168 resultados para 314


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Reproduction and chromosome inheritance in triploid Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) were studied in diploid female x triploid male (DT) and reciprocal (TD) crosses. Relative fecundity of triploid females was 13.4% of normal diploids. Cumulative survival from fertilized eggs to spat stage was 0.007% for DT crosses and 0.314% for TD crosses. Chromosome number analysis was conducted on surviving progeny from DT and TD crosses at 1 and 4 years of age. At Year 1, oysters from DT crosses consisted of 15% diploids (2n = 20) and 85% aneuploids. In contrast, oysters from TD crosses consisted of 57.2% diploids, 30.9% triploids (3n = 30) and only 11.9% aneuploids, suggesting that triploid females produced more euploid gametes and viable progeny than triploid males. Viable aneuploid chromosome numbers included 2n + 1, 2n + 2, 2n + 3, 3n - 2 and 3n - 1. There was little change over time in the overall frequency of diploids, triploids and aneuploids. Among aneuploids, oysters with 2n + 3 and 3n-2 chromosomes were observed at Year 1, but absent at Year 4. Triploid progeny were significantly larger than diploids by 79% in whole body weight and 98% in meat weight at 4 years of age. Aneuploids were significantly smaller than normal diploids. This study suggests that triploid Pacific oyster is not completely sterile and cannot offer complete containment of cultured populations.

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Chitosan and carboxymethl-chitosan (CM-chitosan) membranes with different molecular mass were prepared by a casting method. The cytocompatibility of two kinds of polysaccharide membranes to skin fibroblasts that cultured in vitro were studied. The methods were to culture the cells in soaking fluid of membranes and to culture the cells on the membranes directly. The results showed that the soaking fluid had no toxicity to fibroblasts and the biological security of lower molecular mass membranes were better than higher molecular mass membranes, and CM-chitosan membranes were better than chitosan membranes. In addition, the growth of fibroblasts on chitosan membranes was inhibited and the cells would fall off from chitosan membranes after a period of culture. However, the cells adhered and expanded well on CM-chitosan membranes. All these demonstrated that cytocompatibility of CM-chitosan membranes to skin fibroblasts was better than chitosan membranes.

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The specific activity concentrations of radionuclides U-238, Th-212, and K-40 of 2300 sampling points in the Qingdao area were measured by an FD-3022 gamma-ray spectrometer. The radioactivity concentrations of U-238, Th-232, and K-40 ranged from 3.3 to 185.3, from 6.9 to 157.2, and from 15.8 to 7834.4 Bq kg(-1), respectively. The air-absorbed dose at I meter above ground, effective annual dose, external hazard index, and radium equivalent activity were also calculated to systematically evaluate the radiological hazards of the natural radioactivity in Qingdao. The air-absorbed dose, effective annual dose, external hazard index, and radium equivalent activity in the study area were 98.6 nGy h(-1), 0.12 mSv, 0.56, 197 Bq kg(-1), respectively. Compared with the worldwide value, the air-absorbed dose is slightly high, but the other factors are all lower than the recommended value. The natural external exposure will not pose significant radiological threat to the population. In conclusion, the Qingdao area is safe with regard to the radiological level and suitable for living.

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牦牛的起源与属级分类学地位至今仍然存在一定的争议.我们测定了家养牦牛和野生牦牛线粒体控制区(D-loop)序列,并以此构建牦牛和牛属、野牛属、水牛属以及非洲水牛属相关种的系统发育树.研究结果表明线粒体D-loop区与Cyt b基因序列在构建牛族的系统发育具有同样重要的价值.系统发育关系显示野牛属的灭绝种草原野牛与现存种美洲野牛先聚合为一单系群,然后再和牦牛形成一单系分支,表明牦牛与野牛属的草原野牛、美洲野牛亲缘关系最近,具有最近的共同祖先,而与牛属的其它亚洲物种亲缘关系较远.因此,本研究不支持将牦牛独立为牦牛属--Poephagus,牛属与野牛属在分类上也应合并为一个属.基于上述研究结果和化石证据,我们进一步对牦牛起源的历史背景进行了讨论,认为牦牛与野牛属的分化是由于第四纪气候变化在欧亚大陆发生的,野牛通过白令陆桥进入北美;冰期结束后,由于欧亚大陆其它地区温度升高,牦牛只能局限分布在较为寒冷的青藏高原;而野牛属在北美先后分化为草原野牛和美洲野牛,前者可能是后者的直接祖先.

