169 resultados para 319-C0010A


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在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站干柴滩地区以金露梅Potentilla fruticosa灌丛草甸生态系统为研究对象,应用静态密闭箱-气相色谱法对高寒灌丛(GG)、丛内草甸(GC)和次生裸地(GL)的CO2释放速率进行了长期观测,并对年释放量作了初步估测.结果表明,GG,GC和GL CO2的释放速率在一年内有明显的季节变化.植物生长季CO2释放量明显高于枯黄期,释放速率GG>GC>GL(P<0.01),且均表现为正排放.不同季节CO2释放存在明显差异,表现为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季.2003年6月30日至2004年6月28日,高寒灌丛植被-土壤系统CO2释放量为4 293.63±955.75 g/m2,丛内草甸植被-土壤系统CO2释放量为3 319.68±806.19 g/m2,裸地CO2的释放量为1 724.14±444.14 g/m2.CO2释放速率的季节变化与土壤5 cm温度呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01).

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海北高寒矮嵩草草甸区植被下的草毡寒冻雏形土属季节性冻土, 因温度低, 冻土在年内的每个月均可发生. 一般在11月中旬可形成稳定的季节冻结层, 至翌年3~4月冻土层厚度最大可达230 cm. 从3月下旬到4月中旬开始, 土壤开始消融, 至6月下旬到7月上旬冻土全部消失. 分析发现, 季节冻土在高寒草甸植被生产力形成过程中有着积极的影响作用, 主要表现在: 1)季节冻土的存在和维持将给高寒植物生长提供良好的土壤水分, 对植物初期营养生长发育有利, 可弥补春夏之交时降水不足所引起的干旱胁迫影响; 2)季节冻土的长时间维持, 有利于植物残体和土壤有机质留存于土壤, 并随土壤冻结和融化过程发生迁移, 可提高土壤肥力; 3)较高的土壤水分有利于土壤胡敏酸的形成, 可保证植物生长所需的其它有机元素的供给; 4)冻土层所形成较高的土壤水分使土体热容量加大, 从而调节因气候异常波动引起的土壤温度变化; 5)季节冻土的变化对植物地上年生产量形成有一定的影响作用, 表现出从10月或11月开始, 土壤冻结速率快, 对提高植物地上年生产量有利. 这也证实, 在未来气候变暖的趋势下, 土壤有机质将加快分解速度, 土壤水分因受温度升高 , 冻结期缩短, 其贮存能力降低; 受温度升高的影响, 地表蒸发能力加大, 若降水仍保持目前的水平, 土壤水分将明显减少, 将导致高寒草甸植被生产力有下降的可能.

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我们在野外条件下利用赤狐的粪尿增加高原鼠兔的捕食风险,采用目标动物抽样法对高原鼠兔的5种行为进行观察,分析天敌动物气味增加与天敌动物数量增加对高原鼠兔行为影响的差异,探讨高原鼠兔对捕食风险的权衡能力及面对不同风险的行为决策。2001年,在捕食风险处理样方中观察雄性成体18只,雌性成体25只,雄性幼体35只和雌性幼体42只,在对照样方中观察雄性成体14只,雌性成体15只,雄性幼体22只和雌性幼体11只;2002年,在捕食风险处理样方中观察雄性成体7只,雌性成体12只,在对照样方中观察雄性成体8只,雌性成体15只。研究结果表明:增加赤狐的气味后,高原鼠兔通过改变行为策略以适应捕食风险的增加。当气味源刚放入后,与对照样方比较,高原鼠兔明显增加了观察和呜叫的频次,相应减少了取食的频次,且随着时间的推移,高原鼠兔并未对气味产生适应性。当天敌动物的数量增加后,赤狐气味的增加对高原鼠兔行为的影响较小,在捕食风险超出高原鼠兔的耐受范围时,高原鼠兔扩散。同时,高原鼠兔的行为在雌雄之间、成体与幼体之间没有明显的不同,雌雄个体、成幼体均采用相同的行为策略减小捕食风险。以上结果表明:捕食风险明显影响高原鼠兔的行为,高原鼠兔能够权衡捕食风险的大小,并依据风险水平的高低采用相应的行为策略,其行为调节符合捕食风险时间分配的假说。

