delta C-13 variation of C-3 and C-4 plants across an Asian monsoon rainfall gradient in arid northwestern China

IEECAS SKLLQG

基于C4.5决策树的流量分类方法

近年来,利用机器学习方法处理流量分类问题成为网络测量领域一个新兴的研究方向.在现有研究中,朴素贝叶斯方法及其改进算法以其实现简单、分类高效的特点而被广泛应用.但此类方法过分依赖于样本在样本空间的分布,具有潜在的不稳定性.为此,引入C4.5决策树方法来处理流量分类问题.该方法利用训练数据集中的信息熵来构建分类模型,并通过对分类模型的简单查找来完成未知网络流样本的分类.理论分析和实验结果都表明,利用C4.5决策树来处理流量分类问题在分类稳定性上均具有明显的优势.

Analysis of nephroloxic and carcinogenic aristolochic acids in Aristolochia plants by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection at a carbon fiber microdisk electrode

Aristolochic acids (AAs) are the main bioactive ingredients in the most of Aristolochia plants, which are used to make dietary supplements, slimming pills and Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs). Excessive ingestion of AAs can lead to serious nephropathy. Therefore, quantitative analysis and quality control for the plants containing AAs is of great importance. In this paper, capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrochemical detection (ED) at a 33 mu m carbon fiber microdisk electrode (CFE) has been applied to detect AA-I and AA-II in Aristolochia plants. Under the optimum conditions: detection potential at 1.20 V, 2.0 x 10(-2) mol L-1 phosphate buffer solution (PBS) (pH 10.0), injection time 25 s at a height of 17 cm and separation voltage at 12.5 kV, the AA-I and AA-II were baseline separated within 5 min. Low detection limits for AA-I and AA-II were 4.0 x 10(-8) mol L-1 and 1.0 x 10(-7) mol L-1, respectively. Wide linear ranges were from 4.0 x 10(-8) mol L-1 to 1.9 x 10(-5) mol L-1 and 1.0 X 10(-7) mol L-1 to 5.0 x 10(-5) mol L-1 for AA-I and AA-II, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied to analyze AAs contents in plant extracts. The results indicated that the contents of AAs in each part of Aristolochia debilis Sieb. Et Zucc.

Sources and preservation of organic matter in Plum Island salt marsh sediments (MA, USA): long-chain n-alkanes and stable carbon isotope compositions

Elemental (TOC, TN, C/N) and stable carbon isotopic (delta(13)C) compositions and n-alkane (nC(16-38)) concentrations were measured for Spartina alterniflora, a C-4 marsh grass, Typha latifolia, a C-3 marsh grass, and three sediment cores collected from middle and upper estuarine sites from the Plum Island salt marshes. Our results indicated that the organic matter preserved in the sediments was highly affected by the marsh plants that dominated the sampling sites. delta(13)C values of organic matter preserved in the upper fresh water site sediment were more negative (-23.0+/-0.3) as affected by the C-3 plants than the values of organic matter preserved in the sediments of middle (-18.9+/-0.8) and mud flat sites (-19.4+/-0.1) as influenced mainly by the C4 marsh plants. The distribution of n-alkanes measured in all sediments showed similar patterns as those determined in the marsh grasses S. alterniflora and T. latifolia, and nC(21) to nC(33) long-chain n-alkanes were the major compounds determined in all sediment samples. The strong odd-to-even carbon numbered n-alkane predominance was found in all three sediments and nC(29) was the most abundant homologue in all samples measured. Both delta(13)C compositions of organic matter and n-alkane distributions in these sediments indicate that the marsh plants could contribute significant amount of organic matter preserved in Plum Island salt marsh sediments. This suggests that salt marshes play an important role in the cycling of nutrients and organic carbon in the estuary and adjacent coastal waters. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

青海高原高寒地区C4植物名录

根据笔者实测的青海高原高寒地区300余种植物稳定性碳同位素比值(δ13C)以及参阅已经发表过的国内外不同地区的C4植物名录,整理出青海高原高寒地区3 500余种植物中的C4植物.得出青海高原高寒地区共有9科32属的52种植物属于C4植物,禾本科(Gramineae)18属24种,藜科(Chenopodiaceae)9属20种,苋科(Amaranthaceae)1属4种,菊科(Compositae)2属3种,大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)、蒺藜科(Zygophyllaceae)、旋花科(Convolvulaceae)、景天科(Crassulaceae)、眼子菜科(Potamogetonaceae)各1属1种.同时归纳了52种C4植物的生活型以及地理分布区.

Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition in Soil Organic Carbon and C3/C4 Source Variations at the Haibei Alpine Meadow

Stable carbon isotopes of organic matter originated from different soil layers (0～5 cm, 5～15 cm, 15～25 cm, 25～35 cm, 35～50 cm, 50～65 cm) were investigated in the Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The preliminary results indicated that δ13C values of soil organic matter increased with increased soil depth. δ13C of soil organic carbon in 0～5 cm layer showed the lowest value, -25.09‰; while 50～65 cm soil layer possessed the lowerδ13C value, -13.87‰. Based on mass balance model of stable isotopes, it was proposed that the percentage of C4 carbon source tend to increase with increased soil depth. The preliminary study indicated that alpine meadow might have undergone a successive process from C4-dominated community to C3-dominated one. However, changing δ13C values in atmospheric CO2 overtime and different processes of soil organic carbon formation (or eluviation) might somewhat contribute to increasing δ13C values. In this case, mass balance model would underestimate C3 community and overestimate C4 community.

青藏高原高海拔地区C4植物的发现

通过对青藏高原地区27°42′～40°57′N,88°93′～103°24′E海拔2210～5050m范围内采集的植物进行碳同位素分析,发现其中2种藜科和6种禾本科植物是C4植物.11个地点的4种C4植物海拔超过了3800 m,其中6个地点的3种C4植物(白草Pennisetum centrasiaticum,云南野古草Arundinella yunnanensis和固沙草Orinus thoroldii)分布在海拔4000 m以上,最高可达4520 m.分析认为在大气低CO2分压背景下,强光照提供的充足能量使C4植物能忍耐更低的温度,以及青藏高原南部降雨集中于高温季节的有利条件,可能是C4植物生长在高海拔地区的重要原因.

No C_4 Plants Found at the Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station in Qinghai, China: Evidence from Stable Carbon Isotope Studies

Using the measurement of stable carbon isotopes in leaves as a tool to investigate photosyn-thetic pathway of 102 plant species grown at an alpine meadow ecosystem, at the foot of the Qilian Mountain, Qinghai, China. The results indicate that the δ~(3)C values of plants have a narrow range from -28.24‰ to -24.84‰, which means that none of the species examined belongs to C_4 and crassulaceous acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathway and all of these species perform photosynthesis through the C_3 pathway. This is likely due to a long-term adaptation to environments at the alpine meadow ecosystem.