108 resultados para phylogeny, bullfinches, Pyrrhula, molecular genetics, morphology, biogeography
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In spite of several classification attempts among taxa of the genus Lepus, phylogenetic relationships still remain poorly understood. Here, we present molecular genetic evidence that may resolve some of the current incongruities in the phylogeny of the leporids. The complete mitochondrial cytb, 12S genes, and parts of ND4 and control region fragments were sequenced to examine phylogenetic relationships among Chinese hare taxa and other leporids throughout the World using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction approaches. Using reconstructed phylogenies, we observed that the Chinese hare is not a single monophyletic group as originally thought. Instead, the data infers that the genus Lepus is monophyletic with three unique species groups: North American, Eurasian, and African. Ancestral area analysis indicated that ancestral Lepus arose in North America and then dispersed into Eurasia via the Bering Land Bridge eventually extending to Africa. Brooks Parsimony analysis showed that dispersal events followed by subsequent speciation have occurred in other geographic areas as well and resulted in the rapid radiation and speciation of Lepus. A Bayesian relaxed molecular clock approach based on the continuous autocorrelation of evolutionary rates along branches estimated the divergence time between the three major groups within Lepus. The genus appears to have arisen approximately 10.76 MYA (+/- 0.86 MYA), with most speciation events occurring during the Pliocene epoch (5.65 +/- 1.15 MYA similar to 1.12 +/- 10.47 MYA). (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Background and Aims The systematic position of the genus Metagentiana and its phylogenetic relationships with Crawfurdia, Gentiana and Tripterospermum have not been explicitly addressed. These four genera belong to one of two subtribes (Gentianinae) of Gentianeae. The aim of this paper is to examine the systematic position of Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum and to clarify their phylogenetic affinities more clearly using ITS and trnL intron sequences.Methods Nucleotide sequences from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the plastid DNA trnL (UAA) intron were analysed phylogenetically. Ten of fourteen Metagentiana species were sampled, together with 40 species of other genera in the subtribe Gentianinae.Key Results The data support several previously published conclusions relating to the separation of Metagentiana from Gentiana and its closer relationships to Crawfurdia and Tripterospermum based on studies of gross morphology, floral anatomy, chromosomes, palynology, embryology and previous molecular data. The molecular clock hypothesis for the tested sequences in subtribe Gentianinae was not supported by the data (P < 0.05), so the clock-independent non-parametric rate smoothing method was used to estimate divergence time. This indicates that the separation of Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum from Gentiana occurred about 11.4-21.4 Mya (million years ago), and the current species of these three genera diverged at times ranging from 0.4 to 6.2 Mya.Conclusions The molecular analyses revealed that Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum do not merit status as three separate genera, because sampled species of Crawfurdia and Tripterospermum are embedded within Metagentiana. The speciation and rapid radiation of these three genera is likely to have occurred in western China as a result of upthrust of the Himalayas during the late Miocene and the Pleistocene.
