165 resultados para 11,12-methylene-Hexadecanoic acid
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选择苹果及仙人球的组织切片作生物催化材料,同氨气敏电极组合,研制了2种对L-谷氨酰胺及L-天冬酰胺选择响应的新型的组织传感器。研究和讨论了传感器的最佳工作条件。用该组织传感器测定了L-天冬酰胺脱氨酶和L-谷氨酰胺脱氨酶的动力学参数K_m和V_m。
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A floating dust weather happened on March 11-12, 1995 over the Qingdao region. Its sources and throughput to the ocean were studied. The result indicated that the floating dust was caused by the dust storm that starred in northwestern China and developed in northern China. 21 x 10(6)t fine soil particles were carried to the ocean during the episode.
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研究胶州湾浮游植物的物种组成与时空分布的特点,对于了解该湾生态系统的现状与历史变化趋势以及生态系统对自然条件变化和人类干扰的响应具有重要意义。 本文根据2004年每月一次采集的浮游植物样品,分析了胶州湾浮游植物的物种组成和优势种的时空分布情况。调查发现浮游植物共142种,分属于6门53属,其中硅藻门40属113种,占总物种数的79.6%;甲藻门10属24种,占总物种数的16.9%;其它为金藻门1属2种,裸藻1属1种,绿藻1属2种。浮游植物丰度周年波动范围为11.12-14602.39×104cells/m3,全年平均为1857.55×104cells/m3。全年丰度最高的藻为环纹劳德藻(Lauderia annulata),出现在2月份,而全年的丰度最高值也出现在2月份。在胶州湾中,硅藻所占比例最大,平均为97.44%,最高为99.95%,最低为82.55%。浮游植物的丰度的周年变化:有两个高峰,分别出现在2月份和10月份,是典型的温带海域双高峰的分布形式。 胶州湾浮游植物的优势种分析,采用Kikvidze等(2002)提出的确定优势种数量的计算方法,再依据各物种的优势度排序最终确定优势种。其中在多样性最低的6月和10月,优势种数目均为1种,分别为丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicus)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)。而在多样性指数较低的1月、2月,优势种数目分别为2和3;而在物种多样性比较高的5月、7月、11月,由于分布相对比较分散,所以优势种数量较多。这说明这个方法可以较好地完成对胶州湾浮游植物群落分析时确定优势种的目标。优势种出现频率较多的种类为中肋骨条藻(1、3、4、5、8、10、11、12月)、洛氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus)(7、8、9、11、12月)、尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia pungens)(2、3、5、7月)、加拉星杆藻(Asteronella kariana)(1、2、3、5月)、密联角毛藻(Chaetoceros densus)(5、11、12月)、扭鞘藻(Streptothece thamesis)(7、8、9月)、夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillancs)(4、5、7月)、奇异菱形藻(Nitzschia paradoxa)(5、11、12月),对这些种的时空分布进行了分析。 对2004年胶州湾的浮游植物数据进行分层聚类分析后,发现可以将胶州湾划分为三个海区:湾南与湾外海区、湾中西部海区、湾东海区。
