交叉培养法研究养分对作物幼苗释放N_2O的影响

为验证土壤中N2 O能否通过植物的输导组织由叶片释放从而干扰植物直接释放N2 O的定量测定 ,实验采用分室隔离法确证了土壤N2 O对测定某些作物 (如玉米、高粱 )直接释放N2 O的干扰 ;采用交叉培养法消除了这种干扰 ,准确地测定了大豆、玉米幼苗直接释放N2 O的强度 ;并研究了N、P营养与植物释放N2 O及体内NO 3 N浓度之间的相关性 .

Application of static and dynamic enclosures for determining dimethyl sulfide and carbonyl sulfide exchange in Sphagnum peatlands: Implications for the magnitude and direction of flux

A static enclosure method was applied to determine the exchange of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and carbonyl sulfide (OCS) between the surface of Sphagnum peatlands and the atmosphere. Measurements were performed concurrently with dynamic (flow through) enclosure measurements with sulfur-free air used as sweep gas. This latter technique has been used to acquire the majority of available data on the exchange of S gases between the atmosphere and the continental surfaces and has been criticized because it is thought to overestimate the true flux of gases by disrupting natural S gas gradients. DMS emission rates determined by both methods were not statistically different between 4 and >400 nmol m−2 h−1, indicating that previous data on emissions of at least DMS are probably valid. However, the increase in DMS in static enclosures was not linear, indicating the potential for a negative feedback of enclosure DMS concentrations on efflux. The dynamic enclosure method measured positive OCS flux rates (emission) at all sites, while data using static enclosures indicated that OCS was consumed from the atmosphere at these same sites at rates of 3.7 to 55 nmol m−2 h−1. Measurements using both enclosure techniques at a site devoid of vegetation showed that peat was a source of both DMS and OCS. However, the rate of OCS efflux from decomposing peat was more than counterbalanced by OCS consumption by vegetation, including Sphagnum mosses, and net OCS uptake occurred at all sites. We propose that all wetlands are net sinks for OCS.

林带疏透度数字化测度方法的改进及其应用研究

在大量野外调查基础上 ,用数码相机拍摄林带相片 ,采用CIAS软件测定林带疏透度 ,对已有“数字图像处理法”进行了改进 ,并对疏透度的变化规律进行了深入研究 .结果表明 ,用改进的数字化方法测定林带的疏透度 ,比用光学相机所进行的“数字图像处理法”精度高 ,更经济、简捷 ;林带疏透度 β与相对枝下高x(枝下高 /林带平均高 )的关系无叶期可表达为 β =1.0 6 81x0 .4 3 0 4 (r =0 .976 3,r0 .0 1=0 .40 73) ;有叶期可表达为 β =0 .6 72x0 .4 69(r =0 .985 1,r0 .0 1=0 .40 73) (0≤β≤ 1) ;β随着林龄a呈抛物线式变化 ,β =0 0 0 0 9a2 - 0 .0 36 4a +0 .6 82 8(0≤β≤ 1) ;提出的林带断面疏透度 β0 是定量反映林带断面结构的定量评价指标 ,同时可作为评价林带结构的辅助指标 ;提出混交林带的疏透度计算式 β =(β1n1+β2 n2 ) / (n1+n2 ) ;在相同配置不同树种的纯杨、柳、榆林带结构以杨树林带结构较好 ,柳树林带结构次之 ,疏透度值 βPPP<βSSS<βUUU;在树种相同、配置不同时 ,品字形优于矩形 ;杨柳榆的混交林带中杨榆株间、杨柳对称式行间SPPS混交方式结构防护效果较好

农田和森林土壤中氧化亚氮的产生与还原(英文)

