的诱导效果影响不大,在1~24h范围内,平均变态提高率在19.65~22.02%之间变动。8.采用直接测定cAMP的方法来研究cAMP是否参与了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。结果表明,cAMP参与了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。海湾扇贝幼虫体内cAMP含量随着发育阶段的不同而有所变化。在D形幼虫期最低,为73 pmol/(mg蛋白质);当到达壳顶期幼虫时cAMP含量明显增加,比D形幼虫期提高了12.7倍。从壳顶期幼虫到眼点幼虫(100%,第13天)cAMP含量增加速度较慢,各发育阶段分别比前一发育阶段增加了0.4倍、0.3倍和0.2倍。但当幼虫变态后,体内cAMP含量又急剧增加,幼苗体内cAMP含量比眼点幼虫(100%,第13天)增加了6.1倍。当用KCl、肾上腺索和L-DOPA诱导后,幼虫体内cAMP含量明显增加,分别比对照组提高了7.8倍、1.5倍和10.7倍,说明cAMP参与了这3种诱导物诱导海湾扇贝幼虫变态的过程。9.在前面实验结果和参考有关文献的基础上,初步提出了以海湾扇贝为代表的双壳贝类幼虫变态机理模型:幼虫变态分为两个过程:启动过程和后续过程。当幼虫发育到一定阶段,在外界刺激因子的作用下,体内分泌多巴胺和5-羟色胺,多巴胺和5-羟色胺通过某种信号转导途径(如以DG和IP_3为第二信使)启动变态过程,变态过程启动后,又激活以cAMP为第二信使的信号转导途径(暂时称为后续过程),两者共同完成了幼虫的变态过程。
Resumo:
本文试验了儿茶酚胺类,氨基酸类和金属离子类物质对海湾扇贝幼虫变态的诱导作用,研究结果显示,10~(-4)-10~(-6)M的肾上腺素,10~(-5)M的去甲肾上腺素和L-DOPA具有十分显著的诱导能力;GABA、赖氨酸和酪氨酸表现出一定的诱导作用;外加浓度的KCl和CaCl_2处理幼虫一定时间后,对其变态有比较显著的促进作用。肾上腺素、L-DOPA和KCl以不同时间处理幼虫,幼虫对肾上腺素和L-DOPA表现出很高的敏感性,而KCl对幼虫的诱导则表现出对时间和剂量较强的依赖性。这就显示肾上腺素和L-DOPA可能作用于幼虫体内的特异性受体,从而启动了幼虫的变态过程;而外加的K~+影响了细胞的膜电位,引起敏感细胞的去极化,转而促进了幼虫的变态。本实验的结果可以应用经济贝类贝类苗中生产中幼虫变态的诱导,对海洋生物幼虫生物学的研究亦具有一定的价值。
Resumo:
目的通过观察藏药7号水提液对大鼠离体胸动脉条收缩作用的影响,研究藏药7号的降压机制.方法以生理盐水作为对照组,观察藏药7号水提液(6 g/L)和维拉帕米(Ver 0.013 g/L)对高K+液引起的主动脉条收缩的时效影响,观察对KCl、NE及CaCl2引起的大鼠主动脉条收缩的量效曲线的影响,以及对NE引起的依赖于细胞内钙及细胞外钙收缩的影响.结果藏药7号水提液抑制高K+液引起的主动脉收缩(P<0.001);而且可以使KCl、NE及CaCl2引起的大鼠主动脉条收缩的量效曲线非平行右移,最大效应降低,呈非竞争性拮抗作用(P<0.05);与维拉帕米相似,并且对NE引起的依赖于细胞内钙及细胞外钙的收缩均有抑制作用(P<0.05).结论提示藏药7号的降压机制与钙离子通道拮抗剂一致,而且其作用效果比Ver平稳,其最大作用与Ver相近.