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月湖,又称天鹅湖,位于山东半岛最东端荣成湾顶的西南侧。面积约4.94 Km~2,西、北、南侧为陆地所包围,东部由荣成湾沙坝与外海隔开,东南部有一132m宽的潮流通道与外海相通,它由涨潮三角洲、落潮三角洲、纳潮盆地和潮汐通道四部分组成,是一个典型的潮汐汊道系统。1998年11~12月和1999年8~9月两次对月湖的沉积物特征,水动力条件,地貌特征做了广泛、深入的调查研。研究结果表明:月湖水深比较浅,大部分地区在1到1.5 m之间;底质呈环状分布,从湖边缘到中心依次为:砾质砂、泥质砂、砂质泥和泥,湖中心柱状样由粉砂或粘质粉砂组成,平均含水量为54.67%,平均有机碳含量为2.7%,测得沉积速率为1.49cm a~(-1),沉积通量为1.04 g cm~(-2) a~(-1)有机碳通量为0.028 g cm~(-2) a~(-1);月湖潮汐为不正规半日潮,日不等现象显著,口门主水道涨潮历时短,流速小,落潮历时长,流速大;口门主水道泥沙向外海搬输运,悬移质输运量比底移质输运量小近两个数量级;湖内沉积物粒径趋势分析表明沉积物由四周向湖心搬运。在过去的二十年里,由于人类对月湖的不合理开发和利用(在口门修建蓄水闸,虾池悬垦),造成泥沙大量淤积,使生态系统稳剧退化。如果不采取有效措施,月湖很快就会消失。
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由于电磁波传播技术的广泛应用,大气环境成为电磁波传播研究的一个重要领域,尤其是天气变化多端的对流层。对流层大气波导是对流层大气的一种异常结构。大气波导可以使通信电路的相互干扰问题变得复杂,既可能干扰其他系统,又可能形成另外的系统,可以使探测系统产生超视距探测、雷达盲区等反常传播问题。然而通信系统或雷达探测系统遭受大气波导影响的时机具有很大的偶然性,它完全取决于对流层大气的特点。假如能够掌握大气波导的变化规律,准确而及时地预测、预报其出现的时间和地域,结合频率、射线波束、天线仰角和发生功率的选择,就能更好地发挥探测及通信设备的作用。因此,根据实际大气环境,分析、预测和预报大气波导,对于评估大气环境对电磁波传播和探测系统性能具有重要的理论意义和实际价值,尤其是在军事领域。然而在海洋大气环境中,特别是在广阔的海洋上,传统的海洋测量手段,如浮标、船只,获取的海洋水文数据稀少,探空数据更少,无法满足现代海洋大气环境监测所需的大范围观测信息,即使获取数据也很难保证数据点时间和空间的有效性;同时海洋大气边界层日变化缓慢,发生的大气波导持续时间长,比较稳定,对于海上舰船通讯等急需开展大气波导环境区域研究。我国是海洋大国,海岸线狭长,更需要开展沿海区域及近海对流层大气波导研究,特别是边界层内低空大气波导环境预测、预报研究。 目前国内大气波导的研究大多数情况下只注重单站波导发生情况,其代表的时空有效性是有限的,而在实际应用中,人们更加关注波导存在区域,因为波导区域决定了电磁波传输范围。本文针对我国近海区域大气波导不同的形成机理和类型,分别进行了研究。对于蒸发波导,本文利用卫星遥感获取海水表面温度、海面风场、气温、相对湿度等资料,建立卫星遥感资料与蒸发波导高度之间的诊断模式,研究大气波导反演算法和预测模型,首次分析了蒸发波导高度的空间不均匀性。对于低空表面波导和悬空波导,利用中尺度数值模式MM5对大气波导进行了系统的研究,填补了国内中尺度大气波导数值模拟研究的空白,同时选取典型的天气过程,进行了中尺度数值模拟个例研究,分析了大气波导形成机理。 本文主要工作如下: 一、结合P-J模式,利用AMSR-E卫星数据用两种神经网络方法反演了热带海域的蒸发波导高度,并进行了比较,两种方法得到的与浮标实测参数计算得到的蒸发波导高度之间的相关系数相当,都为0.82左右,均方根差后者比前者小,分别为2.64米和1.89米。神经网络直接反演蒸发波导高度方法要优于间接反演蒸发波导高度的方法。利用AMSR-E卫星数据直接反演了南海海域的蒸发波导高度,可以清楚看出蒸发波导高度的空间分布的不均匀性,为研究蒸发波导的环境特性奠定基础。 二、以2005年6月2日出现在黄海海域的大气波导为例,设计了三种数值试验,利用MM5模式对大气波导进行了24h数值模拟研究,包括是否加入常规探空资料进行格点分析同化,垂直分层的多寡,粗、细网格模拟比较分析。通过研究得到了以下结论:(1)利用常规资料进行格点同化对海上大气波导影响较小,对陆地影响较大;(2)垂直分层对大气波导特征参数影响明显,层数较多描述大气波导比较合适;(3)对于海上大气波导,细网格刻画大气波导特征参数比较细致,但粗网格的模拟已经足够进行大气波导分析。 三、以NCEP再分析资料为背景场,利用MM5模式,对2005年6月2日至4日出现在黄海海域的大气波导和2008年5月10日12时到11日12时由‘威玛逊’台风引起的大气波导分别进行了数值模拟研究。通过研究发现:模拟的修正折射率廓线与探空数据得到的廓线基本吻合,但是模拟的较强波导强度和高度普遍比实测的要小得多;同时给出了大气波导参数的演变过程,分析了两次大气波导形成的天气过程,说明了模拟的大气波导区域是可靠的和可信的; MM5模式能够模拟出特定天气条件下低空较强大气波导三维空间变化过程,可以为定量地描述大气波导特征提供理论和试验依据。
