稠油废水生物处理主要影响因素分析

有机聚合物和石油烃类物质是稠油废水中的主要污染物.应用辽河油田锦采污水处理厂稠油废水中筛选分离出的菌株B0501,分析其在稠油废水生物处理过程中对废水CODCr的去除作用,研究了不同温度,pH,水力停留时间以及添加氮、磷营养盐等条件下微生物对废水CODCr去除的影响.结果表明:稠油废水中投加的外源微生物B0501提高了废水中CODCr的去除率;接种后,废水在30℃,pH为7.5,水力停留时间为216 h,添加氮、磷营养盐(ρ(氮)/ρ(磷)为5.63)的条件下,废水CODCr去除率大幅度提高,其ρ(CODCr)满足国家污水综合排放一级标准(GB 8798-1996).经形态观察和生理生化反应鉴定,菌株B0501为液化金杆菌(Aureobaterium liquefaciens).

Direct conversion of methane under nonoxidative conditions

Direct conversion of methane into hydrogen and valuable chemicals under nonoxidative conditions is a process severely limited thermodynamically. However, the movement from the present era of fossil fuels into the coming hydrogen energy age makes it an interesting and important approach compared with the direct conversion of methane under the aid of oxidants. This paper gives a brief overview of the direct conversion of CH4 under nonoxidative conditions. At the same time, our understanding of methane dehydroaromatization over Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts for the simultaneous formation of hydrogen and light aromatics is discussed in general, while the bifunctionality of Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts and the role of carbonaceous deposits formed during the reaction are reviewed in more detail. A perspective of the topic from both academic points of view and potential industrial applications is also presented. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

Identifying the isolated transition metal ions/oxides in molecular sieves and on oxide supports by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy

Isolated transition metal ions/oxides in molecular sieves and on surfaces are a class of active sites for selective oxidation of hydrocarbons. Identifying the active sites and their coordination structure is vital to understanding their essential role played in catalysis and designing and synthesizing more active and selective catalysts. The isolated transition metal ions in the framework of molecular sieves (e.g., TS-1, Fe-ZSM-5, and V-MCM-41) or on the surface of oxides (e.g., MoO3/Al2O3 and TiO2/SiO2) were successfully identified by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy. The charge transfer transitions between the transition metal ions and the oxygen anions are excited by a UV laser and consequently the UV resonance Raman effect greatly enhances the Raman signals of the isolated transition metal ions. The local coordination of these ions in the rigid framework of molecular sieves or in the relatively flexible structure on the surface can also be differentiated by the shifts of the resonance Raman bands. The relative concentration of the isolated transition metal ion/oxides could be estimated by the intensity ratio of Raman bands. This study demonstrates that the UV resonance Raman spectroscopy is a general technique that can be widely applied to the in-situ characterization of catalyst synthesis and catalytic reactions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

我国地壤侵蚀状况与主要影响因素分析

我国土壤侵蚀面积之大 ,已严重的影响和制约国民经济的发展和社会的安定。我们从土壤侵蚀与降雨 ,土壤侵蚀与坡长、坡度 ,土壤侵蚀与植被建设三个方面作了系统分析 ,研究土壤侵蚀的最为关键因子 ,并找出其对生态环境的危害性 ,提出最佳的综合防治对策 ,将土壤侵蚀的危害降低到最低程度。

森林草原过渡带中沙地云杉幼苗在林窗中的环境梯度变化(英文)

在我国内蒙古自治区森林草原过渡带中,从林窗内到周围环境进行沙地云杉(Piceamongolica)幼苗的调查以阐明其梯度变化。在沙地森林区,选择了一个形成年龄长达30年的大林窗,从林窗中央向周围森林作2个5m宽的样带,对沙地云杉幼苗动态进行了监测。幼苗距离林窗中心越远,个体越高,数量也越多。在林窗内,有很多幼苗,但是大多数的幼苗在它们长大之前就死亡了。相对于林木高度的动态变化,幼苗的死亡率在样带中的分布基本上有着相似的规律。沿着森林的边缘,幼苗的生长可能由于林窗中边缘光线渗透而得到暂时的提高。文中还讨论了自然森林的更新动态。结果表明在沙地云杉林里林窗干扰带能产生一个非均质的环境促进物种的更新,从而决定了该森林是一个多年龄层次的森林类型。图6参37。

双氰胺与尿素共包被对NH_4~+硝化及NO_3~-淋溶的影响

通过研究硝化抑制剂双氰铵(DCD)和尿素共同包被后(此肥料简称CUD)二者在土壤中的溶出行为及硝化作用和NO3-淋溶的变化情况,探讨此类肥料减缓硝化作用和NO3-淋溶的机理,为此类肥料的开发和农业应用提供一定的理论依据。采用室内摸拟培养的方法开展:(1)CUD中尿素和DCD在土壤中的溶出行为。(2)尿素、DCD涂层尿素、包膜型尿素、CUD中N的硝化速率;采用土柱淋溶模拟方法研究尿素、DCD涂层尿素、包膜型尿素、CUD在土壤中转化后的NO3-的淋溶。CUD中尿素和DCD的溶出高峰期不同步,但包膜可减缓DCD的淋失。CUD中DCD具有良好的硝化抑制效果,培养后期土壤中具有较高的NH4+-N含量,改变培养期间NH4+-N和NO3--N的供应比率。相对于其它处理,施用CUD土壤较晚出现NO3-的大量淋失,且总体淋失量小于其它处理。尿素和DCD共包被后,DCD能更有效发挥作用,使土壤中肥料N的硝化作用减弱,相应减少NO3-淋失,此种肥料施用有利于提高N的利用效率和减缓环境污染。