Resumo:
目的:通过观察藏药1号水提液对大鼠离体胸动脉条收缩作用的影响研究其降压机制。方法:观察藏药1号水提液(6mg/mL)和维拉帕米(Ver0.013mg/mL)对高K~+液引起的主动脉条收缩的时效影响,对KCL,NE及CaCl-2引起的大鼠主动脉条收缩的量效曲线的影响,以及对NE引起的依赖于细胞内钙及细胞外钙的收缩的影响。结果:藏药1号水提液意志K~+液引起的主动脉收缩;且可使KCl、NE及CaCl-2引起的大鼠的主动脉条收缩的量效曲线非平行右移,最大效应降低,呈非竞争性拮抗作用;与维拉帕米相似,对NE引起的依赖于细胞内钙及细胞外钙的收缩均有抑制作用。结论:提示藏药1号的降压机制与钙离子通道拮抗剂一致
Resumo:
目的 通过对比观察藏药1号与藏药7号水提液对大鼠离体胸动脉条收缩作用的影响,研究藏药1号与藏药7号的降压机制。方法 以生理盐水作为对照组,观察藏药1号与藏药7号水提液(6mg/ml)和维拉帕米(Ver 0.013 mg/ml)对高K~+液引起的主动脉条收缩的时效影响,观察对KCl,NE及CaCl_2引起的大鼠主动脉条收缩的量效曲线的影响,以及对NE引起的依赖于细胞内钙及细胞外钙的收缩的影响。结果 藏药1号与藏药7号水提液抑制高K~+液引起的主动脉收缩(P<0.001);而且可以使KCl,NE及CaCl_2引起的大鼠主动脉条收缩的量效曲线非平行右移,最大效应降低,呈非竞争性拮抗作用(P<0.05),与维拉帕米相似,并且对NE引起的依赖于细胞内钙及细胞外钙的收缩均有抑制作用(P<0.05)。从pD'2值分析,藏药1号的药效作用要强于藏药7号,但比Ver的弱。结论 提示藏药1号与藏药7号的降压机制与钙离子通道拮抗剂一致,而且其作用效果比Ver延迟、平缓,其最大作用与Ver相近。而且藏药1号药效更加显著。
Resumo:
It was the objective of this study to compare the suitability of different extractants for predicting the availability of sulfur (S) in natural grassland in a sulfur response trial on three different soil types in the Inner Mongolia steppe of China. For soil analysis, seven different extractants have been employed. The inorganic SO4-S concentration was determined by ion chromatography. Additionally, in the Ca(H-2-PO4)(2) extract the total soluble S was determined employing turbidimetry. Weak salt solutions (0.15% CaCl2, Ca(H2PO4)(2), and KH2PO4) extracted similar amounts Of SO4-S. Extraction with 0.025 M KCl provided the lowest SO4-S values. Deionized water dissolved significantly more SO4-S in the control plots than most weak salt extractants. The concentration of soluble organic S decreased in the control plots after 100 days of plant growth, indicating that the organic S pool contributed significantly to the S nutrition of the forage crops. Significant relationships among the SO4-S in the soil determined in different extracts and crop yield, sulfur content in the forage, and total sulfur uptake were only found for the Ca(H2PO4)(2) extract. In general, the correlation coefficients proved to be unsatisfactory for field experimentation.
Resumo:
Natural fluids with water-salt-gas are often found in every sphere of the Earth, whose physicochemical properties and geochemical behaviors are complicated. To study these properties and behaviors turns out to be one of the challenging issues in geosciences. Traditional approaches mainly depend on experiments and observations. However, it is impossible to obtain a large number of data covering a large T-P space of the Earth by experimental methods in the near future, which will hinder the advance of the theoretical study. Therefore, it is important to model natural fluids by advanced theoretical methods, by which limited experimental data can be extended to a large temperature-pressure-composition space. Physicochemical models developed in this dissertation are not only more accurate, but also extend the applied T-P-m region of the experimental data of the multi-fluid systems by about two times. These models provide the new and accurate theoretical tools for the geochemical research, especially for the water-rock interactions and the study of the fluid inclusions. The main achievements can be summarized as follows: (1) A solubility model on components of natural gases is presented. The solubility model on the systems of CH4-H2O-NaCl, C2H6-H2O-NaCl or N2-H2O-NaCl takes advantage of modern physicochemical theory and methods, and is an improvement over previous models whose prediction and precision are relatively poor. The model can predict not only the gas solubility in liquid phase but also water content in the gas phase. In addition, it can predict gases (methane or nitrogen) solubility in seawater and brine. Isochores can be determined, which are very important in the interpretation of fluid inclusions. (2) A density model on common aqueous salt solutions is developed. The density models with high precision for common aqueous salt solutions (H2O-NaCl, H2O-LiCl, H2O-KCl, H2O-MgCl2, H2O-CaCl2, H2O-SrCl2 or H2O-BaCl2) are absent in the past. Previous density models are limited to the relatively small range of experimental data, and cannot meet the requirement of the study of natural fluids. So a general density model of the above systems is presented by us based on the international standard density model of the water. The model exceeds the other models in both precision and prediction. (3) A viscosity model on common aqueous alkali-chloride solutions is proposed. Dynamic viscosity of water-salt systems, an important physics variable, is widely used in three-dimension simulation of the fluids. But in most cases, due to the lack of viscosity models with a wide T-P range, the viscosity of aqueous salt solutions is replaced by that of the water, giving rise to a relatively large uncertainty. A viscosity model with good prediction for the systems (H2O-NaCl, H2O-LiCl or H2O-KCl) is presented on the base of the international standard viscosity model of water and the density model developed before. (4) Equation of State applied in fluid inclusions. The best Equations of State in the world developed by others or us recently are applied in the study of the fluid inclusions. Phase equilibria and isochores of unitary system (e.g. H2O, CO2, CH4, O2, N2, C2H6 or H2S), binary H2O-NaCl system and ternary H2O-CH4-NaCl system are finished. From these programs and thermodynamic equations of coexisting ores, the physicochemical conditions before or after the deposits form can be determined. To some extent, it is a better tool.
