Influence of precipitates on GaN epilayer quality

GaN epilayers grown on pre-nitridated (0001) sapphire substrates by metallorganic vapor phase epitaxy were investigated by wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and energy dispersive S-ray spectroscopy. Precipitates were observed to mainly consist of O impurity whose strengths were weaker than surrounding matrix. The precipitates were larger in size and distributed more sparsely and inhomogeneously in < 11-20 > directions of the epilayers grown on substrates pre-nitridated for longer periods. The larger precipitates often joined to cracks in the TEM specimens. The crack formation seems to be attributed to the compressive stress concentration at edge angles of the larger precipitates. Yellow luminescence of the epilayers was imaged by cathodoluminescence. The distribution similarity between the cathodoluminescence and the precipitates suggested that the precipitates were responsible for the yellow luminescence band. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A, All rights reserved.

Methods to tune the electronic states of self-organized InAs/GaAs quantum dots

After capping InAs islands with a thin enough GaAs layer, growth interruption has been introduced. Ejected energy of self-organized InAs/GaAs quantum dots has been successfully tuned in a controlled manner by changing the thickness of GaAs capping layer and the time of growth interruption and InAs layer thickness. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra showing the shift of the peak position reveals the tuning of the electronic states of the QD system. Enhanced uniformity of Quantum dots is observed judging from the decrease of full width at half maximum of FL. Injection InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers have been fabricated and performed on various frequencies. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

杂谷脑流域景观格局优化配置研究

景观格局优化理论、方法和技术的研究是景观生态学的一个热点问题，同时也是一个难点。本文以眠江上游典型研究区-杂谷脑流域为研究对象，利用遥感和GIS技术分析该流域从1974年到2000年景观格局的时空变化，并分析了对该流域生态安全存在威胁的主要因素；以空间模拟技术和线性规划为基础建模，从理论和方法上探讨景观格局优化配置问题，以期为该区域的农林复合景观系统的生态安全和可持续发展找出切实可行的格局优化模式；并提出生态敏感度概念，为景观管理优先级提供依据。本文的主要结论如下：（l）杂谷脑流域作为长江上游重要的森林资源输出地，从1974年到2000年景观变化得出，有林地面积减少13％；灌木林地面积增加37％；相应的水源涵养能力下降，土壤侵蚀量增加7.8％；（2）杂谷脑流域陡坡耕作严重，分布在20°-45°坡度上的耕地占耕地总面积的78．2％；干旱河谷分布范围扩大，面积从1974年的217.99km2增加到2000年的237．38kmZ对生态安全造成威胁；（3）产业结构以资源密集型产业和重污染工业为主，结构不合理，第一产业比例大，农民人均纯收入远低于同期全国平均水平，教育水平比较低，这些问题会对杂谷脑流域生态安全产生负向影响；（4）以减少土壤侵蚀为依据，通过空间建模和线性规划方法优化设计杂谷脑流域景观格局，优化结果显示土壤侵蚀量比2000年减少2.35*106吨／年，土壤保持能力与1974年相近，水源涵养能力增强；（5）景观管理对于区域安全必不可少，针对该流域现存问题，建议以提高科学技术水平，调整产业结构和资源利用方式，提高教育水平为突破口。

黑土中铜的环境容量

本文以土壤一植物系统为中心，通过铜在三个类型区黑土中的作物效应，作物残毒，环境效应，封对铜的自净能力，综合确定了黑土中铜的临界含量，根据野外调查和室内模拟的各项物质平衡参数，代入数学模型，计算出不同年限黑土中铜的环境容量。作物盆栽（春小麦、大豆）试验表明，作物受铜害的起始浓度在200-400ppm以上。以作物减产10%为依据，经相关方程计算，黑土中铜作物效应的临界值为348.46ppm（全铜），和217.93ppm（有效铜，0.1N Hcl）。在本实验土壤铜浓度范围内（0-1000ppm），作物籽实，茎（叶、荚）中铜含量很少超过20ug/g毒性标准。土壤对铜的吸附一解吸试验表明，代表土壤对铜自净能力的指标一固态吸附量在本实验条件下为806.77-1456.16ug/g土。铜对环境影响试验表明，土壤投加铜1204.09ppm和土壤投加铜200ppm不导致地下水和地表水超标。综合以上各个单一体系的临界指标，选择限制性因子，确定黑土中铜的临界值为348.46ppm（全铜）。根据野外调查和模拟的各项物质平衡参数，经数学模型计算出了黑土中不同年限的变动容量（Q）和总容量（Q总）。如，t = 50年，Q = 1700.58g/亩·年，Q总 = 85029 g/亩。