Sensitive and Selective Sensor for Biothiols in the Cell Based on the Recovered Fluorescence of the CdTe Quantum Dots-Hg(II) System

Herein, a sensitive and selective sensor for biothiols based on the recovered fluorescence of the CdTe quantum dots (QDs)-Hg(II) system is reported. Fluorescence of QDs could be quenched greatly by Hg(II). In the presence of biothiols, such as glutathione (GSH), homocysteine (Hcy), and cysteine (Cys), however, Hg(H) preferred to react with them to form the Hg(II)-S bond because of the strong affinity with the thiols of biothiols rather than quenching the fluorescence of the QDs. Thus, the fluorescence of CdTe QDs was recovered. The restoration ability followed the order GSH > Hcy > Cys due to the decreased steric hindrance effect. A good linear relationship was obtained from 0.6 to 20.0 mu mol L-1 for GSH and from 2.0 to 20.0 mu mol L-1 for Cys, respectively. The detection limits of GSH and Cys were 0.1 and 0.6 mu mol L-1, respectively. In addition, the method showed a high selectivity for Cys among the other 19 amino acids. Furthermore, it succeeded in detecting biothiols in the Hela cell.

Solid-state electrochemiluminescence sensor based on the Nafion/poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) composite film

An effective electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on Nafion/poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS) composite film-modified ITO electrode was developed. The Nafion/PSS/Ru composite film was characterized by atomic force microscopy, UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy and electrochemical experiments. The Nafion/PSS composite film could effectively immobilize tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) via ion-exchange and electrostatic interaction. The ECL behavior of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) immobilized in Nafion/PSS composite film was investigated using tripropylamine (TPA) as an analyte. The detection limit (S/N = 3) for TPA at the Nafion/PSS/Ru composite-modified electrode was estimated to be 3.0 nM, which is 3 orders of magnitude lower than that obtained at the Nafion/Ru modified electrode. The Nafion/PSS/Ru composite film-modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode also exhibited good ECL stability. In addition, this kind of immobilization approach was simple, effective, and timesaving.

Electrochemiluminescence sensor based on partial sulfonation of polystyrene with carbon nanotubes

Herein, homogenously partial sulfonation of polystyrene (PSP) was performed. An effective electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on PSP with carbon nanotube (CNTs) composite film was developed. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impendence spectroscopy were applied to characterize this composite film. The PSP was used as an immobilization matrix to entrap the ECL reagent Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) due to the electrostatic interactions between sulfonic acid groups and Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) cations. The introduction of CNTs into PSP acted not only as a conducting pathway to accelerate the electron transfer but also as a proper matrix to immobilize Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) on the electrode by hydrophobic interaction. Furthermore, the results indicated the ECL intensity produced at this composite film was over 3-fold compared with that of the pure PSP film due to the electrocatalytic activity of the CNTs. Such a sensor was verified by the sensitive determinations of 2-(dibutylamino)ethanol and tripropylamine.

A novel sensitive solid-state electrochemiluminescence sensor material: Ru(bpy)(2+)(3) doped SiO2@MWNTs coaxial nanocable

A simple, large scale, and one-step process for the preparation of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(I) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) doped SiO2@carbon nanotubes (MVNTs) coaxial nanocable used for an ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is presented for the first time. More importantly, a directly coated as-formed functional material on ITO electrode surface exhibits excellent ECL behavior, good stability, and high sensitivity in the presence of tripropylamine (TPA). This novel functional material will find potential applications in biosensor, electrophoresis and electroanalysis.

Enhanced electrochemiluminescence sensor from tris(2,2 '-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) incorporated into MCM-41 and an ionic liquid-based carbon paste electrode

The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of tris(2,29-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)] ion-exchanged in the sulfonic-functionalized MCM-41 silicas was developed with tripropylamine (TPrA) as a co-reactant in a carbon paste electrode (CPE) using a room temperature ionic liquid (IL) as a binder. The sulfonic-functionalized silicas MCM-41 were used for preparing an ECL sensor by the electrostatic interactions between Ru( bpy)(3)(2+) cations and sulfonic acid groups. We used the IL as a binder to construct the CPE (IL-CPE) to replace the traditional binder of the CPE (T-CPE)-silicone oil. The results indicated that the MCM-41-modified IL-CPE had more open structures to allow faster diffusion of Ru( bpy)(3)(2+) and that the ionic liquid also acted as a conducting bridge to connect TPrA with Ru( bpy)(3)(2+) sites immobilized in the electrode, resulting in a higher ECL intensity compared with the MCM-41-modified T-CPE. Herein, the detection limit for TPrA of the MCM-41-modified IL-CPE was 7.2 nM, which was two orders of magnitude lower than that observed at the T-CPE. When this new sensor was used in flow injection analysis (FIA), the MCM-41-modified IL-CPE ECL sensor also showed good reproducibility. Furthermore, the sensor could also be renewed easily by mechanical polishing whenever needed.

Bifunctional nanostructure of magnetic core luminescent shell and its application as solid-state electrochemiluminescence sensor material

Bifunctional nanoarchitecture has been developed by combining the magnetic iron oxide and the luminescent Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) encapsulated in silica. First, the iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and coated with silica, which was used to isolate the magnetic nanoparticles from the outer-shell encapsulated Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) to prevent luminescence quenching. Then onto this core an outer shell of silica containing encapsulated Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) was grown through the Stober method. Highly luminescent Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) serves as a luminescent marker, while magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles allow external manipulation by a magnetic field. Since Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) is a typical electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reagent and it could still maintain such property when encapsulated in the bifunctional nanoparticle, we explored the feasibility of applying the as-prepared nanostructure to fabricating an ECL sensor; such method is simple and effective. We applied the prepared ECL sensor not only to the typical Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) co-reactant tripropylamine (TPA), but also to the practically important polyamines. Consequently, the ECL sensor shows a wide linear range, high sensitivity, and good stability.