Resumo:
Duobuza copper deposit, newly discovered typical gold-rich porphyry copper deposit with superlarge potential, is located in the Tiegelong Mesozoic tectonic -magmatic arc of the southern edge of Qiangtang block and the northern margin of Bangonghu-Nujiang suture. Quartz diorite porphyrite and grandiorite porphyry, occurred in stock, are the main ore-bearing porphyries. As the emplacement of porphyry stock, a wide range of hydrothermal alteration has developed. Within the framework of the ore district, abundant hydrothermal magnetite developed, and the relationship between precipitation of copper and gold and hydrothermal magnetite seems much close. Correspondingly, a series of veinlets and network veinlets occurred in all alteration zones. Therefore, systematic research on such a superlarge high-grade Duobuza gold-rich porphyry copper deposit can fully revealed the metallogenic characteristics of gold-rich porphyry copper deposits in this region, establish metallogenetic model and prospecting criteria, and has important practical significance on the promotion of regional exploration. In addition, this research on it can enrich metallogenic theory of strong oxidation magma-fluid to gold-rich porphyry copper deposit, and will be helpful to understand the metallogenic characteristics in early of subduction of Gangdese arc stages and its entire evolution history of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the temporal and spatial distribution of ore deposits and their geodynamics settings. Northern ore body of Duobuza copper deposit have been controlled with width (north-south) about 100 ~ 400 m, length (east-west) about 1400 m, dip of 200 °, angle of dip 65 °~ 80 °. And controlled resource amount is of 2.7 million tons Cu with grade 0.94% and 13 tons Au with 0.21g/tAu. Overall features of ore body are large scale, higher grade copper, gold-rich. Ore occurred in the body of granodiotite porphyry and quartz diorite porphyrite and its contact zone with wall rock. Through the detailed mapping and field work studies, some typies of alteration are identificated as follows: albitization, biotititation, sericitization, silication, epidotization, chloritization, carbonatization, illitization, kaolinization and so on. The range of alteration is more than 10km2. Wall alteration zone can be divided into potassic alteration, moderate argillization alteration, argillization, illite-hydromuscovite or propylitization from ore-bearing porphyry center outwards, but phyllic alteration has not well developed and only sericite-quartz veins occurred in local area. Moreover, micro-fracture is development in ore district , and correspondingly a series of veinlets are development as follows: biotite vein (EB type), K-feldspar-biotite-chalcopyrite-quartz vein, magnetite-antinolite-K-feldspar vein, quartz-chalcopyrite-magnetite veins (A-type), quartz-magnetite-biotite-K-feldspar vein, chalcopyrite veinlets in potassic alteration zone; (2) chalcopyrite occurring in the center vein–quartz vein (B type), chalcopyrite veinlets, chalcopyrite-gypsum vein in intermediate argillization alteration; (3) chalcopyrite- pyrite-quartz vein, pyrite-quartz vein, chalcopyrite-gypsum veins, quartz-gypsum- molybdenite-chalcopyrite vein in argillization alteration; (4) gypsum veins, quartz-(molybdenite)-chalcopyrite vein, quartz-pyrite vein, gypsum- chalcopyrite vein, potassium feldspar veinlets, Carbonate veins, quartz-magnetite veins in the wall rock. In short, various veins are very abundant within the framework of the ore district. The results of electronic probe microscopy analysis (EMPA) indicate that Albite (Ab 91.5~99.7%) occurred along the rim of plagioclase phenocryst and fracture, and respresents the earliest stages of alteration. K-feldspar (Or 75.1~96.9%) altered plagioclase phenocryst and matrix or formed secondary potassium feldspar veinlets. Secondary biotite occurred mainly in phenocryst, matrix and veinlets, belong to magnesium-rich biotite formed under the conditions of high-oxidation magma- hydrothermal. Chloritization developed in all alteration zones and alterd iron- magnesium minerals such as biotite and hornblende and then formed chlorite veinlets. As the temperature rises, Si in the tetrahedral site of chlorite decreased, and chlorite component evolved from diabantite to ripiolite. The consistent 280℃~360℃ of formation temperature hinted that chlorite formed on the same temperature range in all alteration zones. However, formation temperature range of chlorite from the gypsum-carbonate-chlorite vein was 190℃~220℃, and it may be the product of the latest stage of hydrothermal activity. The closely relationship between biotite and rutile indicate that most of rutiles are precipitated in the process of biotite alteration and recrystallization. In addition, the V2O3 concentration of rutile from ore body in Duobuza gold-rich porphyry copper deposit is >0.4%, indicate that V concentration in rutile has important significance on marking main ore body of porphyry copper deposit. Apatites from Duobuza deposit all are F-rich. And apatite in the wall rock contained low MnO content and relatively high FeO content, which may due to the basaltic composition of the wall rocks. The MnO in apatite from altered porphyry show a strong positive correlation with FeO. In addition, Cl/F ratio of apatite from wall rock was highest, followed by the potassic alteration zone and potassic alteration zone overprinted by moderate argillization alteration was the lowest. SO2 in Apatite are in the scope of 0 to 0.66%, biotite in the apatite has the highest SO2, followed by the potassic alteration zone, potassic alteration zone overprinted by moderate argillization alteration, and the lowest in the surrounding rocks, which may be caused by the decrease of oxygen