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Knowledge about the world phylogeny of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is essential not only for evaluating the pathogenic role of specific mtDNA mutations but also for performing reliable association studies between mtDNA haplogroups and complex disorder
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The family Cyprinidae is one of the largest families of fishes in the world and a well-known component of the East Asian freshwater fish fauna. However, the phylogenetic relationships among cyprinids are still poorly understood despite much effort paid on the cyprinid molecular phylogenetics. Original nucleotide sequence data of the nuclear recombination activating gene 2 were collected from 109 cyprinid species and four non-cyprinid cypriniform outgroup taxa and used to infer the cyprinid phylogenetic relationships and to estimate node divergence times. Phylogenetic reconstructions using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analysis retrieved the same clades, only branching order within these clades varied slightly between trees. Although the morphological diversity is remarkable, the endemic cyprinid taxa in East Asia emerged as a monophyletic clade referred to as Xenocypridini. The monophyly for the subfamilies including Cyprininae and Leuciscinae, as well as the tribes including Labeonini, Gobionini, Acheilognathini, and Leuciscini, was also well resolved with high nodal support. Analysis of the RAG2 gene supported the following cyprinid molecular phylogeny: the Danioninae is the most basal subfamily within the family Cyprinidae and the Cyprininae is the sister group of the Leuciscinae. The divergence times were estimated for the nodes corresponding to the principal clades within the Cyprinidae. The family Cyprinidae appears to have originated in the mid-Eocene in Asia, with the cladogenic event of the key basal group Danioninae occurring in the early Oligocene (about 31-30 MYA), and the origins of the two subfamilies, Cyprininae and Leuciscinae, occurring in the mid-Oligocene (around 26 MYA). (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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松科植物的核基因组十分庞大,基因常形成复杂的基因家族,核rDNA ITS 区在基因组内和基因组间存在广泛的长度和序列变异,但染色体数目和核型却高度保守,几乎均为二倍体(2n=24),与被子植物频繁的多倍化和高度均一的ITS区形成鲜明对比;叶绿体、线粒体和核基因组分别为父系、母系及双亲遗传,这种独特的遗传体系组合为系统发育重建研究提供了便利条件。