Collisional quantum interference effect on rotational energy transfer in an atom-diatom system

The theoretical model of collisional quantum interference (CQI) in intramolecular rotational energy transfer is described in an atom-diatom system, based on the first Born approximation of time-dependent perturbation theory and considering a long-range interaction potential. The relation between differential and integral interference angles is obtained. For the CO A(1)Pi (v = 0)/e(3)Sigma (-)(v = 1)-He collision system, the calculated integral interference angles are consistent with the experimental values. The physical significance of interference angle and the essential factors it depends on as well as the influence of the short-range interaction on CQI are discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Multipolar model for collisional quantum interference on rotational energy transfer

A theoretical model of collisional quantum interference (CQI) is developed in a diatom-diatom system based on the first-order Born approximation of time-dependent perturbation theory and the multipolar interaction potential. The transition cross section is obtained. The relations between the differential and integral interference angles are discussed. The key factors on the determination of the differential and integral interference angles are obtained. The changing tendency of the interference angles with the experimental temperatures is obtained.

聚合物包膜尿素溶出动力学特征及其与包膜层通透性的关系

通过聚合物包膜尿素(PCU)在30℃纯水中的溶出试验,精确描述了PCU尿素溶出的动力学特征。将PCU尿素溶出过程分成4个阶段:滞后阶段、溶胀阶段、稳定阶段和衰退阶段。同时,基于Fick扩散第一定律,确立了PCU尿素溶出速率与包膜层通透性的关系方程,并根据此方程,推断出PCU尿素溶出过程中包膜层通透性的变化情况。结果表明,在溶胀阶段,溶出速率系数K(包膜层通透性的量度)逐渐变大;在稳定阶段,K为一稳定值;在衰退阶段,K随时间t变化可以用公式K=mt~(n-1)表示(式中m和n均为常数)。当n>1时,包膜层的通透性逐渐增大,肥心尿素溶出加快;当n=1时,包膜层通透性稳定,肥心尿素以一级动力学方式溶出;当n<1时,包膜层通透性逐渐减小,肥心尿素溶出变慢,导致明显的“尾留效应”。

Assessing the consequence of land use change on agricultural productivity in China

China's cultivated land has been undergoing dramatic changes along with its rapidly growing economy and population. The impacts of land use transformation on food production at the national scale, however, have been poorly understood due to the lack of detailed spatially explicit agricultural productivity information on cropland change and crop productivity. This study evaluates the effect of the cropland transformation on agricultural productivity by combining the land use data of China for the period of 1990-2000 from TM images and a satellite-based NPP (net primary production) model driven with NOAH/AVHRR data. The cropland area of China has a net increase of 2.79 Mha in the study period, which causes a slightly increased agricultural productivity (6.96 Mt C) at the national level. Although the newly cultivated lands compensated for the loss from urban expansion, but the contribution to production is insignificant because of the low productivity. The decrease in crop production resulting from urban expansion is about twice of that from abandonment of arable lands to forests and grasslands. The productivity of arable lands occupied by urban expansion was 80% higher than that of the newly cultivated lands in the regions with unfavorable natural conditions. Significance of cropland transformation impacts is spatially diverse with the differences in land use change intensity and land productivity across China. The increase in arable land area and yet decline in land quality may reduce the production potential and sustainability of China's agro-ecosystems. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Potential CO2 Emission Reduction by Development of Non-Grain-Based Bioethanol in China

Assessment of the potential CO2 emission reduction by development of non-grain-based ethanol in China is valuable for both setting up countermeasures against climate change and formulating bioethanol policies. Based on the land occupation property, feedstock classification and selection are conducted, identifying sweet sorghum, cassava, and sweet potato as plantation feedstocks cultivated from low-quality arable marginal land resources and molasses and agricultural straws as nonplantation feedstocks derived from agricultural by-products. The feedstock utilization degree, CO2 reduction coefficient of bioethanol, and assessment model of CO2 emission reduction potential of bioethanol are proposed and established to assess the potential CO2 emission reduction by development of non-grain-based bioethanol. The results show that China can obtain emission reduction potentials of 10.947 and 49.027 Mt CO2 with non-grain-based bioethanol in 2015 and 2030, which are much higher than the present capacity, calculated as 1.95 Mt. It is found that nonplantation feedstock can produce more bioethanol so as to obtain a higher potential than plantation feedstock in both 2015 and 2030. Another finding is that developing non-grain-based bioethanol can make only a limited contribution to China's greenhouse gas emission reduction. Moreover, this study reveals that the regions with low and very low potentials for emission reduction will dominate the spatial distribution in 2015, and regions with high and very high potentials will be the majority in 2030.