fugacity of hydrothermal fluid and S exhaust by sulfide precipitation in potassic alteration. Magnetite in the wall rock have higher Cr2O3 and lower Al2O3 features compared with altered porphyry, this may be due to basalt wall rock generally has high Cr content. And magnetites have higher TiO2 content in potassic alteration than moderate argillization alteration overprinted by potassic alteration, argillization and wall rock, suggested that its formation temperature in potassic alteration was the highest among them. The ore minerals mainly are chalcopyrite and bornite, and Au contents of chalcopyrite, bornite, and pyrite are similar with chalcopyrite slightly higher. The Eu* negative anomaly of disseminated chalcopyrite was relatively lower than chalcopyrite in veinlets. Within a drill hole, the Eu* negative anomaly of disseminated chalcopyrite was gradually larger from bottom to top. Magnetite has the same distribution model, with obvious negative Eu* abnormal, and ΣREE in great changes. The gypsum has the highest ΣREE content and the obvious negative anomaly, and biotite obviously has the Eu* abnormal. Based on the petrographic and geochemical characteristics, five series of magmatic rocks can be broadly classified; they are volcanic rocks of the normal island arc, high-Nb basaltic rocks, adakites, altered porphyry and diorite. The Sr, Nd, Hf isotopes and geochemistry of various series of magmatic rock show that they may be the result of mixing between basic magma and various degrees of acid magma coming from lower crust melted by high temperature basic underplating from partial melting of the subduction sediment melt metasomatic mantle wedge. Furthermore S isotope and Pb isotope of the sulfide, ore-bearing porphyries and volcanic rocks indicated ore-forming source is the mantle wedge metasomatied by subduction sediment melt. Oxygen fugacity of magma estimated by Fe2O3/FeO of whole rock and zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ indicated that the oxidation of basalt-andesitic rocks is higher than ore-forming porphyry, and might imply high-oxidation characteristics of underplated basic magma. Its high oxidative mechanism is likely mantle sources metasomatied by subduction sediment magma, including water and Fe3+. And such high oxidation of basaltic magma is conducive to the mantle of sulfides in the effective access to melt. And the An component of dark part within plagioclase phenocryst zoning belong to bytownite (An 74%), and its may be a result of magma composition changes refreshment by basaltic magma injection. SHRIMP zircon U-Pb and LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology study showed that the intrusions and volcanic rocks from Duobuza porphyry copper deposit belong to early Cretaceous magma series (126~105Ma). The magma evolution series are as follows: the earliest diorite and diorite porphyrite → ore-bearing porphyry and barren grandiorite porphyry →basaltic andesite → diorite porphyrite → andesite → basaltic andesite, and magma component shows a evolution trend from intermediate to intermediate-acid to basic. Based on the field evidences, the formation age of high-Nb basalt may be the latest. The Ar-Ar geochronology of altered secondary biotite, K-feldspar and sericite shows that the main mineralization lasting a interval of about 4 Ma, the duration limit of whole magma-hydrothermal evolution of about 6 Ma, and possibly such a long duration limit may result in the formation of Duobuza super-large copper deposit. Moreover, tectonic diagram and trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks and diorite from Duobuza porphyry copper deposit confirm that it formed in a continental margin arc environment. Zircon U-Pb age of volcanic rocks and porphyry fall in the range of 105~121Ma, and Duobuza porphyry copper deposit locating in the north of the Bangonghu- Nujiang suture zone, suggested that Neo-Tethys ocean still subducted northward at least early Cretaceous, and its closure time should be later than 105 Ma. Three major inclusion types and ten subtypes are distinguished from quartz phenocrysts and various quartz veins. Vapor generally coexisting with brine inclusions, suggest that fluid boiling may be the main ore-forming mechanism. Raman spectrums of fluid inclusions display that the content of vapor and liquid inclusion mainly contain water, and vapor occasionally contain a little CO2. In addition, the component of liquid inclusions mainly include Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+, a small amount of Ca2+, F-; and Cl- and Na+ show good correlation. Vapor mainly contains water, a small amount of CO2, CH4 and C2H6 and so on. The daughter minerals identified by Laman spectroscopy and SEM include gypsum, chalcopyrite, halite, sylvite, rutile, potassium feldspar, Fe-Mn-chloride and other minerals, and ore-forming fluid belong to a complex hydrothermal system containing H2O-NaCl-KClFeCl2CaCl2. H and O isotopic analysis of quartz phenocryst, vein quartz, magnetite, chlorite and gypsum from all alteration zones show that the ore-forming fluid of Duobuza gold-rich porphyry copper deposit consisted mainly of magmatic water, without addition of meteric water. Duobuza gold-rich porphyry copper deposit formed by the primary magmatic fluid (600-950C), which has high oxidation, ultra-high salinity and metallogenic element-rich, exsolution direct from the magma, and it is representative of the typical orthomagmatic end member of the porphyry continuum. Moreover, the fluid evolution model of Duobuza gold-rich porphyry copper deposit has been established. Furthermore, two key factors for formation of large Au-rich porphyry copper deposit have been summed up, which are ore-forming fluids earlier separated from magma and high oxidation magma-mineralization fluid system.
