克隆植物绢毛匍匐委陵菜的生态对策研究

本文以匍匐茎草本绢毛匍匐委陵菜(Potentilla reptans L var. sericophylla)为研究对象，基于实验生态学研究方法和野外调查研究了该植物对异质性环境的生态适应对策。 　　对落叶松和油松群林下的绢毛匍匐委陵菜的基株特征和种群特征研究表明：在落叶松林下，绢毛匍匐委陵菜克隆分株具有更大叶面积和更长叶柄;在油松林下，绢毛匍匐委陵菜具有更多的匍匐茎和更多的克隆分株。两个生境中的绢毛匍匐委陵菜形成与其生境相适应的克隆形态和克隆生长特征。在两个群落中的绢毛匍匐委陵菜分株种群的密度和地上生物量没有差异。 　　应用GS+统计软件分析了绢毛匍匐委陵菜分株种群特征及其与所处的土壤基质九个指标（土壤有机质（SOC）、土壤全氮（STN）、土壤全磷（STP）、有效钾（K+）、有效磷（PO43-）、NH4+、NO3-、土壤含水量（SWC）、pH）的空间分布格局的关系，结果显示，绢毛匍匐委陵菜克隆分株种群呈斑块状分布，其克隆分株数的空间自相关尺度为1米;其生长的土壤基质的9个土壤养分及土壤性状指标也都显示了强烈的空间自相关，其自相关尺度（变程）范围在0.24 m ～1.05 m之间，大小顺序为STP>K+>SOC>pH>STN> NO3-> PO43->SWC> NH4+。 其中除STP外，其他8个土壤指标的空间自相关尺度都在0.5 m 左右，NH4+仅为24.4 cm。绢毛匍匐委陵菜野外克隆分株的匍匐茎节间长平均在7 cm 左右。由此表明绢毛匍匐委陵菜克隆分株种群的空间分布尺度大于其所在土壤基质养分及其物理性状的分布尺度，相互联结的克隆分株对异质性土壤资源表现出较大的缓冲能力。其原因之一有可能是克隆生理整合作用使克隆分株局部反应减弱，克隆分株表现趋于一致，克隆分株间实现资源共享，从而高效利用异质性土壤资源。 　　绢毛对匍匐委陵菜克隆特征的局部特化实验将生长在北京东灵山油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）林林窗和林下的绢毛匍匐委陵菜，进行生境间的交互移植-重植野外生态实验以验证绢毛匍匐委陵菜林窗和林下种群间的行为差异是完全由表型可塑性引起，还是局部分化的结果。研究结果表明，实验植物的叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶柄长度和匍匐茎节间长度等克隆形态特征在两生境间无差异。两个来源的植株，其基株生物量、基株分株数和基株匍匐茎总长度等克隆生长特征在林下生境中都比在林窗生境中小，表现出显著的可塑性。所研究的克隆形态特征和克隆生长特征及其可塑性在不同生境来源的实验植物间没有差异。绢毛匍匐委陵菜克隆形态特征和克隆生长特征及其可塑性在林下和林窗生境间没有发生局部分化，林窗为其较适生境，克隆生长特征的可塑性对绢毛匍匐委陵菜利用生境异质性可能具有主要意义。 　　绢毛匍匐委陵菜对土壤养分的克隆可塑性共进行了两个实验。实验1 探讨绢毛匍匐委陵菜对8个土壤基质养分梯度(N, P, K)的克隆可塑性。其结果表明，在植株能够生长的土壤基质养分条件下，随着土壤养分浓度增加，基株生物量、匍匐茎数、分株数增加;生物量分配可塑性反应格局为：随着土壤基质养分浓度的增加，对根生物量投资降低，对叶片的生物量投资增加，而对匍匐茎的投资没有改变。匍匐茎节间长、比叶片重没有对土壤养分梯度发生可塑性反应。随着土壤基质养分的增加，植株根冠比和比根重下降，而根系总长和叶片面积增加。实验2 设置与实验1相同的8个土壤养分梯度，分三个时期收获以探讨绢毛匍匐委陵菜不同发育时期对土壤养分梯度的克隆可塑性，其结果表明：随着植株发育年龄的增加，绢毛匍匐委陵菜的克隆可塑性有增强的趋势。生物量分配格局对土壤养分梯度的可塑性反应早于基株总生物量的可塑性反应;叶片面积、根系总长度和比根重在植物生长后期对土壤养分梯度发生可塑性反应;比叶面积在植物生长早期对土壤养分梯度发生可塑性反应，而在后期则没有;匍匐茎比节间重在生长之初和生长后期均对养分梯度发生可塑性反应。 　　绢毛匍匐委陵菜对局部遮荫的克隆可塑性实验是将采自林窗和林内生境的绢毛匍匐委陵菜“分株对”（即由一匍匐茎节间相连着的两个分株，其一为“目标分株”另一为“相连分株”）在一户外实验中进行全不遮荫、全部遮荫和局部遮荫处理。其结果表明，绢毛匍匐委陵菜基株生物量、匍匐茎总长度、分株数、匍匐茎比节间重、叶柄长、比叶柄重在遮荫条件下较小。匍匐茎节间长度没有对遮荫处理发生反应。在局部遮荫处理，遮荫斑块的分株的叶柄长度由于连着未遮荫斑块中分株而变得更长。这种克隆整合对克隆形态可塑性的修饰作用只在林窗生境来源的实验植物中观察到。其它克隆生长和克隆形态特征的可塑性在不同生境来源的实验植物间没有差异。