采用土壤淤浆方法对丹麦农田和山毛榉森林土壤反硝化过程中N2 O的产生与还原进行了研究 ,同时考察了硝酸根和铵离子对反硝化作用的影响 .结果表明 ,森林土壤反硝化活性大于农田土壤 ,但农田土壤中N2 O还原活性大于森林土壤 ,表现在农田和森林土壤中N2 O/N2 的产生比率分别为 0 .11和 3 .65 .硝酸根和铵离子能促进两种土壤中的N2 O产生 ,但可降低农田土壤中的N2 O还原速率 .与农田土壤相比 ,硝酸根可降低森林土壤N2 O的还原能力 ,而铵离子却表现出对N2 O还原的促进作用 .培养 1周内尽管农田土壤中硝酸根始终存在 ,但几乎所有产生的N2 O都被还原成N2 .然而 ,只有当硝酸根几乎耗尽 ,森林土壤中N2 O的还原才开始进行 .由于两种土壤 pH值的不同造成硝酸根对N2 O还原抑制作用的差异 ,因为酸性条件下硝酸根对N2O还原的抑制较强 .因此 ,土壤消耗大气N2 O的适宜条件为厌氧 ,pH中性和硝酸根含量低 .

热解吸-气相色谱法测定植物源挥发性有机物

以Tenax-TA、Carboxen 1000和Carbosieve SⅢ为采样管填充料,将植物源挥发性有机物吸附于采样管内,样品通过二次热解吸仪解吸后,随载气进入气相色谱仪,采用氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)测定,建立了利用二次热解吸仪与气相色谱联用技术测定植物挥发性有机物的分析方法。载气N2流速为30 mL/min,60℃下吹扫吸附管2 min,然后在250℃下解吸吸附管5 min,冷却1 min后,在275℃下解吸聚焦管3 min,样品经传输线进入气相色谱。气相色谱载气N2压力为190 kPa,FID检测器温度280℃;进样口温度225℃;初始柱温40℃,停留5 min,以2℃/min升温至120℃,保留1 min,然后以20℃/min升温至200℃,保留10 min。方法重现性好,精密度高,线性相关系数大于0.99;检出限均低于9×10-9g/L;解吸效率大于96%,适用于植物源挥发性有机物的测定。

秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化及N_2O排放的影响

运用乙炔抑制技术研究了不同施氮水平下秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化反应和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响。结果表明,土壤反硝化速率及N2O的排放受氮肥施用、秸秆处理方式及其交互作用的显著影响。与秸秆燃烧相比,不施氮或低施氮水平时,秸秆还田可刺激培养初期反硝化反应速率及N2O排放,增加培养期间N2O平均排放通量;高施氮水平时,秸秆还田可降低反硝化反应速率及反硝化过程中的N2O排放。秸秆还田可降低反硝化中N2O/N2的比例。

田间大豆植株N_2O通量的测定及光照的影响

采用封闭式箱法 ,在田间自然状况下对大豆植株N2 O通量进行了测定 .结果表明 ,在主要生育期内 ,大豆植株N2 O通量有 2个释放高峰 ,分别位于苗期和开花结荚期 .大豆植株N2 O通量的昼间变化模式基本上为上午有 1个释放高峰 ,而下午有一个释放低谷 .施肥和对照小区N2 O平均通量分别为 2 .2 7和 1 .2 8μgN2 Om- 2 ·h- 1 .在较强的光照条件下( 1 0 4 lx数量级 ) ,大豆植株N2 O通量较低 ,甚至可吸收大气中的N2 O ,而在较弱光照条件下( 1 0 3～ 1 0 2 lx数量级 ) ,大豆植株N2 O通量较高 .