Resumo:
改进了利用镀KCl扩散管采集大气活性气态汞分析方法。实验证明:在450℃条件下加热10min 被扩散管捕获的活性气态汞会被热解出。该法最低检出限为3 pg,具有成本低、分析方法简单、省时及采样管能多次使用等优点。
Resumo:
2002年3月份我们对贵阳市大气的气态汞形态进行了采样分析。大气气态总汞用Tekran537A大气自动测汞仪采集测定。活性气态汞用镀KCl扩散管采集,热还原法分解并以冷原子荧光法(CVAFS)分析。结果显示,采样期间贵阳市气态总汞平均浓度为7.09ng/m^3,活性气态汞平均含量38.3pg/m^3。气态总汞浓度远高于全球背景浓度值;活性气态汞浓度稍高于欧洲和美国的边远地区。活性气态汞浓度与大气相对湿度呈负相关关系,相关系数为—0.39(α<0.01)。由于大气相对湿度较高,活性气态汞只占气态总汞的0.5%。原子态汞和活性气态汞的基本来源是燃煤释放。
Resumo:
本文采用离子交换色层法和扩散法进行水样硝酸盐δ15N分析预处理。采用的Dowex® 1-X8树脂对50mL浓度为500、1000、2000mg/L的硝酸盐溶液的吸附率均>99.9%,30mL 2mol/L KCl溶液对树脂柱长5cm的色层柱洗脱率>95%。该方法适用于在野外及时对样品进行初步处理,并可保存较长的时间而不影响分析结果。50℃对硝酸盐扩散10d,回收率>95%,且不会引起氮同位素分馏。
Resumo:
南岭中段骑田岭A型花岗岩与芙蓉超大型锡矿床具有密切的时间和空间关系。流体包裹体地球化学研究表明,骑田岭A型花岗岩石英斑晶中的流体包裹体类型主要有熔融包裹体、流体-熔融包裹体和流体包裹体。流体-熔融包裹体的显微测温学研究结果显示,骑田岭A花岗岩在岩浆演化过程中可以分异出流体,且岩浆分异出的流体与芙蓉超大型锡矿床流体包裹体所反映的高温和高盐度的CaCl2-NaCl-KCl-H2O流体体系的特征相吻合。综合分析表明,芙蓉超大型锡矿床成矿流体中的高盐度流体应为骑田岭黑云母二长花岗岩结晶过程中分异出的富含Cl等挥发份和成矿物质的高盐度热流体。
Resumo:
汞,是一种人体非必需的有毒重金属元素,一种全球性污染物,其全球生物地球化学循环演化规律的研究是目前环境科学领域的热点问题。汞在大气中的行为对其全球生物地球化学循环起着极其重要的控制作用。因此,关于大气汞循环演化规律的研究已经成为目前汞全球生物地球化学研究的热点问题。大气中的汞主要分为三类,即气态单质汞(GEM)、活性气态汞(RGM)和颗粒态汞(TPM)。各种形态汞的物理化学性质不同,在大气中的行为存在显著的差异。研究大气中不同形态汞的分布特征,对于正确认识汞在大气中的循环演化规律意义重大。目前中国是全球人为活动向大气释汞最多的国家,而城市区域是人为活动的中心地带,城市大气汞污染形势严峻。因此,开展城市大气中不同形态汞的研究对于评价与预测城市环境汞污染特征以及正确认识大气汞的局地、区域、全球循环演化规律具有重要的理论与实际意义。 本论文选取贵州省省会贵阳市的中心城区作为研究区域。贵阳市(东经106º07´~107º17´,北纬26º11´~27º22´)位于中国西南地区正好处在环太平洋汞矿化带中,能源消耗以煤炭为主,大气环境污染属煤烟型污染,常年影响大气环境质量的主要污染物是二氧化硫和可吸入颗粒物。本论文的研究工作包括:⑴2004年4月~12月在中国科学院地球化学研究所建立与完善了大气中气态总汞(TGM)、GEM、RGM、TPM的采集与分析方法,并测定了大气和雨水中不同形态汞的含量,对大气汞的干、湿沉降通量进行了估算;⑵2005年4月~2006年1月在贵阳市中心城区的居民区、商业区、工业区、游览区4个功能区各设1个研究点,农村设1个对照点,按春、夏、冬3个季节研究了大气中GEM、RGM、TPM的分布特征,估算了贵阳市中心城区大气汞的干沉降通量,并利用高分辨透射电子显微镜(HR–TEM)分析技术对冬季各采样点TPM的来源作了定性识别;⑶测量了中心城区表层土壤和某些植物的总汞(THg)含量,探讨了大气汞对中心城区地表生态系统的污染效应。