BaF_2-MgF_2二元体系相图

本文用差热分析(DTA)方法研究了BaF_2-MgF_2二元体系熔融状态相图。表明常压下该体系只生成一个液固界组成化合物BaMgF_4,并对BaMgF_4晶体生长条件做了讨沦。

ABF_4: Eu~(2+)和A_2SiF_6: Eu~(2+)中Eu~(2+)的光谱结构

合成了Eu~(2+)激活的ABF_4和A_2SiF_6(A=Na、K、Rb、Cs)复合氟化物磷光体,得到了与ASTM一致的结晶学数据,在这些体系中都观察到了Eu~(2+)的f→跃迁锐峰发射,其中NaBF_4:Eu~(2+)和Na_2SiF_6:Eu~(2-)中Eu~(2+)所处基质晶格的配位数较低。

Sequence analysis of Arthrospira maxima based on fosmid library

Arthrospira (Spirulina) (Setchell& Gardner) is an important cyanobacterium not only in its nutritional potential but in its special biological characteristics. An unbiased fosmid library of Arthrospira maxima FACHB438 that contains 4300 clones was constructed. The size distribution of insert fragments is from 15.5 to 48.9 kb and the average size is 37.6 kb. The recombination frequency is 100%. Therefore the library is 29.9 equivalents to the Arthrospira genome size of 5.4 Mb. A total of 719 sample clones were randomly chosen from the library and 602 available sequences, which consisted of 307,547 bases, covering 5.70% of the whole genome. The codon usage of A. maxima was not strongly biased. GC content at the first position of codons (46.9%) was higher than the second (39.8%) and the third (45.5%) positions. GC content of the genome was 43.6%. Of these sequences, 287 (47.7%) showed high similarities to known genes, 63 (10.5%) to hypothetical genes and the remaining 252 (41.8%) had no significant similarities. The assigned genes were classified into 22 categories with respect to different biological roles. Remarkably, the high presence of 25 sequences (4.2%) encoding reverse transcriptase indicates the RT gene may have multiple copies in the A. maxima genome and might play an important role in the evolutionary history and metabolic regulation. In addition, the sequences encoding the ATP-binding cassette transport system and the two-component signal transduction system were the second and third most frequent genes, respectively. These genomic features provide some clues as to the mechanisms by which this organism adapts to the high concentration of bicarbonate and to the high pH environment.

A comprehensive investigation of an offshore active fault in the Western Sagami Bay, central Japan

Offshore active faults, especially those in the deep sea, are very difficult to study because of the water and sedimentary cover. To characterize the nature and geometry of offshore active faults, a combination of methods must be employed. Generally, seismic profiling is used to map these faults, but often only fault-related folds rather than fracture planes are imaged. Multi-beam swath bathymetry provides information on the structure and growth history of a fault because movements of an active fault are reflected in the bottom morphology. Submersible and deep-tow surveys allow direct observations of deformations on the seafloor (including fracture zones and microstructures). In the deep sea, linearly aligned cold seep communities provide indirect evidence for active faults and the spatial migration of their activities. The Western Sagami Bay fault (WSBF) in the western Sagami Bay off central Japan is an active fault that has been studied in detail using the above methods. The bottom morphology, fractured breccias directly observed and photographed, seismic profiles, as well as distribution and migration of cold seep communities provide evidence for the nature and geometry of the fault. Focal mechanism solutions of selected earthquakes in the western Sagami Bay during the period from 1900 to 1995 show that the maximum compression trends NW-SE and the minimum stress axis strikes NE-SW, a stress pattern indicating a left-lateral strike-slip fault.