土壤羟胺还原酶活性测定方法的改进

对传统土壤羟胺还原酶活性的测定方法进行了部分改进。用煮沸并密封冷却的蒸馏水形成3～5cm的液封,同时用N2气流排除液面以上的空气,能够创造测定土壤中羟胺还原酶活性所需要的厌氧环境。与传统方法相比,该方法减少了厌氧程度的不确定性和试验步骤的复杂性,增加了培养试验的可操作性。以碘量法为对照,对4种不同的测量浸提液中羟胺浓度的分光光度法进行了对比筛选,结果表明,硫酸铁铵-邻菲罗啉法具有较高的准确度和精密度,是测定土壤中羟胺还原酶活性的理想方法。

下辽河平原稻田非生长季碳排放观测研究

应用静态箱 /气相色谱法对下辽河平原稻田非生长季碳排放动态变化规律进行了测定。结果表明 ,非生长季 (10月至翌年 4月 )稻田CH4、CO2 和N2 O排放总体上随气温变化而发生变化。在冻融期 (3月中下旬 )CO2 和N2 O有明显的排放。非生长季节的稻田是大气CO2 和N2 O的源 ,作为大气CH4的源或汇的作用不明显。

抑制剂生产长效复混(合)肥工艺技术

阐述在复混肥中加入抑制脲酶和(亚)硝化细菌活性的抑制剂,可控制铵态氮、硝态氮转化为N2O、N2造成的氮损失,从而提高氮利用率8%～12%,氮、磷、钾的综合利用率提高17%～25%。抑制剂加入量为复混肥量的1%～1.5%。介绍复混肥不同加工方法,如何加入抑制剂,并简单说明长效复混肥所增加的成本(18～20元/t产品)及带来的经济效益。

与氮转化有关的土壤酶活性对抑制剂施用的响应

利用室内模拟培养试验 ,研究好气条件下施用尿素后土壤脲酶、硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶和羟胺还原酶活性对脲酶抑制剂氢醌 (HQ)与硝化抑制剂包被碳化钙 (ECC)和双氰胺 (DCD)组合 (HQ +ECC、HQ +DCD)的响应 .结果表明 ,HQ +DCD组合与其它抑制剂处理相比能更有效地降低土壤脲酶活性 ,增加硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、羟胺还原酶活性 .不同处理土壤脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶和羟胺还原酶活性与土壤NH4 + 、NO3-、NH3 挥发和N2 O排放速率间存在不同形式的显著相关关系 .土壤脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶和羟胺还原酶活性之间亦存在不同形式的显著正相关关系 .

Stable isotopic compositions in Australian precipitation

Stable deuterium (delta D) and oxygen-18 (delta O-18) isotopes in 1962 to 2002 precipitation from the seven Australian stations of the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) were used to investigate isotope characteristics including temporal and spatial distributions across different regions of Australia. On the basis of 1534 samples, the local meteoric water line (LMWL) was established as delta D = 7.10 delta O-18 + 8.21. delta O-18 showed a depletion trend from north and south to central Australia (a continental effect) and from west to east. Precipitation amount effects were generally greater than temperature effects, with quadratic or logarithmic correlations describing delta/T and delta/P better than linear relationships. Nonlinear stepwise regression was used to determine the significant meteorological control factors for each station, explaining about 50% or more of the delta O-18 variations. Geographical control factors for delta O-18 were given by the relationship delta O-18 (parts per thousand) = -0.005 longitude (degrees) - 0.034 latitude (degrees)-0.003 altitude (m) - 4.753. Four different types of d-excess patterns demonstrated particular precipitation formation conditions for four major seasonal rainfall zones. Finally, wavelet coherence (WTC) between delta O-18 and SOI confirmed that the influence of ENSO decreased from east and north to west Australia.

Improved Melting Strength of Polypropylene by Reactive Compounding With Ultrafine Full-Vulcanized Polybutadiene Rubber (UFBR) Particles

Ultrafine full-vulcanized polybutadiene rubber (UFBR) in particle sizes of ca. 50-100 nm has been used for modifying mechanical and processing performances of polypropylene (PP), and PP-g-maleic anhydride (PP-MA) has been used as a compatibilizer for enhancing the interfacial adhesion between the two components. The results show that PP/UFBR possesses rheological behaviors such as highly branched PP when UFBR content in blends reaches 10 wt%, while in contrast, the much low content of UFBR combining small amount of PP-MA endows the material with rheological characteristics of high melt strength materials like highly branched PP.