通过本论文的研究,得出以下主要结论: 1.在国内外研究基础上,建立了金捕汞管–冷原子荧光光谱法(CVAFS)测定大气中TGM的方法、微型捕集管–CVAFS测定大气中TPM的方法、镀KCl直形扩散管–金捕汞管串联采集RGM与GEM的方法。每种形态汞的测量技术水平都在pg•m-3量级。并在国内首次实现了对城市大气中GEM、RGM、TPM的同步测量。 2.2005 ~ 2006年间贵阳市中心城区大气中GEM、RGM、TPM的平均浓度分别是9.11 ng•m-3、132.4 pg•m-3、1.02 ng•m-3,均为对照点的1.5倍,都显著高于全球背景参考值1.5 ~ 2.0 ng·m-3、< 10 pg•m-3、1 ~ 86 pg•m-3。3种形态汞的季节、昼夜与空间分布特征如下:⑴GEM:①季节平均浓度表现为冬季>夏季>春季,居民采暖燃煤释放是造成冬季GEM浓度高的主要原因。②春、夏非采暖季受释放源及其排放方式、自身物理化学性质与气候条件等因素的影响一般是夜间高于白天;冬季则受居民白天采暖燃煤影响主要表现为白天高于夜间。③年平均浓度,工业区>居民区>商业区>游览区>对照点。⑵RGM:①季节平均浓度表现为春季>夏季>冬季,气候条件对RGM的影响较大。②受白天释放源、自身物理化学性质、大气氧化强度与气候条件等因素的影响,春、夏、冬3季一般都为白天高于夜间。③年平均浓度,商业区>工业区、居民区>游览区、对照点。⑶TPM:①季节平均浓度表现为冬季>夏季>春季,居民采暖燃煤释放是造成冬季TPM浓度高的主要原因。②受释放源及其排放方式、自身物理化学性质与气候条件等因素的影响,春、夏、冬3季一般都为夜间高于白天。③年平均浓度,工业区>居民区>商业区>对照点>游览区。④TPM受局地释放源的影响显著,而燃煤释放是其冬季的普遍来源。 3.2005 ~ 2006年间不同形态汞在贵阳市中心城区大气中的含量分布为GEM(89.8 %)> TPM(8.8 %)> RGM(1.5 %),其中(RGM + TPM)占大气总汞(TAM)的比例略高于对照点的10.0 %,但显著高于全球背景参考值1 ~ 5 %,说明贵阳市中心城区大气汞向地表生态系统的沉降通量相对背景区较大。因为尽管RGM、TPM在大气中的含量很低,但正是它们控制了大气汞向地表生态系统的沉降速率。 4.2005 ~ 2006年间贵阳市中心城区各功能区及对照点大气中不同形态汞日均浓度的相关关系大多数都表现为不显著,表明在贵阳市中心城区及对照点大气中不同形态汞的来源可能是多元化的。 5.2005 ~ 2006年间贵阳市中心城区大气中GEM、RGM、TPM的干沉降通量平均值分别为28.7 μg•m-2•yr-1、10.4 μg•m-2•yr-1、160.9 μg•m-2•yr-1,均为对照点的1.5倍,其中TPM控制了大气汞向地表生态系统的干沉降通量;TAM干沉降通量平均值为200.1 μg•m-2•yr-1,其时空差异表现为冬季>春季>夏季和工业区>居民区>商业区>对照点>游览区。 6.经估算,2005 ~ 2006年间在贵阳市中心城区面积范围内大气汞干、湿沉降总量为54.7 kg•yr-1,它仅占燃煤向大气排汞量(以2003年为例,贵阳市中心城区燃煤向大气排汞量为334 kg•yr-1)的16.4 %,说明贵阳市中心城区的大部分大气汞仍然停留在大气中,最终将经由大气进行长距离迁移,散布到更广的区域。 7.在中国科学院地球化学研究所,2000 ~ 2006年间的大气TGM污染程度呈逐年递增趋势;2004年大气汞的干沉降通量为16.5 ng•m-2•h-1,高于湿沉降通量12.2 ng•m-2•h-1。 8.贵阳市中心城区及对照点不同类型土壤THg含量的几何平均值分别是0.370和0.276 mg•kg -1,都高于贵阳市土壤汞背景值0.201 mg•kg -1。土壤释汞是贵阳市大气气态总汞的一个重要自然源,而土壤THg含量是土壤释汞的最主要影响因子。因此,为了提高城乡居民的生活环境质量,更为了保护城乡居民的健康,非常有必要采取防治措施来降低贵阳市中心城区及对照点的土壤汞污染。 9.贵阳市中心城区苔藓THg平均含量为0.258 mg•kg -1,为对照点的1.5倍;中心城区某些常见的木本植物叶片THg含量范围是 0.068 ~ 0.181 mg•kg -1,木本植物叶片吸收大气汞的能力表现为落叶植物>常绿植物。苔藓、梧桐叶片中的THg含量与其生长时期的大气汞浓度密切相关,能够指示区域大气汞的污染现状与空间分布规律。