A biofuel cell with enhanced power output by grape juice

Glucose oxidase and laccase immobilized at multiwalled carbon nanotubes-ionic liquid gel modified electrodes are used as the catalysts of anode and cathode of biofuel cells (BFCs), respectively. The BFC based on glucose and air is proposed. When ferrocene monocarboxylic acid is adopted as the mediator of anode, the power output of the BFC is ca. 4.1 mu W (power density ca. 10.0 mu W cm(-2)), which is higher than the value of 2.7 mu W (power density ca. 6.6 mu W cm(-2)) by taking ferrocene dicarboxylic acid as the mediator. This implies that the mediator with formal potential closing to that of the enzyme does improve the power output. Furthermore, the power output of the BFC is greatly improved by taking grape juice as the fuel of anode rather than glucose. This system also indicates that grape juice as a fuel of the BFC not only is feasible and can also enhances the power output of the BFCs. Besides, it greatly lowers the cost and simplifies the preparation procedure of the BFCs, making the BFC towards "green" bioenergy.

Sensitive biomimetic sensor based on molecular imprinting at functionalized indium tin oxide electrodes

We initially report an electrochemical sensing platform based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) at functionalized Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes (ITO). In this research, aminopropyl-derivatized organosilane aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), which plays the role of functional monomers for template recognition, was firstly self-assembled on an ITO electrode and then dopamine-imprinted sol was spin-coated on the modified surface. APTES which can interact with template dopamine (DA) through hydrogen bonds brought more binding sites located closely to the surface of the ITO electrode, thus made the prepared sensor more sensitive for DA detection. Potential scanning is presented to extract DA from the modified film, thus DA can rapidly and completely leach out. The affinity and selectivity of the resulting biomimetic sensor were characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV). It exhibited an increased affinity for DA over that of structurally related molecules, the anodic current for DA oxidation depended on the concentration of DA in the linear range from 2 x 10(-6) M to 0.8 x 10(-3) M with a correlation coefficient of 0.9927.In contrast, DA-templated film prepared under identical conditions on a bare ITO showed obviously lower response toward dopamine in solution.

Electrochemical chlorine sensor with multi-walled carbon nanotubes as electrocatalysts

It has been reported for the first time that an electrochemical gas sensor mdified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) film as elctrocatalyst was fabricated for the determination of chlorine (Cl-2).Here, MWNTs and graphite were compared with each other in terms of their electrochemical properties using cyclic voltammetry. Cl-2 gas was allowed through the cathode surface of the sensor and the resulting galvanic effects were monitored. Results indicated that both of the MWNTs and graphite have the electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of Cl-2 while the MWNTs-modified electrode exhibited a higher accessible surface area in electrochemical reactions, excellent sensitivity, stable response, reproducibility and recovery for the determination of Cl-2.

A novel hydrogen peroxide sensor based on horseradish peroxidase immobilized on colloidal Au modified ITO electrode

A novel method to fabricate a hydrogen peroxide sensor was developed by immobilizing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on colloidal An modified ITO conductive glass support. The cleaned glass support was modified with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) first to yield an interface for the assembly of colloidal An. Then 15 nm colloidal Au particles were chemisorbed onto the amine groups of the APTMS. Finally, HRP was adsorbed onto the surface of the colloidal An. The immobilized HRP displayed excellent electrocatalytical response to the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The performance and factors influencing the resulted biosensor were studied in detail. The resulted biosensor exhibited fast amperometric response (within 5 s) to H2O2. The detection limit of the biosensor was 8.0 mumol l(-1), and linear range was from 20.0 mumol l(-1) to 8.0 mmol l(-1). Furthermore, the resulted biosensor exhibited high sensitivity, good reproducibility, and long-term stability.

Single-wall carbon nanotube-based voltammetric sensor and biosensor

The pH-sensitive property of the single-wall carbon nanotube modified electrode based oil the electroactive group on the single-wall carbon nanotube was explored by differential pulse voltammetry technique. In pH range 1-13 investigated in Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer, the anodic peak shifted negatively along with the increase of pH exhibiting a reversible Nernstian response. Experiments were carried out to investigate the response of the single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) modified electrode to analytes associated with pH change. The response behavior of the modified electrode to ammonia was studied as an example. The potential response could reach equilibrium within 5 min. The modified electrode had good operational stability. Voltammetric urease and acetylcholinesterase biosensors were constructed by immobilizing the enzymes with sol-get hybrid material. The maximum potential shift could reach 0.130 and 0.220V for urea and acetylthiocholine, respectively. The methods for preparing sensor and biosensor were simple and reproducible and the range of analytes could be extended to substrates of other hydrolyases and esterases.

Phenolphthalein immobilized membrane for an optical pH sensor

A phenolphthalein immobilized cellulose membrane for an optical pH sensor was described. The phenolphthalein was first reacted with the formaldehyde to produce a series of prepolymers with many hydroxymethyl groups. In this paper, the prepolymers was abbreviated to phenolphthalein-formaldehyde (PPF). Then the PPF was covalently immobilized to the diacetylcellulose membrane via hydroxymethyl groups. Finally the membrane was hydrolyzed in the 0.1 M NaOH solution for 24 h to reduce the response time. Advantageous features of the pH-sensitive membrane include (a) a large dynamic range from pH 8.0 to 12.50, or even broader, (b) rapid response time (2-30 s), (c) easy of fabrication, and (d) a promising material for determination of high pH values. The immobilized PPF has a broader dynamic range from 8.0 to 12.50 than the free phenolphthalein from pH 8.0 to 11.0, and this was due to the newly produced methylenes in our investigation.