Observation of the resonant Raman behavior of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes

The different resonant Raman scattering process of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been found between the Stokes and anti-Stokes sides of the radial breathing modes (RBMs), and this provides strong evidence that Raman spectra of some special diametric SWNTs are in resonance with their electronic transitions between the singularities in the one-dimensional electronic density of states in the valence and conduction bands, and other SWNTs axe beyond the resonant condition. Because of the coexistence of resonant and non-resonant Raman scattering processes for different diametric SWNTs, the relative intensity of each RBM does not reflect the proportion of a particular SWNT.

The development of long - Term ambulatory pH monitoring system and its clinical application

This paper introduced a long-term ambulatory intragastric pH monitoring system, which is designed for prolonged ambulatory studies of Gastroesophageal Reflux Diseases. The whole system is composed of the gastric catheter with two pH sensors, a small data logger (Microdatalog), and a notebook PC. In this paper, the design of monitoring system hardware and software are described in detail. Clinical applications reveal good results.

Preparation And Optical Properties Of Cdte/Cdo Center Dot Nh(2)O Core/Shell Nano-Composites In Aqueous Solution

The deposition of CdO center dot nH(2)O On CdTe nanoparticles was studied in an aqueous phase. The CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) were prepared in aqueous solution through the reaction between Cd2+ and NaHTe in the presence of thioglycolic acid as a stabilizer. The molar ratio of the Cd2+ to Te2- in the precursory solution played an important role in the photoluminescence of the ultimate CdTe NCs. The strongest photoluminescence was obtained under 4.0 of [Cd2+]/[Te2-] at pH similar to 8.2. With the optimum dosage of Cd(II) hydrous oxide deposited on the CdTe NCs, the photoluminescence was enhanced greatly. The photoluminescence of these nanocomposites was kept constant in the pH range of 8.0-10.0, but dramatically decreased with an obvious blue-shifted peak while the pH was below 8.0. In addition, the photochemical oxidation of CdTe NCs with cadmium hydrous oxide deposition was markedly inhibited.

Preparation and optical properties of CdTe/CdO center dot nH(2)O core/shell nano-composites in aqueous solution

The deposition of CdO center dot nH(2)O On CdTe nanoparticles was studied in an aqueous phase. The CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) were prepared in aqueous solution through the reaction between Cd2+ and NaHTe in the presence of thioglycolic acid as a stabilizer. The molar ratio of the Cd2+ to Te2- in the precursory solution played an important role in the photoluminescence of the ultimate CdTe NCs. The strongest photoluminescence was obtained under 4.0 of [Cd2+]/[Te2-] at pH similar to 8.2. With the optimum dosage of Cd(II) hydrous oxide deposited on the CdTe NCs, the photoluminescence was enhanced greatly. The photoluminescence of these nanocomposites was kept constant in the pH range of 8.0-10.0, but dramatically decreased with an obvious blue-shifted peak while the pH was below 8.0. In addition, the photochemical oxidation of CdTe NCs with cadmium hydrous oxide deposition was markedly inhibited.

A numerical investigation on the flow physics of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) burst-and-coast swimming

Abstract—Burst-and-coast is the most common locomotion type in freely routine swimming of koi carps (Cyprinus carpio koi), which consists of a burst phase and a coast phase in each cycle and mostly leads to a straight-line trajectory. Combining with the tracking experiment, the flow physics of koi carp’s burst-andcoast swimming is investigated using a novel integrated CFD method solving the body-fluid interaction problem. The dynamical equations of a deforming body are formulated. Following that, the loose-coupled equations of the body dynamics and the fluid dynamics are numerically solved with the integrated method. The two burst modes, MT (Multiple Tail-beat) and HT (Half Tail-beat), which have been reported by the experiments, are investigated by numerical simulations in this paper. The body kinematics is predicted and the flow physics is visualized, which are in good agreement with the corresponding experiments. Furthermore, the optimization on the energy cost and several critical control mechanisms in burst-and-coast swimming of koi carps are explored, by varying the parameters in its selfpropelled swimming. In this paper, energetics is measured by the two mechanical quantities, total output power CP and Froude efficiency Fr. Results and discussion show that from the standpoint of mechanical energy, burst-and-coast swimming does not actually save energy comparing with steady swimming at the same average speed, in that frequently changing of speed leads to decrease of efficiency.