Resumo:
锡的分布和成矿作用通常与花岗岩浆作用具有十分密切的联系。以往研究表明锡矿化与高度分异的S型花岗岩或陆壳改造型花岗岩具有密切的成因联系,但近年来随着大量与A型花岗岩有关的锡矿床的发现,人们开始关注A型花岗岩与锡成矿关系的研究。相对于与S型花岗岩有关的锡矿床来说,与A型花岗岩有关的锡矿床成成矿机理的研究积累少,研究程度相对较低。 湘南地区位于南岭多金属成矿带中部,是我国华南地区重要的有色金属成矿带。近年来在该成矿带上新发现的芙蓉超大型锡多金属矿床为世界瞩目,该矿床的形成与骑田岭花岗岩具有密切的时空关系。近年来研究显示骑田岭花岗岩具有A型花岗岩的特征。本文以芙蓉超大型锡多金属矿床和相关的骑田岭岩体为研究对象,在前人研究的基础上,运用岩石学、矿物学、流体包裹体、微量元素和稳定同位素地球化学等理论和方法,对芙蓉锡矿成矿流体的地球化学特征及其演化机制进行了系统的研究,并在此基础上探讨了骑田岭花岗岩体与芙蓉锡矿间的成因联系和芙蓉锡矿的成因机制。论文取得的主要认识包括以下几个方面: 1. 运用矿物学、岩石化学、微量元素地球化学以及同位素地球化学方法,进一步证实了骑田岭花岗岩体具有A型花岗岩的特征,总体具有偏铝质-弱过铝质、高硅富碱高钾的地球化学特征,早晚两期花岗岩具有同源岩浆演化特征,属于A2型花岗岩。同位素地球化学数据显示花岗岩体具有EMII型富集地幔的特征,形成于华南大陆地壳拉张减薄的构造环境,成岩过程中有地幔物质加入。 2. 通过对矿石矿物组构和成分的岩矿鉴定、扫描电镜和电子探针分析,确定了芙蓉锡多金属矿床原生夕卡岩形成于较氧化的环境,成岩作用主要与早期侵入的角闪石黑云母花岗岩密切相关,锡主要以Sn(IV)进入夕卡岩的造岩矿物晶体内。退蚀变夕卡岩、云英岩和蚀变花岗岩矿化为锡成矿主阶段,三种矿化类型的成矿流体具有相似的地球化学性质,即富Cl、Ti和Sn的特征,而锡石硫化物型矿石形成于成矿晚阶段。 3. 运用流体包裹体地球化学理论和方法以及激光拉曼分析技术,揭示了芙蓉锡矿的成矿流体组成、形成的物理化学条件和演化特征。芙蓉锡多金属矿田成矿流体为CO2-CH4-CaCl2- NaCl-KCl不混溶体系,成矿过程中发生流体不混溶作用。芙蓉锡矿成矿流体盐度为0~50.63 wt%NaCl eq.,密度为0.31~1.12g/cm3,主成矿阶段热液流体的均一温度主要集中在300-450℃,流体压力为179-1800bar,成矿晚阶段锡石硫化物型矿石中均一温度主要集中在150~300℃,流体压力为400-600bar。成矿流体特别是主成矿阶段的流体成矿过程中普遍发生了沸腾现象。从主成矿阶段到成矿晚阶段、矿化期后,热液流体盐度呈降低的趋势,流体成分也从含CO2、CH4的CaCl2-NaCl-KCl-H2O水溶液体系转化为不含CO2的简单NaCl-KCl-H2O水溶液体系。 4. 通过分析主要矿化类型矿石中脉石矿物的稀土元素和稳定同位素特征,揭示了成矿流体来源。研究表明芙蓉矿床成矿期热液脉石矿物的稀土元素地球化学和稳定同位素地球化学显示了与本区花岗岩具明显的相似性,骑田岭黑云母花岗岩形成过程中分异出的岩浆期后热液应是芙蓉矿床成矿流体的主要来源,成矿过程中有少量经过深循环的大气降水加入。 5. 在总结前人研究成果的基础上,综合上述研究,探讨了骑田岭花岗岩体与芙蓉锡矿间的成因联系和芙蓉锡矿的成因机制。本文认为骑田岭岩体中黑云母花岗岩与Sn成矿具有密切的成因联系,芙蓉锡矿田的成矿流体主要来源于黑云母花岗岩岩浆结晶期后分异出的富Cl和Sn的热液流体。芙蓉锡矿成矿流体中锡主要呈Sn(II)与氯离子形成亚锡氯络合物进行迁移,低温的大气降水与高温的岩浆热液流体混合,导致流体体系温度、盐度、压力的降低和富CO2相流体的分离(CO2去气作用),流体的氧逸度升高,使得Sn(II)与氯离子形成亚锡氯络合物解体,Sn(II)被氧化成SnO2并发生沉淀作用。这种流体的混合作用是导致锡石沉淀的最有效的机制。