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为了解青海省春小麦收割后田间堆放期间产量和品质的变化,选择近年育成的春小麦品种“高原205”(白粒,易穗发芽)、“高原115”(紫黑色小麦)、“高原448”(红粒)和“高原314”(白粒)以及曾为青海省主栽品种的“青春533”(红粒)为材料,收割后以农民常用的田间堆放方式进行堆放,每隔9d对其进行采样,测定产量、SDS沉淀值和降落数值的变化。结果表明,随着堆放时间的延长,收获产量逐步下降,平均产量从第1次采样(Od)时的504g/m^2减少到63d后的384g/m^2,收获产量平均值与取样时间直线回归F值为20.91,大于F0.01(6.90);SDS沉淀值变化较小,F值为0.90,小于F0.05(2.13);降落数值在取样时间点上差异极显著.F值等于46,72,大于F0.01(2.87)。高原205的降落数值一直呈现下降趋势,而高原448、高原115、高原314和青春533的变化是在O~18d间上升,然后下降。总体而言,田间堆放对收获产量和品质不利。

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稳定性同位素技术早在20世纪70年代末期就被引入到生态学领域.最初是利用植物稳定性碳同位素的差异,开展了许多有关营养流动方面的研究;到90年代,稳定性碳和氮同位素被用来分析动物的食性、营养级位置关系以及食物链结构;本世纪初,由于技术的进步,稳定性同位素(特别是氢同位素)被用来开展动物迁徙习性方面的研究.到目前为止,国内有关这方面的研究还鲜有报道,而且对自然界存在的稳定性同位素的理解还存在一定偏差.本文主要介绍了稳定性同位素效应及其分馏原理、稳定性同位素在示踪动物食性信息、确定营养级位置关系、分析食物网结构以及研究动物迁徙生态学中的作用等方面的内容.

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在构筑1:50万贵州岩溶地区岩石组合类型分布图的基础上,以GIS为分析手段,对贵州省石漠化分布图和地层岩性图进行了空间分析,探讨了各类岩性与不同级别石漠化之间的相关关系。石漠化与岩性具有明显的相关性,强度石漠化主要分布在纯质碳酸盐岩地区,尤其是纯质灰岩地区;中度石漠化在白云岩组合中的比例较灰岩组合中高;轻度石漠化在碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩夹层和互层中分布较广;石漠化与纯碳酸盐岩相关关系最明显.

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根据小渡口剖面28层有孔虫、介形虫、腹足类生物壳体的微观观察、微量元素及其比值、^87Sr/^86Sr与微量元素特征对比经及水-岩反应^87Sr/^86Sr的混合模式,显示生物壳体遭受了埋藏后生作用,但对生物壳体原始的^87Sr/^86Sr比值基本没有改变或影响甚微,推测参与埋藏后生作用的流体与生物壳体具有相近的Sr同位素组成或较悬殊的Sr含量。同时,实际研究表明评价和判别埋藏后生作用对生物壳体原

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综述了近十年来国内及国际上研究土壤重金属的生物有效性的态势,尤其是影响土壤中重金属生物有效性的诸多因素,以期进一步推进国内的重金属生物有效性的研究工作和重金属污染土壤的生物治理工作。

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对济阳坳陷古近系储层中流体包裹体的研究进一步证明,其油气属未熟—低熟油气。除了油藏埋深浅、地层时代新、为自生自储同生油藏外,还具下列特征:油气生成温度低,包裹体均一温度范围为53~115 ℃;处于低演化阶段,储层中主要的包裹体类型是纯液态烃包裹体及纯液体盐水溶液包裹体。包裹体烃类成分中重烃及丁烷含量高,重烃平均占总烃的52. 14 % ,丁烷平均占总烃的14. 46 %;流体压力高,估算的流体压力范围是10. 0~40. 5 MPa ;盐度较高;还原环境;古地温梯度高, 为3. 830 ℃/ 100 m 等流体特征。研究结果为该坳陷油气成因及识别未熟—低熟油成油物理化学条件等提供了信息。