南黄海浮游植物的固碳强度与污染物胁迫下海水碳源/汇格局的变化

本论文在解析了南黄海生态环境的基础上，首次研究揭示了浮游植物固碳强度的年际变化及生态反馈机制，获得了东中国近海浮游植物固碳强度及对海域源/汇格局的影响程度；同时，用室内模拟实验探讨了重金属和有机污染物胁迫下海水无机碳体系和源汇格局的变化过程，获得了一些新的认识。主要结论如下： 1. 南黄海浮游植物固碳强度具有明显的时空变化特征，与海域光照、流系和水团变化、海水磷的浓度等因素密切相关，并在一定程度上决定海区碳源/汇的性质。2005年秋季浮游植物日固碳量达9.5万吨，1983-2005年间，南黄海浮游植物固碳强度有降低的趋势，与海水关键营养盐－磷的限制有关。东中国近海浮游植物年总固碳量约为2.2亿吨，约占全球近海浮游植物的年固碳量的2.0%。 在综合分析秋季南黄海水文、化学、生物背景的基础上，系统阐明了海域浮游植物固碳体系的生物地球化学机制。结果表明，2005年秋季南黄海浮游植物固碳强度，即初级生产力变化在 97−701 mgC m-2 d-1之间，平均为307 mg C m-2 d-1；与其关系比较密切的环境因子为海水透明度、盐度、pH、氨氮 (NH4-N)、磷酸盐 (PO4-P) 以及Chl a。在这些因素中，PO4-P对初级生产力的影响最大，显然11月份南黄海的磷是浮游植物生长的限制因子，次之的影响因素是Chl a和NH4-N。 对南黄海源汇格局的研究发现，如果除去涌升流较为活跃的站位（A9、B7、B8、B9、C8、C9、 D9和A1），2005年秋季表层海水pCO2与浮游植物固碳强度明显负相关（r=-0.8，n=23, p<0.001）。在南黄海东部浮游植物固碳强度较高，pCO2值较低；而在西部海区浮游植物固碳强度较低的区域，其pCO2值较高。碳源/汇转折点浮游植物固碳强度为230 mgC m-2 d-1，即小于此值，海区为大气二氧化碳的源，反之为汇，并且CO2汇区浮游植物固碳强度平均值约是CO2源区的2倍多；浮游植物固碳作用，在某一时间和空间尺度内，基本决定了海区的源汇格局。估算结果显示，东中国近海浮游植物固碳量约为222×106t a-1，约为东中国近海通过海－气界面总表观碳汇强度每年1369万吨的16.2倍，仅就浮游植物的年固碳量而言，东中国近海约占全球近海浮游植物的年固碳量的2.0%。 研究揭示了近年来南黄海浮游植物固碳强度具有区域与年际变化明显这一显著特点。一般，近岸区（由黄海沿岸水和表层水控制）内，光照是浮游植物固碳的主要限制因子；从2001年后的大多数年份中，中央区（黄海冷水团控制）的浮游植物固碳强度均与磷酸盐浓度显著正相关，但与氮浓度的相关性不大，说明南黄海生态系统普遍存在着磷限制而非氮限制；混合区终年受黄、东海混合水控制，受到光照条件和营养盐浓度同时影响。根据本次观测所获数据，结合以前研究者的调查资料，我们发现从1983年到2005年，南黄海浮游植物优势种由Bacillariophyta变为Pyrrophyta，浮游植物细胞丰度和Chl a明显下降，浮游植物固碳强度几乎下降了二分之一 （由569.50 mgC m-2 d-1下降至306.83 mgC m-2 d-1），说明南黄海在世界边缘海固碳过程中的作用在降低。经过相关水质参数及生态环境变化的分析，以上现象是对关键营养盐磷的限制以及光限制响应的缘故。此外，研究还发现，由于南黄海初级生产者产量下降所引起的一些生态反馈信息，如浮游动物固碳量的下降和鱼类产量的锐减。 2. 室内模拟实验显示，重金属（铅、铜、镉和锌）及有机污染物（乙醇、丙酮、尿素和多灭磷）对水体生物固碳体系有重要影响，较低浓度时可提高水体的固碳能力，相应水体中的DIC、HCO3-和 Pco2 与对照组相比都明显下降 (P<0.01)；当污染物达到一定浓度后，水体生物的固碳能力明显下降，其有机碳可降解转化为无机碳。当污染物小于转折浓度水体为大气二氧化碳的汇，反之为源。 水体固碳体系对于不同种类、不同浓度的污染物质所表现的受胁迫情况不同，低浓度各污染物（包括重金属和有机污染物）添加组中（对于重金属为0.1和1µmol•L-1，醇和酮分别为<0.5 mol L-1和<0.75 mol L-1），藻干重及固碳量均要大于初始值，说明适量的外源污染可能会促进藻类生长，提高水体的固碳能力，相应水体中的DIC、HCO3- 和PCO2与对照组相比都明显下降 (P<0.01)。当污染物达到一定浓度后，由于其毒害作用，使得水体内生物的固碳能力下降，甚至分解并转化为无机碳，从会引起DIC、HCO3- 和PCO2含量的升高，其含量上升幅度会因固碳体系对不同种类污染物耐受程度的差异而不同。对于尿素和多灭磷，二者浓度分别达到80和20mgL-1时，水体中二氧化碳各参数仍呈现下降趋势，说明在该浓度范围内，大型藻类（如石莼）仍可利用添加物中的氮和磷，将其做为氮源或磷源，促进水体总固碳量的增加。 污染物胁迫对水体碳源汇能力及格局可起到一定的调控作用，与污染物的浓度密切相关，污染物存在着一转折浓度，分别为5µmol L-1（铜）、20µmol L-1（镉） 0.75mol L-1（酮），当污染物添加小于转折浓度并排除其他影响因素时，水体表现为大气CO2的汇，并且适量的增加污染物浓度会使海洋碳汇能力有所增强；而当污染物超出转折浓度时，水体成为CO2的源，其CO2的释放量是随着污染物浓度的增加而增大。对与研究中其他种类的污染物，在实验室设计范围内，水体始终表现为大气CO2的汇。

