16 resultados para sterility
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1.水稻多卵卵器的起源:被子植物的卵器中通常只有一个卵细胞。我们在水稻多胚品系胚囊中观察到二卵卵器和三卵卵器,本研究对其大孢子发生和胚囊发育进行了细胞胚胎学观察,揭示了水稻多卵卵器的起源.观察结果表明,该品系能进行正常的大孢子发生。大孢子母细胞进行正常的减数分裂形成四个大孢子靠近合点端的大孢子发育,其它三个退化。功能大孢子第一次有丝分裂后两个子核被一中央大液泡分隔在胚囊珠孔端和合点端,与此同时胚囊出现不均衡生长,珠孔端迅速膨大,合点端几乎不增大,致使二核末期的胚囊呈倒梨形.紧接着发生第二次有丝分裂,合点端核分裂时纺锤丝与胚囊纵轴平行,而珠孔端核分裂时纺锤丝与胚囊纵轴成4 5度夹角.由此产生的四核胚囊中,合点端一核向胚囊中部或中上部(胚囊珠孔端)迁移,四核胚囊再经一次有丝分裂形成两种类型的核分布偏离蓼型的八核胚囊。一种类型是珠孔端四个核,中部与合点各二个核,在胚囊细胞化过程中,珠孔端四核 分化成四细胞卵器,其中卵细胞和助细胞各二个,中部的二核分化成二极核中央细胞,合点 端的二核形成反足细胞。另一种类型是珠孔端六个核,合点端二个核,在胚囊细胞化过程中, 两端各一核向中部迁移分化成二极核中央细胞,珠孔端剩余的五核分化成五细胞卵器,其 中卵细胞三个,助细胞二个,合点端的一核迅速分裂形成反足细胞. 2.水稻同源三倍体TAR的生殖特性:TAR的单穗结实率平均可达10%,核型分析表明此三倍体产生的后代个体仍为具有36条染色体的三倍体.细胞胚胎学初步观察显示TAR为一具兼性无融合生殖特性的水稻新种质,其胚珠几乎都能进行胚囊的分化,但其中仅有33%的胚囊有较正常的结构,9%的胚囊在散粉前进行胚胎发生,58%的胚囊发育显著异常,表现为极性紊乱、多极核或缺失雌性生殖单位等。 3.水稻亚种间杂种败育的细胞学基础:对普通栽培稻不同品种类型间杂种颖花败育的细胞学基础及雌性败育的过程进行的细胞学研究表明:1)引起杂种颖花败育的原因有胚囊败育,花粉败育、开花时花药不开裂和雌雄异熟.其中胚囊败育而丧失受精能力是引起低结实率的最重要的因素,开花时花药不开裂和雌雄异熟在一定程度上形成了雌雄性细胞时间和空间的隔离屏障。2)杂种植株的所有大孢子母细胞都能进行正常的减数分裂形成四个大孢子,败育主要发生在靠近合点端的功能大孢子分化形成胚囊的早期,有的胚囊母细胞在进行第一次有丝分裂前便萎缩解体,多数能完成一次或二次有丝分裂形成二核或四核败育胚囊.败育的共同特征是无液泡的分化,细胞质少或退化,在败育胚囊残迹部位,解体的珠心细胞和萎缩的胚囊残溃混杂垛叠.已受精的杂种子房没有观察到胚及胚乳发育的异常.籼粳杂种胚囊败育频率较高. 4.籼粳杂种生殖障碍的基因定位:应用具有1 37个标记位点的籼粳杂交窄叶青8号/京系17)F1花药培养获得的127个双单倍体OH)群体构建的R FLP图谱,对控制籼粳杂种颖花败育的基因座位进行了定位研究。结果在第1、3、4、5、6、7、8、1 2染色体上检测到1 0个基因座位,其中第3、12染色体上的2个不育基因位点str3和str12与同一杂交组合F2分离群体中发现的异常分离热点处于相同的染色体区段.stj-6的基因加性效应为负值,有增加籼粳亲和性的作用;其余的不育基因座位皆有增加籼梗杂种不育性的作用. 5.籼粳杂种胚囊败育的遗传分析和基因定位:利用DH系构建的分子图谱及DH系衍生的2个回交群体定位了引起籼梗杂种胚囊败育的2个互补的主效基因esa-l(E1或e1位点)和esa-2(E2或e2位点),它们分别位于第6和第1 2染色体.在不育基因位点,籼稻基因型为EIEle2e2,粳稻基因型为elelE 2E 2,杂交后代中基因型为EIE2,Ele2、elE 2的雌配子体正常发育,携带ele2基因型的雌配子体表现败育.胚囊育性受配子体基因型控制,孢予体遗传背景影响胚囊败育基因的表达.
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光敏核不育水稻农垦58S由晚粳农垦58突变形成。具有在适宜温度条件下,长日照诱导雄性不育、短日照诱导雄性可育的基本特性。光敏核不育水稻育性转换机理的阐明是两系法杂交稻技术的关键。 1.克隆光敏不育基因是研究光敏核不育水稻育性转换机理的一个重要方面,本文对通过反映农垦58S和农垦58遗传背景差异的蛋白质或受光周期调节的蛋白质实现克隆光敏不育基因的策略进行了可行性研究,得到以下结果: (1).利用双向电泳技术在光敏核不育水稻是58S叶片中发现一个不存在于农垦58的蛋白质,其分子量为59.8kDa,等电点pH为5.9(称为Pa),该蛋白的存在不受光照条件、发育时期的影响,反映出农垦58S与农垦58遗传背景的差异。 (2).Pa蛋白与农垦58S叶绿体P61蛋白具有相同的分子量、等电点和N-端氨基酸顺序,在不同品种水稻中具有相同的分布,因此它们很可能是同一个蛋白质分子。 (3).利用双向电泳技术发现P61(Pa)和P41蛋白不仅存在于光敏不育系中,也存在于常规可育粳稻中,与光敏不育性状没有平行关系。 (4).利用双向电脉技术发现10天14小时长日照能在农垦58S和农垦58中诱导一个分子量为36kDa、等电点pH为5.2的蛋白质(称为P_b),该蛋白的表达受光敏色素的调控。因此P61(Pa)、P41及P_b蛋白均与光敏不育性状无直接关系,推测克隆这些蛋白的基因无法直接获得光敏不育基因。 2.在育性转换光周期敏感期已经发现长日照使农垦58S叶绿体发育不良,但在苗期光周期敏感期内,目前尚不知长日照是否会有同样的效应。本文以光周期对农垦58S苗期叶绿体发育的影响为主要内容,研究了农垦58S苗期的光周期反应,得到以下结果: (1).农垦58S从5叶龄期至6叶龄期开始对光周期敏感,短日照开始能诱导茎尖分化幼穗。 (2).不同的光周期对农垦58S 4叶龄期新展叶片叶绿体发育的影响无明显差异,叶结体结构与功能均表现正常。 (3).不同的光周期对农垦58S 6叶龄期新展叶片叶绿体发育的影响有明显差异。与短日照相比,长日照引起农垦58S部分叶绿体发育不良,导致光化学活性减弱、超分子结构异常。长日光周期对农垦58S叶绿体发育的不良效应可能是光周期敏感期内存在的一种特殊现象。
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近年来作物杂种优势利用的研究取得了很大的进展,杂交种的应用带来了巨大的经济效益。作物杂种的生产通常借助于雄性不育系。但是某些植物雄性不育形成的分子机理尚未搞清,不育基因的结构与功能以及不育基因在表达过程中一系列的基因与蛋白质的相互作用有待揭晓。 显性雄性核不育小麦(太谷核不育小麦)是我国特有的显性雄性核不育无花粉型材料,其不育性是由显性单基因Ms2控制的。本论文以显性雄性核不育小麦不育株和可育株近基因系为材料,应用单向电泳(SDS-PAGE)和双向电泳(IEF/SDS-PAGE)方法,分析了不育株和可育株不同器官(种子、旗叶、幼穗及花药)的蛋白质组成。通过研究发现两者之间在蛋质组成上存在一些异同点。在胚乳和旗叶中,未发现不育株和可育株两者之间的蛋白质组成存在明显的差异。在外于减数分裂时期的幼穗和花药中,不育株和可育株之间蛋白质组成上有明显差异。与可育株相比,不育株缺少分子量分别为15.8kD、17kD、17.8kD、38kD、81.2kD的5个碱性蛋白质。另外,还发现不育株增加了一个16.2kD的低分子量酸性蛋白质。在某些特定分子量的蛋白质中,虽然两者都存在该蛋白质,但是在含量上有着明显的不同,可育株含量比不育株高。这些蛋白质组成的变化成为不育株的重要特征。本文首次报告了显性雄性核不育小麦不育株与近等基因系可育株不同器官中蛋白质组成的区别。本研究结果在蛋白质水平上证实了花器官是雄性败育基因表达的主要器官,Ms的表达具有较强的时间性和空间性。 本论文还对双向电泳方法进行了一些探讨。