因此,松科植物不仅是阐明基因树/物种树这一理论问题的理想试材,而且是基因和基因组进化及核rDNA致同进化机制研究的好材料。此外,松科植物的进化历史悠久,很多类群经历了多次重大的地质历史事件,并呈各种间断分布格局,其生物地理学问题受到广泛关注。本文对落叶松属所有物种(L. lyallii除外)和大部分变种的叶绿体基因组trnT-trnF区、低拷贝核4CL基因家族 (4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶基因)及多拷贝核rDNA ITS区进行了序列分析,重建了该属的系统发育并揭示了其地理分布格局的形成过程,同时基于克隆和基因谱系分析,探讨了核4CL和rDNA ITS这两个基因家族的进化式样及规律。 1. 叶绿体trnT-trnF区和核rDNA ITS区的研究结果表明:落叶松属的种间遗传分化程度很低,北美的种类构成一个单系分支,并为欧亚种类的姐妹群。短苞鳞的欧亚落叶松组和长苞鳞的欧亚红杉组之间的分化较早,接近欧亚和北美种类间的分化时间。换句话说,苞鳞长短的分化在落叶松属中至少发生过两次,其中一次在落叶松属分化的初期,另一次在北美的种类中。结合化石、地史及气候资料,我们推测:落叶松属的共同祖先通过白令陆桥扩散,并形成欧亚和北美两支,然后在不同的板块上独立进化。落叶松组的泛北极分布是冰期后的回迁形成的,而红杉组的物种在第三纪全球气温降低时向南迁移,进而形成东亚-北美间断分布,特别是欧亚红杉组的祖先曾伴随青藏高原的隆升而发生辐射分化。 2. 在落叶松属4CL基因家族的研究中共获得44个差异的克隆,除华北落叶松外,其它种类均含2-4个成员。系统发育分析表明: 4CL基因频繁发生重复/丢失,并导致谱系拣选。该基因在落叶松属的共同祖先中发生一次重复,形成4clA和4clB,4clA再次发生基因重复形成4clA1和4clA2。重复产生的这两对并系基因拷贝在进化速率上呈显著差异,其中一个拷贝的进化速率明显加快,可能与进化制约的减弱或功能分化有关。结合其它核基因的研究结果,我们推测频繁的基因重复/丢失可能是形成和维持松科植物庞大核基因组的重要机制之一。 3. 对落叶松属101个nrDNA ITS克隆进行了序列及分子进化分析,发现极少数克隆存在较大的长度及(或)序列变异,并可能为假基因或重组体,其它克隆间的序列分化水平较低。因而,落叶松属核rDNA的致同进化速率比松科中两个古老的属(松属和云杉属)快。该致同进化速率的加快可能与落叶松属年轻的进化历史及染色体上较少的rDNA位点数目有关。由于一些特异克隆含嵌合序列及极高的序列变异,推测它们可能来源于物种进化过程中染色体重排形成的小位点(minor loci)或为孤独基因(orphons)。此外,我们发现nrDNA ITS克隆的分布式样与落叶松属的分化及地理分布格局的形成有密切关系:在欧亚红杉组中,克隆常按分类群(物种或变种)形成单系分支,表明这些类群的分化曾伴随着强烈的nrDNA ITS奠基者效应;相反,在欧亚落叶松组中,所有物种的克隆均混杂在一起,说明这些物种的分化时间较晚或在冰期后回迁的过程中曾发生频繁的种间基因交流。
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稻属Oryza隶属禾本科Poaceae,包括20多个野生种和2个栽培种(亚洲栽培稻O. sativa L和非洲栽培稻O. glaberrima Steud) ,广泛分布于全球热带和亚热带。稻属物种可划分为10个基因组(又称染色体组)类型:A, B, C, BC, CD, E, F, G, HJ 和 HK。栽培稻所属的A基因组是稻属中物种数目最多、地理分布最广的基因组类型,由8个种组成。由于栽培稻属于A基因组,故A基因组物种是栽培稻遗传改良的巨大基因源。数十年来,国际上许多学者对A基因组类群开展了大量涉及形态、细胞、同工酶和分子标记方面的研究,但由于A基因组物种间遗传关系十分接近,形态上差异小且地理分布重叠,使得A基因组物种的系统发育、物种起源和生物地理学等方面存在诸多悬而未决的问题,是稻属中分类和鉴定困难较多的类群。本文利用核基因内含子序列,结合转座子插入分析,重建了A基因组的系统发育,估测了各类群的分化时间;与此同时,基于多克隆测序和基因谱系分析,探讨了O. rufipogon和O. nivara遗传关系以及亚洲栽培稻起源。主要研究结果如下: 1. A基因组的系统发育 在水稻全基因组数据库搜索的基础上,测定了4个单拷贝核基因(Adh1 及3个未注释基因)的内含子序列,构建了稻属A基因组8个种的系统发育关系。基于最大简约法和贝叶斯法的系统发育分析表明:1)澳大利亚的O. meridionalis为A基因组的基部类群;2)亚洲栽培稻两个亚种O. sativa ssp. japonica 和 O. sativa ssp. indica分别和不同的野生类群聚为独立的两个分支,支持japonica 和 indica为多次起源;3)O. rufipogon和O. nivara在系统发育树上完全混在一起,显示出二者间不存在遗传分化;4)非洲一年生野生种O. barthii是非洲栽培稻O. glaberrima的祖先,而非洲多年生野生种O. longistaminata与O. glaberrima/O. barthii.