水稻叶片光谱对亚铁胁迫的响应

在湖泊富营养化治理过程中,除了要注意控制氮、磷的输入,还应考虑铁(Fe)的调控作用.本文基于"Fe假说",探索性地将植物光谱效应应用于湖泊水体富营养化遥感预警机制研究.在水培条件下分析了亚铁(Fe2+)胁迫对水稻(Oryza sativaL.)体内Fe含量、叶绿素浓度及可见-近红外特征光谱的影响,并对其相关关系进行了深入探讨;同时,应用3个光谱定量化指标A1(Fe2+胁迫水稻叶片在460~670nm波段反射率变化积分值)、A2(Fe2+胁迫水稻叶片在760~1000nm波段反射率变化积分值)、S(Fe2+胁迫水稻叶片光谱曲线红边"蓝移"强度)分别建立了水稻叶片Fe含量与叶片光谱之间的定量相关关系模型.结果表明,随培养液中Fe2+浓度的升高,水稻体内Fe含量逐渐增加,叶绿素浓度降低,叶片光谱反射率在可见光波段升高,在近红外波段降低,同时红边发生"蓝移".水稻叶片的3个光谱指标A1,A2,S与叶片中Fe含量都具有显著相关性,相关系数分别为0.933(P<0.01),-0.965(P<0.01)和0.946(P<0.01),且A1,A2和S3个参数都能够较好地模拟(复相关系数R2>0.96)和估测水稻叶片Fe含量.

植物物候模型研究

植物物候模型是基于植物对环境因子的响应机理而建立的可模拟植物生长发育的数学方程。本文介绍了树木物候模型和作物物候模型,根据对植物休眠解除过程的不同理解,树木物候模型主要有7种不同的类型;根据作物发育规律而建立的作物物候模型也大体相同。同时,还阐述和探讨了研究植物物候模型的意义、研究中存在的问题及其发展趋势。

P(AA-DAC)两性聚电解质水凝胶的合成及性质

以丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)为单体,采用水溶液聚合法制备了P(AA-DAC)聚电解质水凝胶.采用红外光谱和核磁共振等方法对其结构进行了表征.研究了不同组成比的聚电解质水凝胶在去离子水、不同pH值溶液以及不同离子强度盐溶液中的溶胀行为

电流型甲醛气体传感器的研究

合成了纳米级的金催化剂,同时利用TEM、SEM和XRD等测试进行了物理表征。将其应用于甲醛的电化学氧化的研究,并组装了传感器,在甲醛浓度为0～50ppm范围内对传感器进行了性能测试,传感器灵敏度为760nA/ppm,甲醛气体浓度与响应信号具有良好的线性关系。

Glass wafers bonding via Diels-Alder reaction at mild temperature

In this paper, we introduced a novel bonding method of glass wafers by Diels-Alder reaction at mild temperature. After standard hydroxylization and aminosilylation, two wafers were modified by 2-furaldehyde and maleic anhydride, respectively. Then they were brought into close contact and tightly held with a clamping fixture. A strong bonding could be achieved by annealing for 5 h at 200 degrees C. Bonding strength is as high as 1.78 MPa and sufficient for most application of microfluidic chips.

Carbon dioxide pressure induced heterogeneous and homogeneous Heck and Sonogashira coupling reactions using fluorinated palladium complex catalysts

The Heck reaction of iodobenzene and methyl acrylate was investigated with CO2-philic Pd complex catalysts having fluorous ponytails and the organic base triethylamine (Et3N) in the presence of CO2 under solventless conditions at 80 degrees C. The catalysts are not soluble in the organic phase in the absence Of CO2 and the reaction occurs in a solid-liquid biphasic system. When the organic liquid mixture is pressurized by CO2, CO2 is dissolved into the organic phase and this promotes the dissolution of the I'd complex catalysts. As a result, the Heck reaction occurs homogeneously in the organic phase, which enhances the rate of reaction. This positive effect Of CO2 pressurization competes with the negative effect that the reacting species are diluted by an increasing amount of CO2 molecules dissolved. Thus, the maximum conversion appears at a CO2 pressure of around 4 MPa under the present reaction conditions. The catalysts are separated in the solid granules by depressurization and are recyclable without loss of activity after washing with n-hexane and/or water.

1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体单体与丙烯腈共聚行为的研究

以1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑盐酸盐([AMIM]Cl)作为离子液体单体,偶氮二异丁腈作为引发剂,二甲基亚砜为溶剂,实现了与丙烯腈(AN)在不同反应条件下的自由基共聚合.研究了AN/[AMIM]Cl二元共聚合的动力学,得到了相应的竞聚率数据(rAN=8.11,r[AMIM]Cl=0).用1H-NMR、GPC、DSC、TGA等手段对共聚物进行了表征.通过对AN/[AMIM]Cl二元共聚及AN/IA/[AMIM]Cl三元共聚的研究发现,[AMIM]Cl在与丙烯腈共聚时具有双重作用,一部分离子单体进入到共聚物的分子链中调节其亲水性及可纺性,剩下的大部分留在纺丝液中可显著降低纺丝液的黏度,从而使高分子量高固含量纺丝液的纺制成为可能,有望得到高性能的碳纤维原丝.