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第一部分 光敏核不育水稻农垦58S花药IAA的免疫组织化学分析 光周期敏感核不育水稻农垦58S是研究光周期调节花发育作用机理的好材料。在此方面已取得很大进展。有关植物激素的研究已发现长日照诱导农垦58S不育的信号传导环节之一是IAA的亏缺。本文首次应用免疫组织化学分析方法对长日和短日处理后的农垦58S和对照农垦58花药中的IAA进行了定位研究和相对水平的比较。结果表明此方法可反映游离态IAA在花药中的分布及其相对水平的变化。从雌雄蕊原基形成期至单核晚期的五个时期中,经长日照处理的农垦58S花药中的IAA水平都低于短日照处理的农垦58S及在不同光周期处理下的家垦58花药。对花药中生长素的亏缺与育性的关系以及IAA亏缺的原因也进行了讨论。 第二部分 不同水稻品种成花诱导阶段光周期敏感性及光敏色素mRNA丰度的比较 对光敏核不育水稻十多年的研究表明,光敏色素是感受光周期信号调节水稻成花诱导和育性转换的主要光受体。同时还发现光敏核不育基因导入不同遗传背景后,其基因表达条件,如临界光长、光敏温度范围、光温互补作用强弱等都表现明显差异。为了进一步探讨水稻光周期反应的作用机理,了解不同品种遗传背景对光周期信号感受的特点,我们选取籼稻、粳稻、早熟、晚熟共11个品种,比较光照阶段在长同、短同条件下叶片光敏色素B mRNA含量的差异。初步结果表明,光敏色素B的转录不受光调控,在长日、短日处理条件下没有明显差别。在多数品种间光敏色素B表达没有明显差异,说明其与品种感光性、籼粳性无明显相关。只有早熟粳稻铁粳23的光敏色素B mRNA含量较高,是一个例外。实验结果尚需进一步重复。这方面的工作可以为水稻发育光温互作本质的研究积累一些初步资料。
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中国资源植物丰富,蕴藏着优异的基因资源,开发和利用这些优异资源是植物学研究的重要课题。本文面向国家重大需求选择两种资源植物一羊草(Leymuschinensis (Trin.)Tzvel)和向日葵(llelia thus annuus L.),采用分子标记技术和分子生物学方法对其进行评价和研究,以期为资源利用提供依据。由于两种植物本身的差别和采用的研究方法各异,故分别论述。 羊草,隶属禾本科赖草属,是欧亚大陆草原区东部重要建群种之一。羊草是牧草之王,是我国比较有优势的战略性生物资源,对我国北方畜牧业的发展以及生态环境的保育均具有重要意义。近年来,由于缺乏科学管理、过度放牧等不利影响,加之羊草本身固有的“三低”问题(即抽穗率低、结实率低、发芽率低)已对羊草生物多样性维持构成了严重的威胁,限制了我国人工草地建设和天然草地的改良及沙化治理的步伐。因此,如何通过形态调查结合生物技术手段评价羊草遗传多样性为建立核心种质及改良羊草、快速评价和创造新的种质、如何加快育种进程便成为当前亟待解决的问题。本文围绕这些问题开展了系统的研究并取得如下结果: 1. 对羊草的形态调查和AFLP分析,表明羊草是一种形态变异较大但是遗传变 异较小的物种。两种生态型的表现显著差异,其中灰绿生态型羊草比黄绿生 态型差异大。羊草遗传多样性与包括长期的栽培驯化、地理分布有很大的相 关性,地理来源相同的几乎全部聚到了一组。 2. 通过主成分分析和通径分析,简化了羊草31个性状分析的复杂性,了解到 羊草无性繁殖受好的营养生长促进。 3. AFLP分子标记技术在分析羊草遗传多样性方面有显著优势,尤其是对于羊 草这样多态性不高的物种是一种非常有效的分析工具。在分析AFLP数据时 采用聚类分析和主坐标分析相结合的方法,既兼顾了亲缘关系较近的种质之 间的关系调查也兼顾了亲缘关系较远的种质之间的关系调查。 4.羊草AFLP反应,不同引物所获得的总带数和多态性带数差别明显。羊草基因 组对3’端有选择性碱基TN的所有EcoRJ选择性引物扩增效果很差,前人 的有关赖草属的遗传研究也支持这一结果。 向日葵(n=17),属于菊科( Compositae)向日葵属(Helia thus),向日葵的研究重要领域是向日葵杂种生产,而细胞质雄性不育系的使用是杂种优势育种的核心。全世界90%以上的向日葵杂交种生产仍然在使用同一个细胞质类型PETI,玉米遗传单一给生产带来的毁灭性打击仍然令研究者和生产者记忆犹新,因此寻找更多的细胞质类型仍然是研究者的重要任务。本研究围绕一个新的不育源(G20023)的发现及鉴定,通过使用不育的G20023的保持系、恢复系、恢复的Fi代、回交一代之间比较以及与属于PETI细胞质类型的不育系的相应材料进行比较,找出与这一新的细胞质类型不育表型有关的可能差异序列,来探讨其不育机制,得到如下结果: 1、 通过田间杂交试验,证明G20023的保持系有很多(已证实有24份), 目前找到的恢复系只有一个,H.maximiliani。G20023不育源作为一 种新的细胞质类型可以成为将来杂交育种的候选资源。同时,我们找 到一些表型证据,除了无花粉之外,G20023与PETI表型的典型不同 之处还在于前者的花药上下均为分离状态,而后者花药的基部联合, 顶部分离。显然,不同的细胞质类型在解剖结构上可能表现不尽相同。 2、 与线粒体基因组特异基因的核酸序列比较,结果表明,G20023线粒体 基因组上没有orfH522序列,与PETI表现出差异;此外,在基因atp6 位点也与PETI不同,而且在该位点也与同属向日葵ANTI不相同。同 时由于orf873并没有出现在ANTI中而出现在G20023中,因此我们可 以认为G20023这一个新的不育系是与ANTI和PETI不同的细胞质类 型。 3、 在参考常规线粒体DNA提取方法的基础上,我们做了很多改进,建立 了自己的向日葵线粒体DNA提取方法。该方法更快更简单,提取的线 粒体DNA完全可以用于酶切和杂交。 4、 G20023不育源由于其稳定的不育性状,可以作为培育无花粉彩色向日 葵杂交种的亲本材料,我们通过此不育源选育适当花色的无花粉观赏 向日葵生产杂交种。
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本文报道了在育性转换敏感期光周期处理对光敏核不育水稻(农垦58S)及农垦58最新全展叶中光敏色素Ⅰ(PhyA)水平的影响PartI).在10个光周期处理的最后一个暗期结束前,收获每株水稻的最上部二叶。PhyA用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)测定。 结果表明:0.5%(v/v)聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)可除去水稻叶片粗提液中干扰ELISA的物质;所用的ELISA专一性地检测水稻PhyA。和长日照(LD)处理相比,短日照(SU)处理导致农垦58S中PhyA的相对含量增加38.5%;而农垦58只增加18.5%。显然,在较长的暗期条件下(SD),农垦58S中PhyA的合成比农垦58快。SD处理下大量增加的PhyA可能和农垦58S的育性恢复有关。 上述结果也说明:在同一品种甚至不同品种的植株间,PhyA水平均易受光周期影响而剧烈变化。 为了进一步验证农垦58S中PhyA较快积累的推论,比较了农垦58s和农垦58幼苗(三叶期)在一延长暗期(24h)中PhyA的积累时程。和育性转换敏感期的植株相似,农垦58S幼苗中PhyA积累速度快于农垦58。在暗期开始6h后,这种差异更明显。这一结果证实了过去的假设:甲基化水平低的农垦58PhyA基因可能比农垦58PhyA基因更活跃地表达。 PhyA和PhyB同时存在于水稻叶片中。为了探讨PhyB是否参与农垦58S雄性不育的调节,在育性转换敏感期每日光期结束、暗期开始开始前进行短暂的FR照射实验(即end-of- dayFR irradiations)。EOD FR反应应由PhyB介导。和SD下的对照相比,经过10次EODFR处理(EOD FR+SD)的农垦58S植株抽穗和开花期都相应地推迟2天,而花粉败育率和种子结实率都没有变化。 EODFR处理抑制了农垦58的开花,但花粉育性几乎不受影响。 综上所述,可能是PhyA而不是PhyB参与调节农垦58S的雄性不育。 另外,本文采用免疫印迹(Immunoblotting or Western blotting)比较了农垦58S和农垦58黄化苗(3天龄)中PhyA的相对含量(PartⅡ)。 结果表明,RPA可以专一性地检测两品种中120KD多肽。该肽在照射R或FR后对内源蛋白酶水解的敏感性不同,照射FR后,该肽易降解产生116KD的片段;照射R后,相对较稳定。因此,上述120KD多肽是水稻PhyA。未观察到农垦58S和农垦58的PhyA在免疫原性、分子量及内源蛋白酶解水解带型有差异。定量分析表明农垦58s黄化苗中PhyA的相对含量比农垦58多40%。这一结果和上述光周期处理的结果是相辅相成的。由于干种子、以及吸涨36h以前的水稻胚中均检测不PhyA的存在,因此两品种间PhyA含量的差异是PhyA蛋白重新合成的结果。 活体低温(80K)荧光光谱分析表明:农垦58黄化苗(3天龄)具有典型光敏色素(主要为PhyA)的荧光发射,其最大波长为683.8nm,而农垦58S以及由其转育来的培矮64s都缺少明显的光敏色素峰。显然,农垦58S和农垦58的PhyA荧光光谱特性有所不同。这一差异是否和雄性不育有关仍待深入研究。 本文第三部分比较了农垦58S和农垦58黄化苗(6天龄)最初转到白光下(4h)合成叶绿素的情况。无论是短暂红光(R)处理或对照,农垦58幼苗合成叶绿素的量(在白光下4h)都多于农垦58S。由于R促进叶绿素合成的效果可被随后的远红光照射(FR)逆转,因此水稻幼苗中叶绿素合成是在光敏色素的控制下。FR逆转性在农垦58S中似乎更完全。连续FR(12h最有效)促进叶绿素合成的效果在农垦58S中更明显,但叶绿素合成的量(在白光下4h)仍是农垦58多。然而,对于自然光周期下生长的幼苗(2-4叶期),农垦58S的叶绿素含量明显高于农垦58。文中讨论了这种差异的可能原因。