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Adaptation to hypoxia is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a heterodimeric transcription factor consisting of an oxygen-regulated a-subunit and a constitutively expressed beta-subunit. How animals living on Qinghai-Tibetan plateau adapt to the extreme hypoxia environment is known indistinctly. In this study, the Qinghai yak which has been living at 3000-5000 m attitude for at least two millions of years was selected as the model of high hypoxia-tolerant adaptation species. The HIF-1 alpha ORFs (open reading frames) encoding for two isoforms of HIF-1 alpha have been cloned from the brain of the domestic yak. Its expression of HIF-1 alpha was analyzed at both mRNA and protein levels in various tissues. Both its HIF-1 alpha mRNA and protein are tissue specific expression. Its HIF-1 alpha protein's high expression in the brain, lung, and kidney showed us that HIF-1 alpha protein may play an important role in the adaptation to hypoxia environment. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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光电稳像平台是机载光电吊舱、舰载光电跟踪仪、弹载成像导引头等武器系统的关键部件之一,它是一个集光、机、电于一体的复杂系统。光电稳像平台的控制问题是制约武器系统总体水平的一项关键技术。目前,国内光电稳像平台的研究水平距先进国家的产品水平差距较大,还有很大的发展空间。本文以理论与实验为基础,对稳像平台中的伺服控制技术进行了探索和研究。 针对国内外稳像平台的研究现状,提出了控制系统的总体方案设计。分析了影响控制系统精度的各方面因素,并提出了相应的改进措施;对于伺服系统,为提高系统的跟踪精度,必须提高伺服系统的无差度。因此,本设计采用基于PID的复合控制提高系统的跟踪精度,并运用MATLAB进行了仿真分析;根据系统的实际工作情况,通过分析指出如何克服摩擦力矩的影响是本系统中提高稳定精度要重点解决的问题。针对这一问题,提出了采用速度环和稳定环的双环控制方法,实现了较高的稳定精度。 本文对稳像平台控制系统还进行了软硬件设计。硬件设计部分重点对以DSP为核心的控制电路、以CPLD为核心的时序控制电路、电机驱动电路等硬件电路的设计进行了详细的论述;软件设计部分重点介绍了系统主程序、各功能模块中断服务子程序、控制程序及时序控制程序的设计与实现。 实验结果证明:本文所进行的理论分析是正确的,所设计的控制系统是合理、有效的,并且系统具有较好的控制精度和跟踪精度。 关键词: 稳像平台;控制系统;PID控制;速度环;位置环

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Late Cenozoic has witnessed a series of climate-environmental change which ends with a transitional shift from greenhouse to icehouse conditions. In last two decades, scientists began to employ the tectonic uplift and its weathering effect to interpret the climatic changes during the late Cenozoic. However, this endeavor has partly been restricted by the lacking of regional and global chemical weathering data. The loess-red clay deposit in the Loess Plateau may record the weathering features of the detritus material from the wide range upwind of the Loess Plateau. Therefore geochemistry of the loess-plaeosol and red clay sequences may provide insights into the regional chemical weathering regime and the connection between the chemical weathering and the late Cenozoic climate-environmental change Here we selected 319 samples from the Baishui section near the Pingliang City, Gansu Province, and analyzed them with X-ray fluorescence. Based on the result, we reconstruct the chemical weathering history of the Baishui section since 6Ma. We chose CIA as the proxy for chemical weathering intensity. The CIA ratio in soil units is higher than in adjacent loess horizons, but lower than in the red clay, in good agreement with the field observation. The CIA ratios of the Baishui section correlates well with the global ice volume fluctuations, indicating that the global cooling may contribute a lot to the chemical weathering variations in Chinese Loess Plateau. There are at least 3 million-year time scale variations that can be identified in the chemical weathering intensity curve, i.e., between 3.3 to 2.1 Ma, 1.7 to 0.9 Ma and from 0.9Ma. We think these may reflect the combined effect of the tectonic uplift and ice sheets on monsoon intensity. Other time scale variations can be also observed. In the period between 2.4 and 0.8 Ma, the CIA record display the 400,000 years cycle, which may be resulted from the Tibetan uplift during the Pliocene-early Pleistocene which have significantly amplified the monsoon response sensitivity to the orbital-scale variations in insolation. From 1.2 Ma, the 100,000 years period became intensifying, and particularly after 0.8 Ma, the earlier monsoon response at 400,000 year periodicity was overwhelmed by the ice sheet forcing at 100,000 year periodicity. These may indicate that the expansions of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets may have crossed a threshold, which enforce the monsoon responding at the 100,000 year periodicity.