Nutrient structure of seawater and ecological responses in Jiaozhou Bay, China

Nutrient concentrations in seawater, and C, N, P, Si and chlorophyll a content in different-sized particulates were measured in Jiaozhou Bay, and C, N, P, Si composition in different-sized fractions of phytoplankton and their ecological responses to nutrient structure of the seawater were studied. Microphytoplankton and nanophytoplankton were dominant in Jiaozhou Bay. High C (16.50-20.97 unol L-1), N (2.46-2.99 mu mol L-1) and low P (0.06-0.12 mu mol L-1), Si (0.18-0.57 mu mol L-1) content, and high N/P (24.7-64.6) and low SUP (4.4-10.8), Si/N (0.06-0.20) ratios were found in all sized groups of particulates. These values reflected the elemental compositions of different-sized fractions of phytoplankton as being an ecological response to the nutrients in the seawater. The ratios deviated significantly from the Redfield values. The nutrient composition of seawater and particulates and their relationship to chlorophyll a showed that phytoplankton growth was possibly limited by Si. Si limitation appears favorable for controlling the ecological equilibrium of Jiaozhou Bay. Different-sized fractions of phytoplankton had different suitability to nutrient structures of the seawater. Among phytoplankton size groups, nanophytoplankton and microphytoplankton growths were more adaptable in eutrophic Jiaozhou Bay, and more competitive for assimilation of Si. This is consistent with their diatom-dominated composition, controlling the biomass and productivity of phytoplankton in Jiaozhou Bay. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chromosomal mapping of the major ribosomal RNA genes in the dwarf surfclam (Mulinia lateralis Say)

Chromosomal location of the major ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA) were studied in the dwarf surfclam (Mulinia lateralis, Say) using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH probes for the rRNA genes were made by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP and detected with fluorescein-labeled antidigoxigenin antibodies. Mulinia lateralis had a diploid number of 38 chromosomes and all chromosomes were telocentric. FISH with the rRNA probe produced positive and consistent signals on two pairs of chromosomes: Chromosome 15 with a relative length of 4.6% and Chromosome 19, the shortest chromosome. Both loci were telomeric. The rRNA location provides the first physical landmark of the M. lateralis genome.

Study on corrosion simulation device for marine structural steel

A corrosion simulation device was studied using offshore long scale hanging specimens. An Ni-Cu-P steel specimen was studied by analysing its corrosion products and corrosion types. The appearance of the samples and the surface of the metallic substrate after the removal of the rust layer produced by these two methods were observed and compared after 470 days of exposure. The phase structure of the corrosion products under different marine environments were analysed and compared. It further indicated good correlation between the electrically connected hanging specimen method and the long scale hanging specimen method.