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光敏核不育水稻农垦58S是石明松于1973年在晚粳农垦58的大田中发现的雄性不育突变体,它在长日照下雄性不育可被用于与恢复系杂交生产杂种,而在短日照下雄性可育能用于自交繁殖,它的恢复系来源广泛。基于这些特性,育种学家用光敏核不育水稻建立的二系杂交水稻制种技术有很大的应用潜力。近十几年来,育种学家用农垦58S作基因供体转育了许多新的不育系,研究结果表明育成的粳型不育系均为光敏不育系,但在育成的籼型不育系中,绝大多数丧失光敏核不育特性,变成温敏不育系。目前因不知光敏核不育的分子遗传机制,尚不能解释这些问题。 本文用双向电泳技术分析了农垦58S和农垦58苗期和育性转换光敏感期叶绿体蛋白质的差异,在农垦58S中发现三个蛋白质(Pl,P2和P3),其中Pl和P2在苗期和光敏感期叶片内均存在,P3仅在光敏感期的叶片中存在,它们不受长日照或短日照处理的影响。农垦58没有这三个蛋白质。 用制备型双向电泳纯化后,得到SDS - PAGE和IEF纯的Pl和P2。经SDS-PAGE和IEF测定,Pl的等电点是6.2,分子量是41 kDa;P2的等电点是5.8,分子量是61 kDa。现称Pl为P41,P2为P61。氨基酸序列分析和同源性检索发现P41与水稻叶绿体ATP合成酶p亚基和酵母转录因子CAD1有同源性,此外,P41的N-端序列中有一个与蛋白激酶催化核心中的多功能motif Y-G-X-G-X- (P/T)-G-V相似的序列;P61的14个氨基酸长的N-端序列与水稻叶绿体ATP合成酶β亚基的一致。P41和P61 N-端前12个氨基酸的序列也完全一致。 PCR扩增和Southern杂交分析没有发现农垦58S和农垦58之间ATP合成酶β亚基基因(atpB)的多态性。Nothern杂交分析表明农垦58S中仅有一种、与农垦58 atpB mRNA分子量相同的atpB转录产物,但它的atpB mRNA丰度明显低于农垦58的。没有检测到突变的atpB和其它形式的atpB转录产物。 分析P41和P61在其它水稻材料中的分布特点发现它们在粳型光敏不育系7001S、5088S、31301S、C407S和1647S,籼型光敏不育系W7415S和W9451S以及温(光)敏不育系培矮64S中存在,而在对照材料三系水稻马协A、珍汕97A、马协B、珍汕97B和明恢63以及常规粳稻C94153中不存在。根据这些不育系的系谱和它们与农垦58S之间基因的等位性研究结果,讨论了P41和P61与光敏核不育性的可能联系。
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We have made a complete set of painting probes for the domestic horse by degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR amplification of flow-sorted horse chromosomes. The horse probes, together with a full set of those available for human, were hybridized onto metaphase chromosomes of human, horse and mule. Based on the hybridization results, we have generated genome-wide comparative chromosome maps involving the domestic horse, donkey and human. These maps define the overall distribution and boundaries of evolutionarily conserved chromosomal segments in the three genomes. Our results shed further light on the karyotypic relationships among these species and, in particular, the chromosomal rearrangements that underlie hybrid sterility and the occasional fertility of mules.
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下载PDF阅读器已知导入未编辑atp9 mRNA的烟草表现细胞质雄性不育(CMS),因此认为线粒体基因atp9是引起高等植物CMS的主要基因.为了解atp9在CMS中的作用机制,从3对烟草不育系及其同型保持系中提取atp9,利用实验与理论结合来分析其mRNA在编辑前后以及在不育系及其同型保持系中的一维、三维信息差别.结果表明,atp9 mRNA一维信息方面的差异,更重要的是二级结构的差异和稳定性,可能是影响ATP合成而导致CMS的根本原因.
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同源四倍体水稻(2N=4X=48,AAAA)是由二倍体水稻(2N=2X=24,AA)通过秋水仙素诱导染色体加倍后得到的新品系,具有优良的抗病性以及较高的蛋白质含量。因此,在四倍体水平上挖掘水稻的增产潜力成为水稻育种的新手段。同源四倍体水稻具有很强的遗传可塑性和很弱的遗传保守性,利用其作为水稻远缘杂交的桥梁,从野生物种中不断地引进有益的基因,这将有助于杂交水稻的多代利用和固定水稻的杂种优势。但是迄今为止,还没有关于同源四倍体水稻遗传多样性,遗传背景的报道。目前世界关于同源四倍体水稻的研究主要集中在中国,主要研究方向为培育、筛选结实正常的亲本材料,配置和筛选结实率正常或接近正常的组合。经过几十年研究,虽然在材料构建,细胞学研究等方面取得了较大进展,但同样由于结实率低的瓶颈问题未解决,而使多倍体水稻育种未能取得实质性进展。而近年来一些关于同源四倍体水稻低结实率机理的细胞学研究也由于缺乏统计学数据而缺乏说明性。本文用SSR标记,对选取的36个结实率正常同源四倍体水稻三系亲本和14个来源二倍体亲本,分析他们的遗传差异和群体遗传结构。本文还利用我们培育的高、低结实率的同源四倍体水稻恢复系、优良保持系和杂种F1及二倍体对照为材料,进行系统深入的细胞遗传学研究,进一步探讨同源四倍体水稻有性传递后代的发育过程,探索分裂期染色体行为特征与遗传性状稳定性的关系,为进一步选育多倍体水稻品种并将其应用于生产提供理论依据。同源四倍体水稻突变株D4063-1直链淀粉含量比来源二倍体明恢63下降一半,即其直链淀粉含量为5.23%,为研究其直链淀粉含量下降的原因,本文还根据普通水稻Wx基因设计引物,扩增测序获得了D4063-1Wx基因的全序列,与已报道Wx基因进行比对分析,并根据D4063-1和籼稻、粳稻的序列差异并根据D4063-1在该片段上的特征序列位点设计了用于识别D4063-1的寡核苷酸片段,为快速、准确的鉴别低直链淀粉的D4063-1创造了条件。 SSR标记具有基因组分布广泛、数量丰富、多态性高、容易检测、共显性、结果稳定可靠、实验重现性好、操作简单、经济、易于高通量分析等许多优点,被认为是用于遗传多样性、品种鉴定、物种的系统发育、亲缘关系及起源等研究的非常有效的分子标记。本研究选取了中国科学院成都生物所培育的同源四倍体和二倍体水稻亲本,并用36个微卫星标记进行了遗传差异和种群遗传结构分析。