稠油降解菌的筛选及其对胶质和沥青质生物降解

以稠油为唯一碳源,从辽河油田石油污染土壤、渣油中,经富集培养,分离筛选出细菌菌株11株、真菌23株和放线菌10株。将在含油培养基上长势良好的菌株进行室内摇瓶实验,发现真菌的降解效果好于细菌,F2006的降解效果最好,14d去除率达到39.8%。在胶质和沥青质污染土壤中,观察真菌F4、F2008、F9902、F2006、F2017、F6和F9904在14d、28d和42d对胶质和沥青质的去除率,测试结果表明,菌株F2006和F2008降解效果较好,在42d时去除率分别达到55.73%和57.62%。两次实验说明,菌株F2006为降解胶质和沥青质的优势菌株,在生物修复中具有较好的应用前景。

处理含多环芳烃植物油的吸附剂筛选及其性能评价

为循环利用植物油淋洗修复多环芳烃污染土壤,应用吸附过程去除植物油中的多环芳烃.对10种吸附剂进行吸附柱和批处理筛选实验,评价了这些吸附剂的物理化学性质,从中筛选出最适合的吸附剂.动态吸附柱筛选实验表明,植物油中的多环芳烃在活性炭F400及F300上的吸附量最高,分别为55.39μg.g-1和23.82μg.g-1,说明吸附剂的粒径对吸附效果有重要影响,而多环芳烃在其他几种吸附剂上几乎没有吸附.批处理筛选实验表明,多环芳烃在两种活性炭上的吸附量仍然最多,分别为211.85μg.g-1和203.79μg.g-1.

Identifying the isolated transition metal ions/oxides in molecular sieves and on oxide supports by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy

Isolated transition metal ions/oxides in molecular sieves and on surfaces are a class of active sites for selective oxidation of hydrocarbons. Identifying the active sites and their coordination structure is vital to understanding their essential role played in catalysis and designing and synthesizing more active and selective catalysts. The isolated transition metal ions in the framework of molecular sieves (e.g., TS-1, Fe-ZSM-5, and V-MCM-41) or on the surface of oxides (e.g., MoO3/Al2O3 and TiO2/SiO2) were successfully identified by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy. The charge transfer transitions between the transition metal ions and the oxygen anions are excited by a UV laser and consequently the UV resonance Raman effect greatly enhances the Raman signals of the isolated transition metal ions. The local coordination of these ions in the rigid framework of molecular sieves or in the relatively flexible structure on the surface can also be differentiated by the shifts of the resonance Raman bands. The relative concentration of the isolated transition metal ion/oxides could be estimated by the intensity ratio of Raman bands. This study demonstrates that the UV resonance Raman spectroscopy is a general technique that can be widely applied to the in-situ characterization of catalyst synthesis and catalytic reactions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

Kinetics of acetic acid esterification with 2-ethoxyethanol over an Al-pillared clay catalyst

The Al-pillared clay catalyst obtained by exposing activated clay powder to sulfuric acid and aluminium salts and calcining in air at 373-673 K, was found to be highly active for the title reaction. The results indicated that pillared layer clay of the mixed oxide has been employed as parent catalysts for their definite structure and special properties which can be modified by the substitution of L and B acid sites cations. Solid acid catalyst of Supported aluminium was found to be highly active and selective at the 373-473 K temperature range for heterogeneous esterification. The activity is mainly attributed to the Lewis (and a considerably small number of Bronsted) acid sites whose number and strength increased due to pillaring. The water produced in the esterification can be induced by Al3+, which makes the catalyst surface to form strong B acid. Their acidities are obtained by pH measurement. If only B acid sites are > 70%, and pH < 1 in the 2-ethoxyethanol, there exists an activity of esterification. The used catalyst gave identical results with that of the fresh one. X-ray diffraction spectra show that the composition and active phase of the used catalysts are the same as the fresh ones. The kinetic study of the reaction was carried out by an integral method of analysis. The kinetic equation of surface esterification is y = 2.36x - 0.98.

