TiO_2-Li_2O-Nb_2O_5∶Eu~(3+)体系的研究

本文研究了 TiO_2-Li_2O-Nb_2O_5:Eu~(3+)体系中固溶体形成的温度与组成的关系。化学通式为 Ti_(1-4x-y)EuLixNb_3xO_2,当 y=0.2,0

锰酸钙晶体结构与催化活性

ABPO_(3-x)型催化剂的完整晶体CaMnO_3是钙钛矿型结构。在催化过程中催化剂晶体发生氧化——还原应用,晶体中首先出现缺氧空位点缺陷。当失氧量很小时(x≤0.5)晶体中的缺陷主要是缺氧空位,当失氧量很大时(x<0.5晶体就会出现线,面甚至体缺陷而部分结体,解体后的微晶仍具有较高的活性,能再氧化形成大块完整晶体。显然催化剂失去氧在失氧量很小时用点缺陷可以很好地解释,但对大量失氧晶体解体用点缺陷来解释这个还原—再氧化过程是不充分的。本文就这一问题进行了高分辨电子显微象研究。

KCaF_3∶Eu~(2+)中Eu~(2+)的发射中心

KCaF_3基质中Eu~(2+)的发射中心与制备条件密切相关,实验发现,KCaF_3:Eu~(2+)表现出两个不同的d→跃迁发射带。讨论了两个发射带的起因、相互关联及与掺杂浓度的关系。探讨了Eu~(2+)→Eu~(3+)价态转换过程。

Water transports through the four main straits around the South China Sea

A quasi-global high-resolution HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) is used to investigate seasonal variations of water transports through the four main straits in the South China Sea. The results show that the annual transports through the four straits Luzon Strait, Taiwan Strait, Sunda Shelf and Mindoro Strait are -4.5, 2.3, 0.5 and 1.7 Sv (1 Sv=10(6) m(3)s(-1)), respectively. The Mindoro Strait has an important outflow that accounts for over one third of the total inflow through the Luzon Strait. Furthermore, it indicates that there are strong seasonal variations of water transport in the four straits. The water transport through the Luzon Strait (Taiwan Strait, Sunda Shelf, Mindoro Strait) has a maximum value of -7.6 Sv in December (3.1 Sv in July, 2.1S v in January, 4.5Sv in November), a minimum value of -2.1 Sv in June (1.5 Sv in October, -1.0 Sv in June, -0.2 Sv in May), respectively.