在50个品系中,我们观察到较高水平的多态性,每基因等位基因数(Ae)分布于2至6之间(平均值3.028),多态性信息含量(PIC)分布于0.04至0.76之间(平均值0.366);期望杂合度(He)分布于0.04至0.76之间(平均值0.370),Shannon指数(I)分布于0.098至1.613之间(平均值0.649)。同源四倍体品系的等位基因数,期望杂合性和Shannon指数都比二倍体品系高。在供试50个品系中,较多材料均发现Rare基因,根据SSR多态性指数我们构建了同源四倍体和二倍体水稻的核心指纹库。F-统计值表明遗传差异主要存在于同源四倍体品系中(Fst=0.066)。聚类分析结果表明50个品系可以分为4个组。I组包括所有的同源四倍体和二倍体籼稻保持系,以及一个同源四倍体籼稻雄性不育系及其来源二倍体。II组仅包括IR来源的品系。III组比II组和IV组更复杂,包括同源四倍体和二倍体籼稻恢复系品系。IV组包括同源四倍体和二倍体粳稻品系。此外,由于等位基因及配子的遗传差异,同源四倍体与二倍体品系中存在单位点和双位点的遗传差异。分析结果表明,二倍体和四倍体水稻基因库的不同,其中遗传变异可以区分四倍体与二倍体水稻。同源四倍体水稻具有长期而独立的遗传性,我们能够选育并得到与二倍体亲本相比有特殊优良农艺性状的品系。 本研究以高结实率的同源四倍体水稻恢复系DTP-4、D明恢63及优良保持系D46B为材料进行农艺性状及细胞遗传学比较研究。DTP-4、D明恢63及保持系D46B的的染色体组成均为2N=4X=48,花粉母细胞具有较为理想的减数分裂行为,配对染色体的比率在99%以上,这与理论染色体组构成相符。DTP-4和D明恢63PMC减数分裂各个时期单价体和三价体的比例都非常低,而在MI, PMC观察到较多的二价体和四价体且四价体多以环状形式出现,其最大频率的染色体构型分别为12II 6IV和10II 7IV。恢复系DTP-4和D明恢63在MI四价体频率分别为2.00/PMC和2.26/PMC,而保持系D46B在MI四价体频率为6.00/PMC,极显著地高于恢复系品系,表明保持系D46B具有更好的染色体配对性质;AI保持系D46B的染色体滞后频率为10.62%,远低于恢复系材料DTP-4和D明恢63的19.44%和23.14%,接近二倍体对照明恢63的7.30%水平;TI保持系D46B具有比恢复系更低频率的微核数。而在TII,D46B的正常四分小孢子比率不但高于恢复系品系甚至高于二倍体对照。对高低结实率的同源四倍体水稻恢复系和杂种F1代的花粉育性,结实率和细胞遗传学行为进行了比较研究。DTP-4, D明恢63, D46A´DTP-4和D46A´D明恢63的花粉育性和结实率比D什香和D46A´D什香显著提高。减数分裂分析的结果表明,DTP-4,D明恢63,D什香,D46A´DTP-4,D46A´D明恢63和D46A´D什香其减数分裂染色体构型分别为:0.05I +19.96 II (9.89棒状+10.07环状) +0.01III + 2.20 IV, 0.11I +19.17 II (8.90 棒状+10.37 环状) +0.09III + 2.26 IV + 0.01 VI, 1.33I +9.46 II (4.50 棒状+4.96 环状) +0.44III + 6.02 IV + 0.09VI + 0.09 VIII, 0.02I +14.36 II (6.44 棒状+7.91 环状) +0.01III + 4.80IV + 0.01VIII, 0.06 I +17.67 II (11.01 棒状+6.67 环状) +0.06 III + 3.10 IV + 0.01 VI and 1.11 I +11.31 II (5.80 棒状+5.51 环状) +0.41 III + 5.63 IV+0.03VI+0.03VIII。在同源四倍体水稻恢复系和杂种F1代材料中,最常见的染色体构型为16II +4IV和12II +6IV。在减数分裂过程中,结实率较高的材料染色体异常现象较少而结实率较低的材料染色体异常现象较严重。在杂种F1代中,二价体的比例要低于其相应的恢复系亲本,同样的,单价体,三价体和多价体的比例相比其恢复系亲本也偏低。然而,在减数分裂MI,杂种F1代中四价体的比例要显著高于其恢复系亲本。在中期I,每细胞单价体的比例和花粉育性呈现出极高的负相关(-0.996),当单价体数目升高时,花粉育性下降。其次是每细胞三价体的比例(-0.987),之后则是每细胞多价体的比例与花粉育性的负相关(-0.948)。但是统计分析表明,二价体和四价体的比例对花粉育性和结实率没有显著影响。这一结果表明出了花粉育性和细胞减数分裂行为的相关性,同源四倍体的减数分裂行为为筛选高结实率的同源四倍体种系提供了理论依据。 突变体是遗传学研究的基本材料。利用突变体克隆水稻基因,并进而研究基因的生物学功能是水稻功能基因组学的重要研究内容。本课题组在多年的四倍体水稻育种研究中已获得多个低直链淀粉含量突变体,其中一些突变体在直链淀粉含量下降的同时,胚乳外观也发生了显著改变,呈半透明或不透明。同源四倍体水稻突变株D4063-1直链淀粉含量比来源二倍体明恢63下降一半,即其直链淀粉含量为5.23%。为研究其直链淀粉含量下降的原因,我们根据普通水稻Wx基因设计引物,扩增测序获得了D4063-1Wx基因的全序列,与已报道Wx基因进行比对分析;同源四倍体水稻D4063-1Wx基因最显著变化为在外显子序列中发生了碱基缺失,导致移码突变,在第9外显子终止密码子提前出现。D4063-1Wx基因碱基位点的变化还导致了其序列上的酶切位点的变化,对常用限制性内切酶位点分析分析结果表明同源四倍体水稻相对于籼稻和粳稻多了2个sph1酶切位点,相对于粳稻减少了6个Acc1,增加了4个Xba1,1个Xho1,1个Pst1和1个Sal1酶切位点。聚类分析表明D4063-1Wx基因序列与籼稻亲源关系较近,由此推测D4063-1Wx基因来源于籼稻的Wxa基因型。另外,根据D4063-1Wx基因的碱基差异,我们推测D4063-1Wx基因外显子碱基变化导致的RNA加工障碍是其直链淀粉降低的主要原因,并可能与其米饭较软等品质相关。本文还根据D4063-1和籼稻、粳稻的序列差异并根据D4063-1在该片段上的特征序列位点设计了用于识别D4063-1的寡核苷酸片段,并作为PCR反应的引物命名为AUT4063-1,将该引物与我们设计的扩增普通籼稻、粳稻的Wx基因引物F5配合使用建立了识别D4063-1的显性和共显性两种检测方式的分子标记,为快速、准确的鉴别低直链淀粉的D4063-1创造了条件。 研究同源四倍体水稻基因组的遗传差异,探索同源四倍体水稻的遗传规律,研究分裂期染色体行为特征与遗传性状稳定性的关系,旨在揭示四倍体水稻中同源染色体配对能力的遗传差异,为进一步选育多倍体水稻品种并将其应用于生产提供理论依据。 Autotetraploid rice (2N=4X=48, AAAA) is a new germplasm developed from diploid rice (2N=2X=24, AA) through chromosomes doubling with colchicines and is an excellent resource for desirable resistance genes to the pathogens and high protein content. Therefore, heterosis utilization on polyploidy is becoming a new strategy in rice breeding. At present, the main research on autotetraploid rice centralizes in China. Breeding effort has been made to improve autotetraploid rice genetically, however, the progresses are limited due to higher degree of divergence between hybrid sterility and polygenic nature. But to date, almost nothing is reported about the genetic diversity, original and genetic background of autotetraploid rice. Despite several reports on cytological analysis of the mechanisms of low seed set in autotetraploid rice still the results are inconclusive due to lack the statistical evaluation. Therefore, the study on the mechanisms of low seed set in autotetraploid is a priority for rice breeding. Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are the widely used marker for estimating genetic diversity in many species, including wild, weedy, and cultivated rice. In our research, genetic diversity and population genetic structure of autotetraploid and diploid populations collected from Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences were studied based on 36 microsatellite loci. For the total of 50 varieties, a moderate to high level of genetic diversity was observed at population levels with the number of alleles per locus (Ae) ranging from 2 to 6 (mean 3.028) and PIC ranging from 0.04 to 0.76 (mean 0.366). The expected heterozygosity (He) varied from 0.04 to 0.76 with the mean of 0.370 and Shannon’s index (I) ranging from 0.098 to 1.613 (mean 0.649). The autotetraploid populations showed a slightly higher level of effective alleles, the expected heterozygosity and Shannon’s index than that of diploid populations. Rare alleles were observed at most of the SSR loci in one or more of the 50 accessions and core fingerprint database of the autotetraploid and diploid rice was constructed. The F-statistics showed that genetic variability mainly existed among autotetraploid populations rather than among diploid populations (Fst=0.066). Cluster analysis of the 50 accessions showed four major groups. Group I contained all of the autotetraploid and diploid indica maintainer lines and a autotetraploid and its original diploid indica male sterile lines. Groups II contained only original of IR accessions. Group III was more diverse than either group II or IV and comprised of both autotetraploid and diploid indica restoring lines. Group IV included japonica cluster of the autotetraploid and diploid rices. Furthermore, genetic differences at the single-locus and two-locus levels, as well as components due to allelic and gametic differentiation, were revealed between autotetraploid and diploid varieties. This analysis indicated that the gene pools of diploid and autotetraploid rice are somewhat dissimilar, which made a variation that distinguishes autotetraploid from diploid rices. Using this variation, we can breed new autotetraploid varieties with some new important agricultural characters but the diploid rice has not. Cytogenetic characteristics in restorer lines DTP-4, DMinghui63 and maintainer line D46B of autotetraploid rices were studied. DTP-4, DMinghui63 and D46B showed the advantage of high seed set and biological yield. The meiotic chromosome behavior was slightly irregular in DTP-4, DMinghui63 and D46B. We observed less univalent, trivalent and multivalent at MI, but more bivalent and quadrivalent were observed. The most frequent chromosome configurations were 12II 6IVand 10II 7IV in restorer and maintainer lines, respectively. The quadrivalent frequency of DTP-4 and Dminghui63 at metaphase(MI) was respectively 2.00/PMC and 2.26/PMC. However that frequency of D46B was 6.00/PMC, which was greatly significantly higher than DTP-4 and Dminghui63. That indicates the maintainer D46B has better chromosome pairing capability in metaphase (MI). The frequency of lagging chromosomes of the maintainer D46B at anaphaseI (AI) was 10.62%, which was significantly lower than that of DTP-4(19.44%) and Dminghui63(23.14%) and nearly reaching the level of diploid CK(7.30%). In telophaseI (TI) maintainer D46B showed lower frequency of microkernel at TI and lower frequency of abnormal spores at telophaseII(TII). We also studied pollen fertility, seed set