汾河水库上游流域径流年内分配时程变化规律研究

径流的年内分配直接决定着水利工程建设的规模及水利工程的运用方式。在系统分析表达年内分配不均匀程度指标的基础上,采用1970~2005年实测旬及月径流资料对汾河水库上游流域主要控制站的径流年内分配不均匀性进行了分析。分析结果表明:旬集中度更能很好地反映径流的年内分配不均匀程度;静乐站的年内分配比上静游站径流年内分配不均匀性大,年内变化幅度也大;1998年前静乐站和上静游站的年内分配程度规律相似,1998年后静乐站径流年内分配不均匀程度不同于上静游站。

封育对科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿群落植被特征及空间异质性的影响

以科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿群落为对象,分析了放牧和不同封育年限下小叶锦鸡儿群落的植被特征及植被分布的小尺度空间异质性。结果表明:放牧和封育样地内植被均以1年生草本植物为主,物种数没有明显差异;封育6年、封育12年样地的植株密度分别为(124.46±5.22)株.m-2和(203.05±10.38)株.m-2,显著高于放牧样地(P<0.05);封育样地的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数均低于放牧样地,并随着封育年限的增加而减小;封育样地植被分布的小尺度空间异质性小于放牧样地,并且封育年限越长,空间异质性越小。

辽宁省土地利用与生态环境协调发展研究

根据保护和改善生态环境的原则,围绕保障土地资源可持续利用的目标,本着"改善、协调、预防和减缓"的思想,为实现土地资源的可持续利用提供科学依据,依据土地资源评价诊断指标、土地类和土地等级的评价标准,确定辽宁土地资源评价因素及其划分指标,采用层次分析法和综合指标法对土地利用生态敏感性定量评价,进行土地利用生态敏感性分区、生态控制分区,提出了辽宁省统筹土地利用与生态环境建设的土地调控指标和建议。

黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿草地土壤干燥化特征与粮草轮作土壤水分恢复效应

实地测定了黄土高原半干旱区固原不同生长年限苜蓿草地和连作8a苜蓿草地翻耕轮作不同年限粮食作物后深层土壤水分特征,分析了苜蓿草地土壤干燥化特征和粮草轮作对土壤水分的恢复效应。结果表明:(1)苜蓿连作1a、5a、8a和12a等4类苜蓿草地0~1000cm土层平均土壤湿度值为6.6%,平均土壤水分过耗量702.8mm,平均土壤干燥化速率147.1 mm/a,达到强烈干燥化程度,苜蓿连作5a土壤干层深度超过1000cm,苜蓿连作8a土壤干层深度超过1360cm,苜蓿草地合理利用年限为7a。(2)连作8a苜蓿草地翻耕并轮作4~7a和25a粮食作物等5类粮田0~1000cm土层土壤湿度介于6.74%~11.95%,土壤贮水量恢复值介于210.6~887.3mm,平均土壤水分恢复速率为80.8mm/a。轮作6a后粮田土壤干层轻度恢复程度以上深度达到1000cm。通过粮草轮作使苜蓿草地土壤湿度恢复到当地土壤稳定湿度需要13a以上。黄土高原半干旱区适宜的粮草轮作模式为:7a苜蓿→13a粮食作物。

流动注射在线离子交换分离富集原子吸收测定地质物料中痕量银

采用流动注射在线离子交换分离富集技术使［ＡｇＣｌ＿２］￣－通过装填有４１０哌啶树脂的微型柱而被吸附，随后用硫脲梯度洗脱，再用原子吸收法进行测定。每次消耗样品溶液６．６ｍｌ，进样频率为２８次／ｈ时浓集倍率２２。方法检出限０．３μｇ／Ｌ（３σ），对于含Ａｇ３０μｇ／Ｌ试样进行１２次测定，其平均值为２９．０μｇ／Ｌ精度（ＲＳＤ）为２．９％，方法经地质标样分析验证可靠。

土壤种子库的研究方法综述

主要从取样方法、取样时间和种类鉴定等方面对土壤种子库研究方法进行综述,重点介绍了种子萌发法,并且提出了要采取长期定位观测的方法对土壤种子库的长期完整动态进行较系统的研究,而且最好在种子库长期的定位研究中搞清楚研究区内植物种的物种特性并且建立一个幼苗标本库,以增加土壤种子库研究的准确性。

气候变化研究中若干不确定性的认识问题

气候变化研究已取得重要进展,但很多研究结果存在不确定性。本文选择对气候变化研究有重要意义但已有的研究结果存在不确定性的几个方面进行综述,包括过去两千年气候变化的状况(中世纪暖期和小冰期是否存在、20世纪温暖程度是否为过去千年最大、20世纪增温趋势是否停止)、温室效应(对温室效应机理的不同认识、温室气体排放与气温变化的关系、水汽对温室效应及增温的贡献)、气候模式模拟(模拟与实测结果的比较、模式本身的缺陷)以及2℃阈值(来源及其物理意义、对2℃阈值的不同认识)等问题。气候系统变化的复杂性决定了人类对气候变化问