牙鲆与大黄鱼卵黄囊期发育阶段生化与能量代谢研究

于1999年5－6月间在实验室内对暖温性底层鱼类褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和暖水性近底层鱼类大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)进行了自受精卵开始到早期仔鱼的发育生态学实验。褐牙鲆和大黄鱼的培育温度分别为17.4±0.3 ℃和23.2±0.3 ℃，盐度均为31±0.2‰，遮光静养。通过测定其受精卵细胞的干重、湿重、卵黄和油球体积以及细胞发育过程中的耗氧率、氨排泄率、铵离子含量、游离氨基酸、蛋白质、总脂、脂肪酸等参数的变化（大黄鱼仅限于卵黄和油球体积、耗氧率、氨排泄率、铵离子含量、游离氨基酸和蛋白质），分析不同发育阶段的生化代谢和能量代谢特征；结合已有的研究成果，比较鱼类发育能量学的基本规律。结果表明：1．在受精卵分裂和胚体发育中，褐牙鲆和大黄鱼均呈现明显的铵离子累积现象，其间产生的氨一部分排到环境中，另一部分在卵中积累，孵化时随着卵膜的破裂而排出，导致氨排泄率出现一个峰值。2．游离氨基酸是早期发育阶段的一个重要能源物质，分别构成了褐牙鲆能量代谢的35％和大黄鱼能量代谢的28％。此外，在受精卵发育阶段，游离氨基酸还被用来合成蛋白质，所以在受精卵发育阶段，蛋白质非但不减少，还会有明显的增加。3．在孵化前后，伴随着卵膜的破裂和卵周液的流失，干重和蛋白质含量均有明显的减少。4．卵黄囊期仔鱼早期阶段，蛋白质含量略有增加，这说明还有一部分的游离氨基酸被合成了蛋白质。其后，蛋白质含量呈现下降趋势，表明蛋白质也已被用做能源物质。5．褐牙鲆受精卵中最主要的多不饱和脂肪酸是DHA和EPA，二者合计占多不饱和脂肪酸总量的86％。比较油球体和总脂含量的变化特征，不难发现脂肪酸主要是位于油球中。这说明来自油球的脂类是褐牙鲆仔鱼在这个阶段的主要能源物质，来自油球的中性脂肪NL的脂肪酸FA是从孵化到开口这段时间主要的能源物质。磷脂PL的脂肪酸FA只是被很少的利用（为中性脂肪NL的30％）。6．游离氨基酸FAA是褐牙鲆与大黄鱼在受精发育阶段最重要的能源物质，而在孵化后来自油球的中性脂肪NL的脂肪酸NLFA被用做主要能源物质，蛋白质则是在开口之前就用做能源物质，但其作用还不是很大。主要能源物质的转变可以从氮熵NQ的变化看出来，氮熵呈现一种先降低后升高的态势。但就整个早期发育阶段来说，无氮的脂类所起的作用更大一些。分解的主要中性脂肪酸是那些含量最丰富的种类，而与他们的饱和度无关。7．褐牙鲆从卵受精后8小时到仔鱼开口，能够将卵黄消耗的焓的59.7％转化为生长（P），有43.6％因代谢而散失，还有极少部分0.4％因排汇而丢失。有一定的实验误差在里面。8．褐牙鲆是适温较低的暖温性底层鱼类，卵子较小，发育时水温较低，发育较慢；大黄鱼是适温较高的暖水性近底层鱼类，卵子较大，发育时水温较高，发育较快，所以褐牙鲆与大黄鱼在早期发育阶段所采取的能量对策是不一样的。褐牙鲆游离氨基酸占总的能量代谢的35％，而大黄鱼只占28％，相对而言，暖水性鱼类比暖温性鱼类更为依赖脂类，氨基酸所起的作用相对较小一些。9．依据已有研究成果，不难得出：鱼类早期发育过程中主要能源物质变化和能量代谢牲征有物种特异性。对于含一个油球的鱼类来说，基于脂肪的能量代谢是重要的；而对于不含油球的鱼类来说，氨基酸的作用更为重要一些。这些研究对于仔鱼在开口时营养成分的确定及满足、死亡率以及生活史特征具有十分重要的科学价值。

海州湾前三岛海域栉孔扇贝生态增养殖原理与关键技术

以海州湾前三岛周围海域为研究地点，开展了栉孔扇贝岛屿生态增养殖理论和关键技术研究。调查了海区的地理、水文、水化学环境以及饵料供应能力；现场测定了栉孔扇贝的滤水率，根据扇贝实际生长情况结合水动力学因子评估了该海域的养殖容量；监测了不同养殖模式情况下栉孔扇贝的存活、生长以及污损生物附着情况；利用免疫学指标揭示了各种养殖方式下栉孔扇贝的健康状态；研究了不同水温、扇贝规格对敌害生物捕食的影响；优化了该海域栉孔扇贝的养殖模式和关键技术。主要研究结果如下： 1．查明了前三岛海域理化环境、生物资源等现状。前三岛海域水质优良，生物资源丰富，虽然饵料浓度相对较低，但是该海域海流畅通，水交换条件好，较高的流速可以弥补饵料浓度的不足，适合开展栉孔扇贝增养殖。由于各项理化因子随着时间和水深的变化而发生变化，必须根据实际情况，对养殖模式等进行相应调整，才能获得更高经济和生态效益。 2．较为系统地研究了前三岛海域深水筏式养殖栉孔扇贝生理生态学特征，评估了养殖容量。周年监测了海域的环境因子和栉孔扇贝的生长情况，利用生物沉积法，现场研究了各时期扇贝的滤食作用。结果表明：该海域养殖栉孔扇贝在当年秋、冬季和次年春季生长迅速，夏季生长相对缓慢，周年平均软组织生长速度为11.29 mg/d，平均干贝壳生长速度为48.84 mg/d，扇贝能够于次年年初达到商品规格（6cm）。不同时期栉孔扇贝的滤水率之间差异显著，滤水率随水温的升高和扇贝规格的增大而增加。利用改进的Incze等（1981）的养殖容量模型，评估了该海域养殖容量，结果表明：在现有条件下，各时期沿着海流方向适养区域长度分别为：4.0，4.6，4.7，5.1，4.5和3.2 km，平均为4.35 km。 3．揭示了不同养殖水层栉孔扇贝存活、生长以及免疫指标特征。于2007年夏、秋高温季节监测了5个不同水层（2, 5, 10, 15, 与 20 m）筏式养殖栉孔扇贝的存活、生长以及免疫指标特征。研究表明各水层栉孔扇贝成活率差异显著，其中15 m（78.0%）和20 m（86.7%）成活率要明显高于2 m（62.9%），5 m（60.8%），和10 m（66.8%）；夏季（7~9月）各水层壳高生长速度有较大差异，其中10m （205.0 μm/d）与20 m（236.9 μm/d）要显著高于2，5，和15 m，而秋季（9~11月份）20m生长速度最低，5m水层（262.9 μm/d）要显著高于其他水层；不同水层扇贝软组织生长情况与壳的生长情况类似；扇贝血淋巴SOD活性随着水深的加深而增大，15 和 20 m 养殖的栉孔扇贝ACP活性要高于其他水层，这表明深水养殖栉孔扇贝健康状态要优于浅水层。 4．比较研究了筏式和底播两种养殖方式情况下栉孔扇贝的存活、生长以及免疫指标的周年变化。结果表明夏季栉孔扇贝的生长、免疫酶活性要低于其他季节，扇贝死亡也基本集中于夏季高温季节。除了2008年春季壳高以外，筏式养殖栉孔扇贝的生长、免疫酶活性都要高于底播养殖。实验结束时筏式养殖的成活率（54.6 ± 12.3 %）要显著地低于底播养殖（86.8 ± 3.5 %）。由此可见，在夏季高温季节采取底播养殖提高成活率，然后转为筏式养殖以提高生长速度，这样可以获得更高的产量。 5．研究了日本蟳和多棘海盘车对栉孔扇贝的捕食机制。现场研究表明，成年日本蟳可以捕食壳高小于5.0 cm的栉孔扇贝，捕食强度随着水温的升高而增大，而壳高大于5.9 cm的栉孔扇贝则可以免遭日本蟳的捕食；与栉孔扇贝相比，日本蟳更倾向于捕食贻贝；室内模拟研究表明水温低于10 ℃时，日本蟳对大规格扇贝的捕食作用不明显。相同温度条件下，室内实验日本蟳的捕食强度要低于现场，但其温度系数（Q10）差别不大。室内试验表明多棘海盘车对栉孔扇贝也有很强的捕食作用。提出了提高底播栉孔扇贝成活率的方法，即选择大规格的扇贝在水温较低的秋、冬季进行底播。