and cytogenetic characteristics of restorer lines and F1 hybrids of autotetraploid rice. DTP-4, DMinghui63, D46A´DTP-4 and D46A´DMinghui63 showed significantly higher pollen fertility and seed set than DShixiang and D46A´DShixiang. Pairing configurations in PMC of DTP-4, DMinghui63, DShixiang, D46A´DTP-4, D46A´DMinghui63 and D46A´DShixiang were 0.05 I+19.96 II (9.89 rod+10.07 ring)+0.01 III+2.20 IV, 0.11 I+19.17 II (8.90 rod+10.37 ring)+0.09 III+2.26 IV+0.01 VI, 1.33 I+9.46 II (4.50 rod+4.96 ring)+0.44 III+6.02 IV+0.09 VI+0.09 VIII, 0.02 I+14.36 II (6.44 rod+7.91 ring)+0.01 III+4.80 IV+0.01V III, 0.06 I+17.67 II (11.01 rod+6.67 ring)+0.06 III+3.10 IV+0.01 VI and 1.11 I+11.31 II (5.80 rod+5.51 ring)+0.41 III+5.63 IV+0.03 VI+0.03 VIII, respectively. Configuration 16 II+4 IV and 12 II+6 IV occurred in the highest frequency among the autotetraploid restorers and hybrids. Meiotic chromosome behaviors were less abnormal in the tetraploids with high seed set than those with low seed set. The hybrids had fewer frequencies of bivalents, univalents, trivalents and multivalents than the restorers, but higher frequency of quatrivalents than the restorers at MI. The frequency of univalents at M1 had the most impact on pollen fertility and seed set, i.e., pollen fertility decreased with the increase of univalents. The secondary impact factors were trivalents and multivalents, and bivalents and quatrivalents had no effect on pollen fertility and seed set. The correlative relationship between pollen fertility and cytogenetic behaviors could be utilized to improve seed set in autotetraploidy breeding. The amylose content of autotetraploid indica mutant Rice D4063-1 dropped by half than diploid Minghui 63, that is, its amylose content of 5.23%.The whole sequence of Waxy gene of D4063-1 is amplified and sequenced. And the discrepancy of bases is found comparing to the reported Waxy gene. The Waxy gene of autotetraploid Rice D4063-1 had a base deletion in exon sequence, which resulted frameshift mutation in exon 9 and termination codon occur early. The mutation of Wx also led to the change of some common restriction endonuclease sites. Results showed compared to indica and japonica, D4063-1 had two adding sph1 sites. Compared to japonica, D4063-1 had six decreasing Acc1, a adding Xho1, Pst1 and Sal1 restriction sites. Phylogeny analysis shows that the DNA sequence of Waxy gene of D4063-1 is closer to Indica, and we suppose that the Waxy gene of D4063-1 is origin from genotype Wxa. In addition, according to the base differences of Wx in D4063-1, we deduce that RNA processing obstacle led by base change of intron is the main cause to low the amylose content, and related to phenotype of its soft rice. Based on analysis of fragments of D4063-1, indica and japonica and according to the special point of the three species, primers as markers-AUT4063-I were designed for distinguishing the D4063-1 from other rice. Combining with primer pair F5, dominant and codominant ways were established for discriminating them., rapid and correct identification of D4063-1 from other rice could be done. The genetic analysis is important to ensure the original of autotetraploid rice, for maintaining the “distinctiveness” of autotetraploid varieties, and to differentiate between the various genetic background of autotetraploid rice. The autotetraploid breeding will benefit from detailed analysis of genetic diversity in the germplasm collections. Further investigation on mechanisms of meiotic stability should benefit polyploid breeding. These findings demonstrated opportunity to improve meiotic abnormalities as well as grain fertilities in autotetraploid rice.