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不饱和脂肪酸是机体生物膜的重要组成成分,对生物膜结构、机能、相转变、通透性的调节及相关过程的调控有重要作用。并且,它参与细胞生物化学反应、转运过程和细胞应激反应,影响脂肪代谢、寻靶作用、免疫反应、耐寒、抗氧化等生理过程。此外,不饱和脂肪酸还是哺乳动物体内生成前列腺素、凝血哑烷和白三烯等激素的前体,具有提高人体免疫力、预防心血管疾病和癌症等重要的生理功能。本文对微藻中脂肪酸去饱和酶基因进行了比较基因组学分析;分离并验证了模式绿藻莱茵衣藻中Δ12去饱和酶基因的功能;克隆了南极小球藻NJ-7不饱和脂肪酸合成途径中的内质网型Δ12、Δ15去饱和酶基因和叶绿体型Δ12基因,并对内质网型Δ12基因的功能进行了研究。 1、对已测序的37株蓝藻的脂肪酸去饱和酶基因进行比较基因组学分析,发现,丝状或固氮蓝藻中具有的脂肪酸去饱和酶的种类一般多于单细胞蓝藻;海洋来源的聚球藻和原绿球藻的酰基-脂去饱和途径明显不同于其他来源的蓝藻,这两属的蓝藻与其他蓝藻可能具有不同的系统发育史;与嗜温蓝藻相比,三个嗜热蓝藻藻株,Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1, Synechococcus sp. JA-2-3B'a(2-13),sp. JA-3-3Ab只含有Δ9去饱和酶基因,这可能与它们的生长环境(温泉)有关。 2、对已测序的7株真核微藻的脂肪酸去饱和酶基因进行比较基因组学分析,发现,真核微藻不饱和脂肪酸合成途径具有多样性。绿藻衣藻和团藻,O. tauri和O. lucimarinus,硅藻三角褐指藻和伪矮海链藻中均存在两条不饱和脂肪酸合成途径,原核途径和真核途径。原核途径位于叶绿体,真核途径位于内质网,但合成的脂肪酸产物有所不同。原始红藻C. merolae只含有3个去饱和酶基因,2个Δ9基因和1个Δ12基因。不饱和脂肪酸合成缺失了一条原核途径,明显不同于其他蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻和高等植物,这可能是由于它们的特定的生长环境(酸性火山温泉)导致的。 3、通过比较基因组学分析,从模式绿藻莱茵衣藻中发现了一个可能的内质网型Δ12去饱和酶基因(135825),以酿酒酵母作为表达系统,验证了该基因的功能,为明确该模式藻的脂肪酸合成途径提供了依据。 4、从南极小球藻NJ-7中克隆了参与不饱和脂肪酸合成途径的内质网型Δ12、Δ15去饱和酶基因和叶绿体型Δ12基因的部分cDNA序列,并利用RACE方法获得了内质网型Δ12基因的全长,以酿酒酵母作为表达系统,对该基因的功能进行了研究。 本研究首次利用比较基因组学的方法分析了37株蓝藻和7株真核微藻中的不饱和脂肪酸合成途径,在此基础上研究了莱茵衣藻135825基因的功能。并从南极绿藻小球藻中克隆了参与不饱和脂肪酸合成途径的内质网型Δ12、Δ15去饱和酶基因和叶绿体型Δ12基因,为进一步研究温度调节去饱和酶表达的模式,明确微藻低温适应的分子机理奠定了基础。
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受高原抬升所致的水系变迁及人类活动的影响,分布于南门峡河流的裂腹鱼亚科鱼类与黄河干支流种群间的基因交流受到长期限制.作为孤立小群体,探讨其分类学地位及其在小生境中的进化机制对了解青藏高原鱼类多样性和物种的形成、进化具有重要意义.本文采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序方法获得了南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类(n=29)及其近缘种(n=19)共48个个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)细胞色素b(cyt b)基因的全序列(1 140 bp),并以厚唇裸重鱼和尖裸鲤为外群构建了MP和Bayesian系统进化树.南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类29个个体的序列经排序后,发现有100个(8.77%)多态性位点,共定义了16个单倍型,在系统进化树上分布于截然不同的两个族群中.其中5个单倍型(NMX3、6、7、13、15)与其近缘种花斑裸鲤和青海湖裸鲤形成单系群(MP 99%,Bayesian 98%),而其余11个单倍型(NMX1、2、4、5、8、9、10、11、12、14、16)与黄河干支流的黄河裸裂尻鱼形成另一个单系群(MP 99%,Bayesian 99%).序列差异分析显示,分布于不同族群的南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类之间存在较大的碱基差异(平均为7.42%),显示出种间差异水平,表明分布于南门峡河流的裂腹鱼亚科鱼类可能是花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼形态相似种的复合体.结合青藏高原隆升所致的气候环境变化和高原北部水系变迁的事件,推断形态趋同进化可能导致了南门峡河流裂腹鱼亚科鱼类形态相似种的共存,而小生境自然选择压力是引发适应性形态趋同进化的主要原因.