Response of integrated biomarkers of fish (Lateolabrax japonicus) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate

Fish Lateolabrax japonicus were exposed to 0.1 and 1 mg/L of anion surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and to 2 and 20 mu g/L of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) for 6, 12, and 18 days, with control and solvent control groups. Liver antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), were determined; brain acetyleholinesterase (AChE) and liver inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activities were also measured. The results indicated that (1) L. japonicus avoided oxidative damage through antioxidant systems; (2) SOD, GPx, and GSH were induced, and GST was inhibited and then induced by B[a]P exposure; and (3) CAT, GPx, and AChE were induced while NOS was inhibited, and GST was induced and then inhibited by SDBS stress in experimental period. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Survival, growth and immune activity of scallop Chlamys farreri cultured at different depths in Haizhou Bay (Yellow Sea, China) during hot season

Survival, growth and immune response of the scallop, Chlamys farreri, cultured in lantern nets at five different depths (2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 m below the sea surface) were studied in Haizhou Bay during the hot season (summer and autumn) of 2007. Survival and growth rates were quantified bimonthly. Immune activities in hemolymph (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acid phosphatase (ACP)) were measured to evaluate the health of scallops at the end of the study. Environmental parameters at the five depths were also monitored during the experiment. Mortalities mainly occurred during summer. Survival of scallops suspended at 15 m (78.0%) and 20 m (86.7%) was significantly higher than at 2 m (62.9%), 5 m (60.8%) or 10 m (66.8%) at the end of the study. Mean shell height grew significantly faster at 10 m (205.0 mu m/d) and 20 m (236.9 mu m/d) than at 2, 5 or 15 m in summer (July 9 to September 1); however, shell growth rate at 20 m was significantly lower than at the other four depths in autumn (September 2 to November 6). In contrast to summer, scallops at 5 m grew faster (262.9 mu m/d) during autumn. The growth of soft tissue at different depths showed a similar trend to the shell. Growth rates of shell height and soft tissue were faster in autumn than in summer, with the exception of shell height at 20 m. SOD activity of scallops increased with depth, and ACP activity was significantly higher at 15 and 20 m than at other depths, which suggests that scallops were healthier near the bottom. Factors explaining the depth-related mortality and growth of scallops are also discussed. We conclude that the mass mortality of scallop, C. farreri, during summer can be prevented by moving the culture area to deeper water and yield can be maximized by suspending the scallops in deep water during summer and then transferring them to shallow water in autumn.