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碳酸盐岩极低的酸不溶物含量使岩石风化产生的残积土壤物质数量极少,并产生巨大的体积缩小,促使早期形成的残积土在重力作用下不断向下塌陷。显著的差异性风化使基岩面强烈起伏,甚至形成大量的岩溶尘洼地、裂隙、地下管道、洞穴系统等。在重力和水的作用下,土粒沿垂直和水平方向上经微距离或短距离搬运到上述低洼或地下空间中,甚至由地下河带到更远的地方,这是碳酸盐岩地区土壤丢失的重要方式,也是形成石漠化最主要的地质因素。土壤在地表分布高度不均匀,是碳酸盐岩地区的地表少土的重要原因。对于酸不溶物含量相当的石灰岩和白云岩而言,由于白云岩的差异性风化明显弱于石灰岩,以及受各种应力作用后,白云岩形成的节理及裂隙密集而均匀,从而提高了近地表白云岩的含水能力,延长了风化过程中的水-岩反应时间,使风化作用可以相对集中于地表或近地表进行,有利于岩石的整体风化作用的进行,同时使白云岩风化壳基岩面起伏相对较小,风化残积形成的土壤分布也相对均匀。因此,白云岩区地表土层较厚,石漠化程度也稍弱于灰岩区。

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分析了安图红松树轮碳同位素和与之临近的敦化市气象站气象记录间的相关关系,发现树轮碳同位素与上年5-7月平均低云量间存在显著的负相关关系,重建了该近200年来5-7月平均低云量变化。功率谱分析表明,δ^13C序列,重建的低云量序列均包含明显的厄尔厄诺-南方涛动周期(ENSO)和准2年振荡周期(QBO),反映了ENSO以及东亚季风对该区气候的影响。分析了安图红松树轮碳同位素和与之临近的敦化市气象站气象记录间的相关关系,发现树轮碳同位素与上年5-7月平均低云量间存在显著的负相关关系,重建了该近200年来5-7月平均低云量变化。功率谱分析表明,δ^13C序列,重建的低云量序列均包含明显的厄尔厄诺-南方涛动周期(ENSO)和准2年振荡周期(QBO),反映了ENSO以及东亚季风对该区气候的影响。

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和平、羊儿坝和猪草河剖面是南秦岭槽区巴山组的三个典型剖面,从南向北,这三个剖面的硅质岩厚度逐渐增大。通过对三个剖面硅质岩各种地球化学特征参数的研究分析,结果表明:猪草河剖面最接近火山弧带,为与大陆火山岛弧相邻的弧后盆地,受火山活动的控制很强烈,热水沉积的控制占主要地位;相应的硅质岩和碳酸盐岩都具有强烈的Eu正异常,其中具有高正Eu异常的碳酸盐岩在华南下寒武统尚属首次发现。羊儿坝剖面相当于大陆边缘的深水盆地,热水与海水处于相对平衡的状态。和平剖面最接近大陆边缘,热水的影响很弱,以海水的正常沉积为主,陆源碎屑物质增多。三个剖面沉积相从早到晚的变化体现了南秦岭断陷海槽从拉张到闭合的过程。

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贵州水银洞(岩上)微细浸染型金矿产于贵州省贞丰县境内,是目前我国第一个成功地从原生硫化物矿石中商业性生产出金的微细浸染型金矿矿山。该矿床的矿体产于灰家堡背斜东段核部的上二叠统龙潭组地层中及其与中二叠统茅口组灰岩的接触带,呈几层基本平行排布的似层状和透镜状产出。金矿化主要赋存于硅化白云石化生物碎屑灰岩和泥灰岩(85%)和强硅化角砾状粘土岩(14%)中。