青海群加地区种植大黄根茎组织结构中微量元素特征

微量元素对于种植青海大黄的生长发育有着重要作用.采集青海群加地区种植大黄根茎,分为皮层、韧皮部、木质部和髓部等四部分,采用原子吸收光谱法分别测试了其不同组织中铜、锌、铁、锰、钴、镍等元素含量.结果表明,种植大黄根茎中铜、锌、铁、锰等元素主要分布在皮层,其次是木质部或髓部,元素含量较低的是韧皮部.随着生长年龄增加种植大黄对铁、锰、钴元素营养需求量有所增加,对锌、铜、镍元素营养的需求量略减.

环境因子对暗沃寒冻雏形土土壤CO_2释放速率的影响

暗沃寒冻雏形土土壤CO2 释放的日变化与气温及地表温度的日变化过程同步, 只是气温日变化峰值推迟了2 h。地表温度与土壤CO2 释放速率呈极显著正相关。暗沃寒冻雏形土土壤CO2 释入的季节动态受土壤温度(0～ 30cm , 特别是10 cm )、真菌菌丝生物量(0～ 20 cm )、土壤有机碳现存量(0～ 20 cm ) 和生物量的影响。它们均与土壤CO2 的释放速率呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。过度放牧使土壤容重增大, 孔隙度和土壤有机碳贮量减小, 从而降低土壤CO2 释放速率, 方差分析结果表明, 差异显著。而土壤湿度及降雨对土壤CO2 释放速率影响较小。

Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau endemic Nannoglottis (Asteraceae)

All taxa endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are hypothesized to have originated in situ or from immediately adjacent areas because of the relatively recent formation of the plateau since the Pliocene, followed by the large-scaled biota extinction and recession caused by the Quaternary ice sheet. However, identification of specific progenitors remains difficult for some endemics, especially some endemic genera. Nannoglottis, with about eight species endemic to this region, is one such genus. Past taxonomic treatments have suggested its relationships with four different tribes of Asteraceae. We intend to identify the closest relatives of Nannoglottis by evaluating the level of monophyly, tribal delimitation, and systematic position of the genus by using molecular data from ndhF gene, trnL-F, and ITS region sequences. We find that all sampled species of Nannoglottis are a well-defined monophyly. This supports all recent taxonomic treatments of Nannoglottis, in which all sampled species were placed in one broadly re-circumscribed genus. Nannoglottis is most closely related to the Astereae, but stands as an isolated genus as the first diverging lineage of the tribe, without close relatives. A tentative relationship was suggested for Nannoglottis and the next lineage of the tribe was based on the ITS topology, the "basal group," which consists of seven genera from the Southern Hemisphere. Such a relationship is supported by some commonly shared plesiomorphic morphological characters. Despite the very early divergence of Nannoglottis in the Astereae, the tribe must be regarded to have its origin in Southern Hemisphere rather than in Asia, because based on all morphological, molecular, biogeographical, and fossil data, the Asteraceae and its major lineages (tribes) are supposed to have originated in the former area. Long-distance dispersal using Southeast Asia as a steppingstone from Southern Hemisphere to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the most likely explanation for this unusual biogeographic link of Nannoglottis. The 23-32-million-year divergence time between Nannoglottis and the other Astereae estimated by DNA sequences predated the formation of the plateau. This estimation is further favored by the fossil record of the Asteraceae and the possible time of origin of the Astereae. Nannoglottis seems to have reached the Qinghai-Tibet area in the Oligocene-Eocene and then re-diversified with the uplift of the plateau. The molecular infragenetic phylogeny of the genus identifies two distinct clades, which reject the earlier infrageneric classification based on the arrangement of the involucral bracts and the length of the ligules, but agree well with the habits and ecological preferences of its current species. The "alpine shrub" vs. "coniferous forest" divergence within Nannoglottis was estimated at about 3.4 million years ago when the plateau began its first large-scale uplifting and the coniferous vegetation began to appear. Most of the current species at the "coniferous forest" clade of the genus are estimated to have originated from 1.02 to 1.94 million years ago, when the second and third uprisings of the plateau occurred, the climate oscillated and the habitats were strongly changed. The assumed evolution, speciation diversity, and radiation of Nannoglottis based on molecular phylogeny and divergence times agree well with the known geological and paleobotanical histories of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.