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水稻是重要的粮食作物,其产量的增加和品质的改良都是关系国计民生的大事。就我国现阶段的国情而言,水稻产量在现有水平上稳步提升仍是未来十几年甚至几十年农业生产最重要的目标之一。尽管根据“超级杂交水稻育种”的战略设想和水稻育种实践,通过不断地改进育种技术可望在更高的产量水平上进行水稻杂种优势利用,在稻属植物内还具有很大的产量潜力可以挖掘。然而,仅仅从现有的种质基础出发,要更大幅度提高水稻单产,实现“超级杂交稻”的目标也存在一些困难:现有的推广品种是二倍体,尽管种类众多,但是其基因组的来源相对单一;同时,水稻基因组DNA含量也是作物中最少的,基因组内寻求开发潜力有一定困难;水稻作为C3植物,光合利用效率不高也是制约水稻产量提高的因素之一。因此,寻求常规手段以外的技术突破或者方法创新,是实现“超级杂交稻”的目标的迫切需求。本研究利用秋水仙素能抑制细胞分裂中纺锤丝的收缩、使细胞染色体加倍的作用,对水稻幼穗诱导的愈伤组织细胞进行加倍,并分化出再生植株;创制出水稻同源四倍体新的种质材料,在此基础上选育水稻同源四倍体雄性不育三系材料,并实现水稻同源四倍体的三系配套,开展水稻同源四倍体杂种优势利用和四倍体杂交水稻选育研究,建立水稻同源四倍体杂种优势利用的新技术体系。这不仅有助于倍性水平杂种优势的开拓和利用,同时也将为我国新世纪“超级稻”育种研究开辟一条新的技术途径。 水稻幼穗诱导愈伤组织并分化成苗是一项成熟、简单的组织培养技术。本研究以普通二倍体水稻亲本为材料,用秋水仙素进行水稻的多倍体化诱导,创制同源四倍体水稻三系亲本材料并对其进行鉴定。多倍体化以秋水仙素诱导的愈伤组织培养为基础,研究不同秋水仙素浓度梯度和愈伤组织诱导培养基组合对诱导四倍体植株的影响。结果表明在MS+2,4 D 1.0mg/L+ KT0.2mg/L+ IAA0.2mg/L 和500mg/L的秋水仙素处理下,水稻愈伤组织染色体加倍(有最高的效率)效果较好,平均加倍频率可达25.26%,其中,材料CDR22和IR26诱导较易成功,加倍频率分别达到75%和26.5%;相对材料94109 1.3%加倍频率和冈46B 10.8%加倍频率,诱导率差异极显著。 对水稻四倍体材料进行了形态学鉴定结果表明,与二倍体水稻对照相比其株高、穗长、花粉育性等主要农艺性状,确定四倍体材料在穗长和千粒重两方面极显著提高,种子的长度和宽度也显著增长。对花粉育性鉴定,确认水稻四倍体不育系材料仍为不育,保持系材料自交和杂交可育,恢复系材料自交和杂交可育。对四倍体材料进行细胞形态、染色体数目等方面进行细胞学鉴定,经核型分析表明水稻四倍体材料具有48条染色体,是二倍体水稻的两倍。水稻四倍体材料根尖分生组织细胞与二倍体的根尖分生组织细胞相比,细胞体积、细胞核和核仁显著增大。四倍体三系材料在细胞有丝分裂中期均可规则排列在赤道板,并能均等地移向两极;后期观察中没有发现染色体分离滞后现象,分裂末期细胞能够形成大小相对均一的子细胞。水稻同源四倍体三系材料细胞分裂未见异常,植株生长发育正常。 从1996年至2006年,针对结实率、有效分蘖、着粒数和穗长等主要农艺性状,通过系谱选育的方法,对培育的同源四倍体水稻亲本材料进行了连续选择和改良,取得较好成效。表现为结实率的改良效果极佳,所有改良材料的平均结实率均呈上升趋势,如D237(29.70%→72.70%)、DTB(19.55%→53.21%)等。有效分蘖总体呈现上升趋势,但在不同的年份,如1998和2002存在较大的负向波动。部分材料改良效果明显,如D19B(5.87→13.50)、D什香 (7.00→12.00)等;同时一些材料如DTB和D明恢63虽然总体略有提高,但在不同的年份波动很大,因此存在较大改良阻力,原因还有待进一步研究。着粒数的改良上升趋势比较显著,除保持系的DTB之外,其余材料的平均着粒数有显著提高。穗长的改良阻力较大,虽然不同材料总体上有所提高,但效果并不显著,并且不同年份有较大负向波动(2001)。此外还对株高、剑叶长等性状也进行了选择,但效果不显著,原因有待进一步提高。同源四倍体材料产量相关性状遗传改良幅度不一致,保持系和恢复系间的遗传改良效果也存在差异。这为同源四倍体水稻的进一步利用打下了良好的基础。 籼稻和粳稻亚种间杂交及杂种优势利用的主要障碍就是其低的结实率。而同源四倍体杂交水稻的研究为提高杂交水稻的杂种优势利用创造了新的途径。本研究通过随机区组设计方案,挑选性状优良的二倍体水稻材料,包括雄性不育系,保持系和恢复系进行秋水仙素诱导加倍,从而获得同源四倍体水稻对应的三系材料。利用选育的优良水稻同源四倍体三系材料,配制7个杂交组合,杂交F1代与其恢复系亲本进行比较,用于计算超亲优势(HB);而杂交F1代与生产上大面积推广的二倍体杂交品种汕优63进行比较,用于计算杂种优势。结果显示,同源四倍体杂交水稻的超亲优势表现为:每株有效穗变化幅度为1.4%至105.9%,总粒数为0.5%至74.3%,每穗实粒数为17.6%至255.7%,结实率为9.6%至130.4%。这些农艺性状的改良使得这7个杂种F1的理论产量的超亲优势高达64.8%至672.7%。小区试验中四倍体杂交水稻组合T461A/T4002和T461A/T4193分别比二倍体对照汕优63提高46.3%和38.3%以上,除一个品种以外所有品种产量均接近或高于汕优63的产量。同源四倍体水稻强大的杂种优势表明,亚种间杂交育性低的问题可通过四倍体化及强化选择来解决。此外,同源四倍体杂交水稻器官的巨大性也是其产量提高的有利因素,水稻同源四倍体三系杂种优势利用研究具有一定的理论价值和商业生产潜力。 Rice is one of the major food crops, the improvement of the production and quality of it is an important thing related to the people's livelihood. On China's current national conditions, steadily increase of the rice yield based on the current level is still one of the most important goals in the next decade or even decades of agricultural production. According to the "super hybrid rice breeding" the strategic and rice breeding practice, improvement of the use of hybrid rice heterosis through continuous improvements in breeding technology is expected to get a higher level of rice yield, there are also a great yield potential can be exploited. However, there are also some difficulties to increase rice yield obviously and implement the goal of "super hybrid rice" based on the existing germplasm: Rice varieties in promotion are diploid, although there are many varieties, but their genome are from a comparatively single source; Meanwhile, the rice genome DNA are the least among the crops, it is difficult to exploit the development potential within the genome; Rice as C3 plants, photosynthetic efficiency is not high, it is one of the factors constraint rice yield. Therefore, seeking technological breakthroughs or innovative methods different from conventional means is the urgent needs to reach the target of "super hybrid rice". Using colchicine inhibit spindle contraction during cell division, double the cell chromosome, we induced callus cells from rice panicle to be doubled, and differentiated regeneration; we created a new autotetraploid rice germplasm material, and on that basis we bred male sterility three line autotetraploid rice materials, and the achieved the three line rice autotetraploid matchmaking, researched in autotetraploid rice heterosis usage and tetraploid hybrid rice breeding, constituted a new technology system of autotetraploid hybrid rice heterosis utilization. This not only helps the tetraploid rice heterosis exploration and use, but also inaugurates a new technical means for China in the new century "super rice" breeding research. We chose ordinary diploid rice as materials, using colchicine to induce the polyploidization, created the autotetraploid rice three-line materials and identified them. The polyploidization was based on the colchicine-induced callus tissue culture, and we experimented different colchicine concentrations and culture mediums to induce tetraploid plants, confirmed that the optimal concentration for inducement was 500 mg/L, the average induce rate was 25.26 %. Among all the materials, CDR22 and IR26 had higher induced rate; in contrary, 94109 and GANG46B had lower induced rate, the difference was significant. Autotetraploid materials was identified of both morphological and cytological, compared plant height, length of pollen sterility, and other major agronomic traits with a diploid rice as the control plant, identified that the autotetraploid materials had very significant advantages in ear length and thousand-grain weight, as well as the size of the