Resumo:
以往研究表明锡成矿与S型花岗岩具有密切的成因联系。近年来随着大量与A型花岗岩有关的锡矿床的发现,有关锡成矿与A型花岗岩关系的研究成为地学界关注的热点。 芙蓉超大型锡多金属矿床位于我国著名的南岭钨锡多金属成矿带上,锡矿体位于骑田岭A型花岗岩体的内部或者岩体与围岩的内外接触带。成岩成矿年代学研究表明,成岩与成矿为前后相继的地质事件,具有密切的时空关系。本论文以与芙蓉超大型锡多金属矿床有密切时空关系的骑田岭A型花岗岩为研究对象,在详细野外地质调查的基础上,运用岩石学、矿物学、矿物化学、同位素地球化学、流体地球化学等学科的理论和方法,对骑田岭花岗岩的岩石学特征、岩石成因、成岩物理化学条件、岩浆分异的流体特征、挥发性组分特征以及成岩与成矿的关系等方面进行详细的分析,探讨骑田岭花岗岩成岩过程中流体聚集的机制及其对锡成矿的制约,初步揭示A型花岗岩与锡成矿之间的本质联系。本论文主要取得以下成果和认识: (1)通过对与锡矿有关的骑田岭花岗岩体的主量、微量、稀土元素、同位素和花岗岩中黑云母的微量、稀土元素分析研究发现:骑田岭角闪石黑云母花岗岩和黑云母花岗岩为高度分异演化的花岗岩,具有高硅、富铝、富碱、高钾的特征。随着岩体分异演化程度的增加,花岗岩总体向富硅、富碱的方向演化。岩体轻重稀土分异明显,表现为右倾型模式,Eu负异常明显,表现为中等-强烈的负Eu异常。岩体明显富集Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素及Zr、Hf等高场强元素,而亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti。骑田岭花岗岩两个阶段岩石有着相似的Sr、Nd同位素特征,揭示其具有相同的物质来源,是同源岩浆演化的产物,为具壳幔混合特征的A2型花岗岩。 (2)对骑田岭花岗岩体矿物学和矿物化学特征、全岩Sn含量分析研究发现:角闪石黑云母花岗岩的结晶温度为774~796℃,氧逸度(logfO2)为-15.30~-15.0。黑云母花岗岩的结晶温度为714~784℃,氧逸度(logfO2)为-17.5~-20.0。随着岩浆的演化,从角闪石黑云母花岗岩到黑云母花岗岩随着结晶温度的降低,氧逸度也随之减小。随着岩浆的演化,岩体中Cl含量不断的减少,而F含量有所增加,Cl趋向分配进入流体相。随着岩浆分异演化程度的增加,岩体成岩温度降低,氧逸度减小,岩体中Sn含量不断的减少,Sn趋向分配进入富Cl流体,表明岩浆演化过程中分异出富Cl、富Sn的流体。 (3)骑田岭花岗岩石英斑晶中的包裹体研究表明:骑田岭角闪石黑云母花岗岩和黑云母花岗岩在岩浆演化过程中经历了两个阶段,即岩浆阶段和岩浆-热液阶段,分别以出现熔融包裹体、流体-熔融包裹体为特征,其中流体-熔融包裹体的出现是岩浆分异流体的直接证据。结合矿物的结构、构造特征,研究发现骑田岭花岗岩浆演化过程分异出流体。骑田岭花岗岩原生流体包裹体地球化学研究表明,岩浆分异出的流体为H2O-CO2-NaCl-KCl-CaCl2不混溶体系,具有盐度高(32.98~52.04Wt%NaCleq.),密度低(0.27~0.95g/cm3),均一温度较高(190~ 494℃)的特征,压力为600~800bar,成岩过程中发生了沸腾现象。 (4)对芙蓉超大型锡矿床和骑田岭花岗岩研究表明,锡矿与花岗岩有着密切的时间、空间和成因联系。矿体产在花岗岩体内部或者岩体与围岩的接触带,成岩与成矿时限一致,随着岩浆分异演化程度的增加,岩体成岩温度降低,氧逸度降低,岩体中的挥发性组分Cl含量减小,而F含量增加,Cl趋向分配进入流体相,这种流体萃取熔体中的成矿元素Sn,并以氯络合物形式迁移。可以认为,随着岩浆的演化,骑田岭花岗岩岩浆结晶期后分异出的热液流体具有富Cl和Sn的特征。芙蓉超大型锡多金属矿床的成矿流体应主要来源于黑云母花岗岩岩浆结晶期后分异出的岩浆热液。