1.老年猴视皮层神经元对图形对比度的反应及其潜伏期特征; 2. 极低频磁场对脑功能的影响及眶额叶认知功能的研究

1.老年猴视皮层神经元对图形对比度的反应及潜伏期特征: 在正常衰老过程中人类的视觉功能受到严重影响，例如空间和时间对比度敏感性下降以及信息处理时间的延长。虽然部分视觉功能的退化与眼睛的光学系统老化有关，但是它并不能解释所有视觉功能的下降。此外，我们以前的研究和别人的研究结果都表明衰老过程中视觉中枢系统功能的改变可能是视觉功能下降的主要原因。因此，利用单位放电记录技术（single-unit recording technique），我们比较了年轻猕猴和老年猕猴的初级视觉皮层（primary visual cortex，又称V1）神经元对比度反应之间的差异，以及V1和内侧颞叶（medial temporal cortex，MT���视觉区神经元反应潜伏期及其变异性之间的差异。结果显示，与年轻猴相比，老年猴V1区神经元对比度敏感性降低，同时伴随着神经元活动信噪比下降；老年猴V1区和MT���神经元反应潜伏期及其变异性显著增加。然而，两个年龄组MT���神经元平均潜伏期之间差异小于V1区神经元平均潜伏期之间的差异，说明MT���神经元能够自我调整老化带来的影响。另外，两个年龄组V1区神经元潜伏期和变异性都具有正相关关系，但是MT���神经元则没有这种相关性。这些结果表明，在老化过程中皮层神经元的对比度和潜伏期反应特性发生了改变。我们推测这种改变可能与视觉皮层内抑制系统功能的降低有关，但是具体的分子机制和神经环路还不清楚。总之，本实验的研究结果为更好的理解老年人在视觉信息处理中时间和空间对比度敏感性及处理速度下降提供了新线索。2.极低频磁场对脑功能的影响及眶额叶认知功能的研究: 实验目的：（1）研究极低频磁场(20 Hz, 14 mT)照射对长期吗啡处理引起的大鼠背侧海马神经元多巴胺D2密度降低的影响；（2）小鼠青春期长期极低频磁场(50 Hz, 2 mT)照射对空间学习记忆的影响；（3）初步探讨了眶额叶在大鼠新异性探索行为中的作用。实验1，我们用免疫组化的方法检测了大鼠背侧海马神经元多巴胺D2受体密度的变化。结果显示，在长期吗啡处理后戒断早期背侧海马神经元多巴胺D2受体密度相对于对照组减少，磁场和吗啡共同作用会强化这种适应，但是这种变化很快恢复正常。这些结果表明长期吗啡处理会引起海马多巴胺系统产生适应；磁场强化了长期吗啡处理对背侧海马多巴胺系统的影响,这为我们先前发现磁场照射延缓了大鼠条件位置偏好消退的研究结果提供了一个内在神经基础。实验2，我们分别用Y-迷宫（two-trial Y-maze）和Morris水迷宫两种行为装置研究了青春期早期磁场暴露对小鼠短时空间识别记忆和长时空间参考记忆的影响。结果显示，磁场暴露并没有影响小鼠Y-迷宫作业，但是提高了水迷宫任务的学习以及记忆保持。这些结果表明磁场对空间记忆的影响是任务依赖性的。实验3，我们用旷场和Y-迷宫两种行为装置研究了眶额叶电损伤对大鼠新异性探索行为的影响。结果显示，眶额叶受损并没有影响大鼠的神经运动能力，但是降低了大鼠在旷场中的行走距离和直立次数以及降低了在Y-迷宫新异臂中的探索时间和穿梭次数。这些结果表明，眶额叶的完整性对大鼠探索新异环境行为是必要的，这可能与眶额叶参与记忆或行为决策功能有关。