Community structure of macrobenthos in coastal water off Rushan, southern Shandong Peninsula, and the relationships with environmental factors

To understand the present actuality of the marine ecosystem in the southern coastal water region of the Shandong Peninsula and the impact of the global change and the human activities to the marine ecosystem of the region, the macrobenthic community structure was researched based on data from 26 sampling stations carried out on four seasonal cruises from December 2006 to November 2007. The data was analyzed using PRIMER 6.0 and SPSS 15.0 software packages. The results showed that 236 macrobenthic species in total were collected from the research region by the field works. Most of the species belong to Polychaeta (76 species), Mollusca (75) and Crustacea (60). Of which, 33 species were common species by the four cruises. The dominant species were different among the four seasons, however, the polychaete species Nephtys oligobranchia and Sternaspis scutata were always dominant in the four seasons. The abundances and biomasses of the macrobenthos from the research region were variable in tire four seasons. The results of CLUSTER and MDS analysis showed that the similarities of macrobenthic structures among the stations were low, most of the similarities were at about 40% of similarity values, only that of two stations were up to 60%. In accordance with the similarity values of the macrobenthic structures, the 26 stations were clustered as six groups at arbitrary similarity level of 30%. The ABC curve indicated that the marcofauna communities in the research region had riot been disturbed distinctly. The results of BIOENV and BVSTEP (Spearman) analysis implied that the concentrations of organic matter in bottom water and heavy metal copper in sediment, water depth and temperature of bottom were the most significant environmental factors to affect the macrobentic community.

藏药帕朱胶囊超临界CO_2萃取成分的GC-MS分析

目的：分析治疗胃病常用的藏成药帕朱胶囊（寒水石,诃子,石榴子,胡椒,荜拔等）的主要化学成分。方法：采用超临界CO_2萃取方法提取帕朱胶囊的可溶性成分,并用气相色谱-质谱联用法对提取部位进行化学成分分析,峰面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量。结果：共分离鉴定了22种化合物,主要成分含量为胡椒碱44.2%、亚油酸21.1%、甲基-甲撑基奥-异丙烯内酯10.5%、棕榈酸4.8%和γ-羟基-榄香烯酸内酯3.5%等。结论：藏药帕朱胶囊的主要化学成分为胡椒碱和亚油酸,两者含量共占全部提取物的65.3%

唐古特白刺果实多糖的提取工艺研究

本实验通过正交试验探讨了白刺多糖的最佳提取工艺。在多糖提取之前先将白刺果肉、果皮粉末除脂，去除单糖等干扰因素。实验结果表明：白刺多糖的最佳提取工艺是料液比为1：5，94℃下回流提取3次，每次2h。在此条件下得到的白刺多糖含量为34．562mg／g。

10种芳香化合物的分离及紫外和荧光光谱研究

采用反相高效液相色谱梯度洗脱，在SinoChrom ODS-BP型色谱柱（4．6mm×200mm，5μm）上，实现了包括5种荧光衍生试剂母体分子（咔唑、1，2-苯并-3，4-二氢咔唑、吖啶酮、2-苯基-1-氢-菲[9，10-d]咪唑、吡唑并[3，4-b]-7-甲基喹啉）在内的10种含氮芳香化合物的基线分离。通过测定每种物质的紫外吸收曲线，得到了它们的最大紫外吸收波长和摩尔吸光系数（ε），并探讨了分子结构、摩尔吸光系数（ε）和灵敏度之间的关系。扫描了它们的荧光激发和发射光谱，得出了它们的最大激发波长和发射波长。

雄性根田鼠的同胞竞争及其对同性个体的气味识别

采用两两互作实验并以尿标记来确定共居至成年的2雄性根田鼠同胞在行为竞争上的差异,之后在行为选择箱中分别观察它们对来自熟悉和陌生同性个体的新鲜尿气味的行为反应,以确定气味识别差异.结果表明:①雄性根田鼠两两互作时,尿标记的多少可以作为判断其社会等级的标准;②从属鼠对熟悉气味存在明显偏好,其对熟悉气味的访问时间、接近频次和自我修饰频次都显著高于陌生气味;③优势鼠则优先访问陌生气味,其对陌生气味的访问时间、嗅舔频次、嗅舔时间、自我修饰及反标记均显著高于熟悉气味;④对于陌生气味,优势鼠和从属鼠之间存在明显不同的行为反应模式.本实验结果提示,雄性根田鼠对同性尿气味识别的差异以及对陌生气味的行为反应,可能暗含着其领域防卫的信息.