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氮循环是生物地球化学研究领域中最重要的课题之一,全氮含量的测定是农业、生物和环境等多领域研究中的常规测试项目。凯氏蒸馏法和元素分析仪法作为常规方法通用于上述领域的全氮含量测定,但两种方法在实际应用中的差异却常被忽视。通过对中国北方某盐湖沉积物序列近百个样品的全氮含量分析,对两种方法测定结果的异同进行了对比研究。凯氏蒸馏法的分析精密度高于元素分析仪法(前者标准偏差为0.007,后者为0.024),但在样品硝态和亚硝态氮的含量较高时,凯氏蒸馏法所测结果显著低于元素分析仪法的测定结果,此时选择元素分析仪法进行全氮含量的测定更为可靠和准确;对硝态和亚硝态氮含量极低的样品,两种方法的测定结果无显著差异。研究表明,选择全氮含量的测定方法,必须对所测样品的无机氮含量有初步的了解。对于中国北方的多数盐湖和地表环境样品,由于其无机氮的含量较高,选择凯氏蒸馏法进行全氮含量的测定是不适当的。尽管如此,对所研究的湖泊沉积物剖面而言,两种方法的对比却可以提供有价值的气候和环境演变信息。随着沉积物剖面的由深到浅,两种方法的测定结果由一致变化到存在显著差异,表明了湖泊水体从早期的淡水向今天的盐湖演化的过程。因此,凯氏蒸馏法和元素分析仪法测定结果的差异可以作为一种独立的地球化学气候代用指标。

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建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱(UV)检测水、沉积物和土壤中的氯霉素、土霉素、四环素和金霉素4种抗生素的方法。水样、土壤和沉积物样品的前处理采用EDTA-McIlvaine缓冲溶液提取,用SAX-HLB串联小柱纯化和富集,用丙酮(含10%甲醇)洗脱进一步减小天然有机质的影响。采用乙腈和0.01mol/L草酸溶液作为流动相,8min内分离4种抗生素。测定了贵阳市阿哈湖、南明河和乌江渡水库的水样及沉积物,均有抗生素检出。

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准确的成岩成矿年代测定是矿床研究和对比的基础。然而近几年来,不同的研究者对同一矿床采用不同的定年方法得出了相差十分悬殊的成岩成矿年龄的报道屡见不鲜。为此,笔者在分析了不同定年方法适用性的同时,强调了在金矿定年中要加强对金矿成岩成矿地质背景的研究,重视不同地质体与成矿的先后关系,确定标志性地质体,选择合适的定年方法,测定标志性地质体和矿体的成岩成矿年代,使成岩成矿年代互为限定,得到高质量的年代学数据。

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在前人研究的基础上,对扬子西缘卡林型金矿采用稳定同位素和生物化学试验方法,分析赋金地层中有机质的种类、性质和有机质与金矿的关系,讨论有机质在金元素富集、迁移、成矿过程中的作用。认为赋金地层与后期岩浆热液发生广泛的交换作用,萃取出成矿物质形成成矿流体,这种富含成矿物质的热液流体在一定的条件下富集成矿。

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鄂西南下二叠茅口组顶部含碳硅质岩段(P1m^3)硒含量高,且分布广泛,局部如双河渔塘坝出现硒的高度富集,形成了独立硒矿床。该矿床平均硒品位0.13%,储量约50t。

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采用原子吸收光谱(AAS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、偏光显微镜(OH)和分析型透射电镜(TEM)等技术手段,对贵州产70kN和日本进口120kN、210kN三类瓷绝缘子的化学组成,矿物成分特征和产品性能的关系进行了研究。结果表明,三类产品的主化学成分为siO2、Al2O3。矿物相有刚玉、英来石、石英和长石。产品除含有偏光显微镜可分辨的晶体外,在电镜下还见有微米级以下的显微矿物。不同等级的产品,不但结晶相含量不同,晶体大小、分布状态各有特征。指出贵州产70kN产品应控制K20含量,并用部分工业氧化铝替代铝矾土,通过调整工艺提高结晶相的含量。

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Five hydrotalcites with Mg/Al molar ratio range of 3-15 were prepared. The structure and basicity of Mg-Al mixed oxides (Mg(Al)O) transformed from hydrotalcites were investigated by TPD, XPS, XRD, FT-IR and NMR techniques. The results of elemental analysis and XPS indicate that Al is enriched in the surface regions of Mg(Al)O, and its amount increases with the Mg/Al molar ratio and, the calcination temperature. Al-27-MAS-NMR results show that Al exists in two chemical environments: tetrahedral aluminium (Al(t)) and octahedral aluminium (Al(o)) in Mg(AI)O. The amount of Al(t) increases with the Mg/Al molar ratio and the calcination temperature. It is assumed that Al(t) may be mainly from the surface Al. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of CO2 shows that the number of basic sites of Mg(Al)O samples increases with the Mg/Al molar ratio, and the maximum number of basic sites is obtained for hydrotalcite calcined at 773 K. Infrared spectra of adsorbed CO2 and B(OCH3)(3) reveal that there are two kinds of basic sites: weak basic OH- sites and strong basic O2- sites on the Mg(AI)O samples, the base strength depends on the Mg/Al molar ratio and calcination temperature.