seeds. Cytology identification included observation of the cell morphology, the number of chromosomes, and karyotype analysis on the autotetraploid materials confirmed that their chromosome number was 48, twice of the diploid rice. Mitoses in the three lines were common: chromosomes arrayed normally in metaphase and separated balanced into the two poles, chromosome moved without lagging in anaphase and daughter cells normally formed in telophase except one. It has been proved that tetraploid rice has normal meiosis as their diploid relatives, which usually including series of sub-phases as interphase, prophase I (five sub-phases), prophase II, metaphase I, II, anaphase I, II and telophase I, II. However, abnormal phenomena, such as formation of tetravalent, trivalent and univalent, chromosome lagging and so on, which would finally block meiosis. Configurations of chromosome in metaphaseⅠwere versatile in structure and form accept the bivalent. That condition varied in different strain, suggesting more complex paring configurations and more versatile genetic characters in tetraploid rice. All these abnormalities in meiosis contributed to low fertility of gamete and might consequently resulted in low seed setting. Successive selection and improvement on seed set, productive tiller per plant, total grains per panicle, panicle length and so on had been carried out from 1996 to 2006. The raise of seed sets was significant in both restorers and maintainers. Seed sets of some strains were improved more significantly than others, for example D237(29.70%→72.70%)、DTB(19.55%→53.21%)and et al.. Productive tiller per plant was improved to some extant. The tendency of improvement was rising on the whole but changed in some years such as 1998 and 2002. Part of the stains increased greatly, such as D19B(5.87→13.50)、Dshixiang (7.00→12.00) and so on, but some strains including DTB and Dminghui63 only increased little and decreased in some years by unknown reason. Total grains per panicle increased significantly and all strains except DTB increased. Improvement of panicle length termed to be hard. Different strains showed different capacities for improvement and floating existed in different years for example 2001. It has been proved that other agronomical traits including plant length, flag leaf length and so on could be improved but not significantly by selection also. In a word, agronomical traits could be raised by successive selection that is prerequisite for further utility of autotetraploid rice. Poor fertility is the main barrier for utilizing heterosis between the two rice (Oryza stiva L.) sub-species, indica and japonica. Recently, the development of autotetraploid hybrids (2n=4x=48) has been suggested as a new method for increasing heterosis in hybrid rice. Using standard experimental protocols, the elite diploid rice male sterile, maintainer, and restorer lines were colchine-doubled and autotetraploid counterparts were obtained. Seven resulting hybrids were analyzed for heterobeltiosis (HB), where the F1 was compared to the male parent, and the degree of heterosis, where the F1 was compared to the diploid commercial hybrid, Shanyou 63. The HB among the autotetraploid hybrids ranged from 1.4 to 105.9% for the productive panicles per plant, 0.5 to 74.3% for total kernels per panicle, 17.6 to 255.7% for filled kernels per panicle, and 9.6 to 130.4% for seed set. Improvements in these yield components resulted in the HB for kernel yield ranging from 64.8 to 672.7% among the seven hybrids. Hybrids T461A/T4002 and T461A/T4193 yielded 46.3 and 38.3% more, respectively than Shanyou 63, and all other hybrids but one yielded the same or more than Shanyou 63. The high heterosis for yield suggests that hybrid sterility between two rice sub-species may be overcome by using tetraploid lines followed by intensive selection. Also, the gigantic features of the autotetraploid hybrids may establish a plant structure able to support the higher yield.
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Reproduction and chromosome inheritance in triploid Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) were studied in diploid female x triploid male (DT) and reciprocal (TD) crosses. Relative fecundity of triploid females was 13.4% of normal diploids. Cumulative survival from fertilized eggs to spat stage was 0.007% for DT crosses and 0.314% for TD crosses. Chromosome number analysis was conducted on surviving progeny from DT and TD crosses at 1 and 4 years of age. At Year 1, oysters from DT crosses consisted of 15% diploids (2n = 20) and 85% aneuploids. In contrast, oysters from TD crosses consisted of 57.2% diploids, 30.9% triploids (3n = 30) and only 11.9% aneuploids, suggesting that triploid females produced more euploid gametes and viable progeny than triploid males. Viable aneuploid chromosome numbers included 2n + 1, 2n + 2, 2n + 3, 3n - 2 and 3n - 1. There was little change over time in the overall frequency of diploids, triploids and aneuploids. Among aneuploids, oysters with 2n + 3 and 3n-2 chromosomes were observed at Year 1, but absent at Year 4. Triploid progeny were significantly larger than diploids by 79% in whole body weight and 98% in meat weight at 4 years of age. Aneuploids were significantly smaller than normal diploids. This study suggests that triploid Pacific oyster is not completely sterile and cannot offer complete containment of cultured populations.