Analysis of quinolizidine alkaloids in Sophora flavescens Ait. by capillary electrophoresis with tris(2,2 '-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II)-based electrochemiluminescence detection

A capillary electrophoresis method coupled with electrochemiluminescence detection for the analysis of quinolizidine alkaloids was established, especially, oxymatrine (OMT) which could not be measured by previous electrochemiluminescence methods was detected sensitively herein. Complete separation of sophoridine (SR), matrine (MT) and OMT was achieved within 13 min using a background electrolyte of 50mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.4 and a separation voltage of 15 kV. The calibration curves showed a linear range from 2.8 x 10(-8) to 4.4 x 10(-7) M for SR, 2.7 x 10(-8) to 4.4 x 10(-7) M for MT.

抗癌药与DNA相互作用的电喷雾质谱研究

为了进一步阐明抗癌药与DNA结合的序列选择性和结合本质,用电喷雾质谱方法研究了抗癌药与DNA的相互作用,这些药物包括小沟结合剂(偏端霉素A,DM和纺锤霉素,NP)和嵌入剂(米托蒽醌,MT)。DM与AT富有的DNA主要形成2∶1的特异性复合物,NP只形成1∶1的特异性复合物;MT���向与GC富有的DNA特异性结合。另外,DM与带5个A/T碱基小沟长度的DNA几乎以2∶1结合,而与带3个A/T碱基的DNA未见结合,而NP与带4个A/T碱基的DNA结合能力最强。MT���与6-mer DNA形成了1∶1特异性复合物。竞争结合实验证明,DM和NP与AT富有的DNA的键合顺序为NP>DM。这些结果为深入研究抗癌药物的作用机制和改进目标药物结构提供了依据。

Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene/clay-silica nanocomposites: A montmorillonite/silica-hybrid-supported catalyst and in situ polymerization

A novel approach to the preparation of polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites, with montmorillonite/silica hybrid (MT-Si) supported catalyst, was developed. MT-Si was prepared by depositing silica nanoparticles between galleries of the MT. A common zirconocene catalyst [bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride/methylaluminoxane] was fixed on the MT-Si surface by a simple method. After ethylene polymerization, two classes of nanofillers (clay layers and silica nanoparticles) were dispersed concurrently in the PE matrix and PE/clay-silica nanocomposites were obtained. Exfoliation of the clay layers and dispersion of the silica nanoparticles were examined with transmission electron microscopy. Physical properties of the nanocomposites were characterized by tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, and DSC. The nanocomposites with a low nanofiller loading (<10 wt %) exhibited good mechanical properties. The nanocomposite powder produced with the supported catalyst had a granular morphology and a high bulk density, typical of a heterogeneous catalyst system.

Synthesis and characterization of poly(amide imide)s containing cyclohexylidene moieties with bulky substituents

Novel poly(amide imide)s (PAI) containing alkyl-substituted cyclohexylidene moieties were synthesized by conventional polycondensation of trimellitic anhydride chloride with novel aromatic diamines followed by chemical imidization using acetic anhydride and pyridine. The inherent viscosities of the resulting PAIs are relatively high and range from 71 to 112 mt g(-1). The prepared PAIs show excellent thermal stability and good solubility. The glass transition temperatures (T-g) measured by DSC are observed in the range of 312-342 degrees C. Furthermore, all the polymers are readily soluble in less hygroscopic organic solvents like cyclohexanone, gamma-butyrolactone as well as aprotic polar solvents.

EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE MULTIPLICITY ON MECHANISM OF RADIATION CROSS-LINKING OF POLYMERS

In an attempt to explore the effects of structural multiplicity of polymers on the mechanism of radiation crosslinking, the adaptability of the Charlesby-Pinner's equation and its various modified versions are examined. It is recognized that both chemical

MECHANISM OF RADIATION CROSS-LINKING OF POLYMERS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH STRUCTURAL MULTIPLICITY

In an attempt to explore the effect of structural multiplicity of polymers on the mechanism of radiation crosslinking, the adaptability of the Charlesby-Pinner's equation and its various modified versions are examined. It is recognized that both chemical and morphological multiplicity of polymer structure results in the multiplicity of crosslinking mechanism, and that any single equation can only be applicable to a certain step of the whole radiation process.