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采用FDBN柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定了藏药材波棱瓜中氨基酸的含量。结果表明,波棱瓜中氨基酸总量为189.4g·kg^-1,其中8种必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的33.47%。
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用超临界萃取技术对产于青藏高原上的糖茶藨种子中脂肪酸进行萃取,其萃取率为12%。用毛细管气相色谱对萃取的脂肪酸进行了分离和分析。结果表明不饱和脂肪酸的质量分数在90%以上。其中α-亚麻酸(α-linolenic acid)为27.4%,У-亚麻酸(У-linolenic acia)为2.70%。亚油酸(1inoleic acid)40.0%,油酸(oleic acid)21.0%。[著者文摘]
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The seed oil from Nitraria tangutorum samples was obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction methods. The extraction parameters for this methodology, including pressure, temperature, particle size and extraction time, were optimized. The free fatty acids in the seed oil were separated with a pre-column derivation method and 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-ethyl-p-toluenesulfonate (BDETS) as a labeling regent, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The target compounds were identified by mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI in positive-ion mode). HPLC analysis shows that the main compositions of the seed oil samples were free fatty acids (FFAs) in high to low concentrations as follows: linoleic acid, oleic acid, hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid. The assay detection limits (at signal-to-noise of 3:1) were 3.378-6.572 nmol/L. Excellent linear responses were observed, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The facile BDETS derivatization coupled with mass spectrometry detection allowed the development of a highly sensitive method for analyzing free fatty acids in seed oil by supercritical CO2 extraction. The established method is highly efficient for seed oil extraction and extremely sensitive for fatty acid profile determination. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Grazing animal excrement plays an important role in nutrient cycling and redistribution in grazing ecosystems, due to grazing in large areas and return in small areas. To elucidate the changes to the soil and pasture caused by sheep urine, fresh dung, and compost patches, a short- term field experiment using artificially placed pats was set up in the autumn of 2003 in the Inner Mongolian steppe. Urine application significantly increased soil pH during the first 32 days in soil layers at depths of both 0 - 5 cm and 5 - 15 cm. Rapid hydrolysis of urea gave large amounts of urine- nitrogen ( N) as ammonium ( NH4+) in soil extracts and was followed by apparent nitrification from day 2. Higher inorganic N content in the urine- treated soil was found throughout the experiment compared with the control. No significant effects of sheep excrement on soil microbial carbon ( C) and soil microbial N was found, but microbial activities significantly increased compared with the control after application of sheep excrement. Forty- six percent of dung- N and 27% of compost- N were transferred into vegetation after the experiment. The results from this study suggest that large amounts of nutrients have been lost from the returned excrement patches in the degraded grassland of Inner Mongolia, especially from sheep urine- N.
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[Abstract] Verbal communication strategy (VCS) refers to a programmed knowledge applied by individuals to understand and express intentions via language symbols in their realization of communicative objectives according to social conventions. As an important index of social development, verbal communication strategy has provided a new perspective for social skill studies. However, more work has to be done in the investigation of LD children’s VCS developmental pattern and affecting mechanism. Through contextual test, structured interview and role-play, the present study, by adopting integrated measurements of instrumental and interpersonal effectiveness, explored the developmental characteristics of Chinese learning-disabled primary school children across 3-6th grades at both comprehension and application levels. Then, their social perspective-taking performance and verbal retelling competence of each participant were examined, on the basis of which, path analysis was conducted, with social perspective-taking, verbal retelling and verbal communication strategy comprehension as independent variables, to reveal the inner mechanism affecting LD children’s application of verbal communication strategy. Finally, an intervention study was carried out through a combination of polite request strategy understanding lessons and social perspective-taking training dramas. The results indicate that:(1) No significant grade differences were found in LD group for polite request strategy, while significant differences were reported across different grades of non-LD children. For indirect reply strategy, significant grade and gender differences were found among LD children, but the developmental trajectory between the two groups was different. For both polite request and indirect reply strategies, the strategy comprehension level of LD children was significantly lower than those without learning disabilities. (2) No significant grade and gender differences were found in LD group in their application of polite request strategy, while for non-LD children, significant differences were reported across different grades. For indirect reply strategy, both LD and non-LD groups exhibited similar developmental characteristics. Significant group differences only exist in the over-all application level of polite request strategies, not in indirect reply strategies. However, the differences of the latter between the two groups were found at significant level only among the 11-12 year olds. (3) LD children’s perspective-taking and verbal retelling competence were significantly lower than those of non-LD group. For polite request strategy, the influence of social perspective-taking to strategy application was indirect and must be via strategy comprehension, while for indirect reply strategy, strategy comprehension was found to play as a partial mediator between social perspective-taking and strategy application. The influence of verbal retelling to strategy application was indirect on both types of strategies. (4) LD children’s strategy comprehension and social perspective-taking level can be improved, and the improvement of these two competences has significant positive impact on the increase of their strategy application level. Key Words: learning disabilities, verbal communication strategy, social perspective- taking