液体多脉冲及二维FT—NMR实验的乘积算符描述的计算机模拟

本文报道了利用乘积算符方法分析多脉冲及二维FT-NMR实验的模拟程序PROPER-MT.该程序对分析弱耦合I_mS_n(I=1/2;S=1/2;1≤m十n<4)自旋体系实验脉冲序列是普遍适用的;它可给出实验过程中体系任何时刻算符的解析表达式.用PROPER-MT���序对一些典型的多脉冲及二维FT-NMR实验进行了模拟,特别对多量子滤波及多自旋滤波脉冲序列进行了分析计算,得到了预期的结果.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea (Perciformes, Sciaenidae): Unusual features of its control region and the phylogenetic position of the Sciaenidae

To understand the systematic status of Larimichthys crocea in the Percoidei, we determined the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence using 454 sequencing-by-synthesis technology. The complete mt genome is 16,466 bp in length including the typical structure of 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes and the noncoding control region (CR). Further sequencing for the complete CR was performed using the primers Cyt b-F and 12S-R on six L crocea individuals and two L polyactis individuals. Interestingly, all seven CR sequences from L crocea were identical while the three sequences from L polyactis were distinct (including one from GenBank). Although the conserved blocks such as TAS and CSB-1, -2, and -3 are readily identifiable in the control regions of the two species, the typical central conserved blocks CSB-D, -E, and -F could not be detected, while they are found in Cynoscion acoupa of Sciaenidae and other Percoidei species. Phylogenetic analysis shows that L crocea is a relatively recently emerged species in Sciaenidae and this family is closely related to family Pomacanthidae within the Percoidei. L crocea, as the first species of Sciaenidae with complete mitochondrial genome available, will provide important information on the molecular evolution of the group. Moreover, the genus-specific pair of primers designed in this study for amplifying the complete mt control region will be very useful in studies on the population genetics and conservation biology of Larimichthys. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Alteration of metallothionein mRNA in bay scallop Argopecten irradians under cadmium exposure and bacteria challenge

Metallothionein (MT) is a superfamily of cysteine-rich proteins contributing to metal metabolism, detoxification of heavy metals, and immune response such as protecting against ionizing radiation and antioxidant defense. A metallothionein (designated AiMT2) gene was identified and cloned from bay scallop, Argopecten irradians. The full length cDNA of AiMT2 consisted of an open reading frame (ORF) of 333 bp encoding a protein of 110 amino acids. with nine characteristic Cys-X-Cys, five Cys-X-X-Cys, five Cys-X-X-X-Cys and two Cys-Cys motif arrangements and a conserved structural pattern Cys-x-Cys-x(3)-Cys-Tyr-x(3)Cys-x-Cys-x(3)-Cys-x-Cys-Arg at the C-terminus. The cloned ANT showed about 50% identity in the deduced amino acid sequence with previously published MT sequences of mussels and oysters. The conserved structural pattern and the close phylogenetic relationship of AiMT2 shared with MTs from other mollusc especially bivalves indicated that AiMT2 was a new member of molluscan MT family. The mRNA transcripts in hemolymph of AiMT2 under cadmium (Cd) exposure and bacteria challenge were examined by real-time RT-PCR. The mRNA expression of AiMT2 was up-regulated to 3.99-fold at 2 h after Listonella anguillarum challenge, and increased drastically to 66.12-fold and 126.96-fold at 16 and 32 h post-challenge respectively. Cadmium ion exposure could induce the expression of AiMT2, and the expression level increased 2.56-fold and 6.91-fold in hemolymph respectively after a 10-day exposure of 100 mu g L-1 and 200 mu g L-1 CdCl2. The sensitivity of AiMT2 to bacteria challenge and cadmium stress indicated it was a new Cd-dependent MT in bay scallop and also regulated by an immune challenge. The changes in the expression of AiMT2 could be used as an indicator of exposure to metals in pollution monitoring programs and oxidative stress, and bay scallop as a potential sentinel organism for the cadmium contamination in aquatic environment. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.