亲缘关系较远;5)分子钟方法估测A基因组类群约在2百万年前(2.0MYA)开始分化,亚洲栽培稻和非洲栽培稻,以及亚洲栽培稻的两个亚种则分别在0.7和 0.4 MYA左右开始分化。此外,通过核基因内含子序列与其它常用片段如ITS,matK等对比分析表明,进化速率相对较快的核基因内含子序列可以有效地用于近缘类群的系统发育研究。 2. Oryza rufipogon 和O. nivara群体遗传研究及亚洲栽培稻起源 对于亚洲野生类群O. rufipogon和O. nivara是合并为一个种还是处理为两个独立的种一直存在争议。在系统发育研究基础上,我们选取4个核基因内含子或5’-UTR区(Waxy, LHS,CatA和1个未注释基因),对采自整个分布区的群体样品进行了多克隆测序,结果表明:1)检测到O. rufipogon和O. nivara均有较高的核苷酸多态性,4个位点上π值和θw值平均分别为0.011和0.014;2)且二者在遗传上没有明显分化,两个类群在4个核基因位点上均检测到大量共享多态(shared polymorphism),未发现固有差异(fixed difference),表明它们历史上可能属于一个大群体,支持将二者作为种内不同生态型或亚种处理;3)基因谱系树表明亚洲栽培稻的两个亚种indica和japonica分别和不同的O. rufipogon (包括O. nivara)群体聚在一起,进一步从基因谱系角度支持亚洲栽培稻多次起源假说。 3.转座子在群体遗传与系统发育研究中的应用 鉴于目前植物谱系地理学研究中缺乏具有足够信息量的分子标记用于检测种内遗传变异,我们选取3个核基因中的转座子,通过对取自O. rufipogon和O. nivara整个分布区的37份样品的克隆测序,探讨了进化速率快、信息含量丰富的转座子序列在群体遗传上的应用。结果表明:1)无论在物种水平还是群体水平,转座子能检测到比包括内含子在内的其它DNA区域高得多的遗传变异;2)在物种水平上,异交多年生的O. rufipogon和自交一年生的O. nivara多样性均较高,且2个种间相差很小,二者在3个位点上平均核苷酸多样性π值均为0.013,差别主要表现在O. rufipogon杂合位点比例(46.1%)明显高于O. nivara(9.1%),说明交配系统不同并不一定和物种多样性水平相关;3)是否发生转座子序列插入是有价值的系统发育信息,发生在不同染色体上3个基因中的转座子插入进一步证实A基因组基部类群是O. meridionalis;通过叶绿体中3个转座子的插入现象推断了稻族一些四倍体物种,如稻属BC基因组的一些类群的母本来源。
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云杉属植物是非常重要的森林树种,广泛分布于北半球的寒温带、温带高山和亚高山地带。该属为松科中仅次于松属和冷杉属的第三大属,约有 28-56 种。自云杉属建立以来,其属于松科没有任何疑议。然而,由于云杉属物种间频繁杂交、形态趋同和取样困难,尽管已经有基于形态学、细胞学、化学成份、叶绿体 DNA RFLP 等方面的研究,该属的属下分类仍然存在诸多争议。本文利用父系遗传的叶绿体基因和母系遗传的线粒体基因序列重建了云杉属的系统发育关系,探讨了云杉属生物地理格局的形成过程。在此基础上,我们研究了低拷贝核 CAD 基因在云杉属的进化式样。另外,我们还对裸子植物线粒体基因 rps3 的内含子分布和进化进行了初步研究。 1. 云杉属的系统发育和生物地理学研究 我们选择了 Farjon (1990) 确定的 34 个种中的 33 种 (另一个种在 Flora of China 未得到承认),共 103 个个体,对这些个体的叶绿体 DNA 片段 trnC-trnD 和 trnT-trnF 以及线粒体基因 nad5 的第一个内含子进行了序列测定。在两个叶绿体基因片段联合分析构建的系统发育树上,北美西部的 P. breweriana 和 P. sitchensis 位于最基部。其余的物种分为三支:第一支由北美的两个物种组成;第二支包括分布于喜马拉雅-横断山区及其周围地区的八个种、台湾的 P. morrisonicola、西亚的 P. orientalis、日本的两个种及北美的 P. chihuahuana;第三支中,北美的 P. pungens 位于基部,亚洲东北部的种 (除 P. maximowiczii 和 P. torano 外)、P. retroflexa 和欧洲的 P. abies 构成一个单系群,并与北美的 P. mariana 和 P. rubens 及来自巴尔干半岛的 P. omorika 形成姐妹支。所有样品的 nad5 第一个内含子序列可分为 A、B、C、D 和 E 5 种单倍型,北美的物种拥有前 4 种,而且 A、B 和 C 单倍型为北美所特有;欧亚的物种仅含 D 和 E 两种单倍型。 上述结果结合 MacClade 和 DIVA 分析及化石证据,我们推断云杉属起源于北美,至少两次经白令陆桥扩散至亚洲,然后从亚洲扩散至欧洲。亚洲东北部的绝大多数物种和欧洲云杉 P. abies 的种间遗传变异非常低,而且线粒体单倍型均为 D,可能来源于一次近期的辐射分化。云杉属的现代分布中心之一喜马拉雅-横断山区的物种可能不是一次起源,日本的物种同样如此,这可能与第三纪气候变冷和第四纪冰川导致的物种迁移有关。此外,我们发现目前用于云杉属分类的一些形态性状(如叶扁平、菱形等)在系统发育树上位于不同的位置,说明这些性状可能不是一次起源或是祖征在不同支系中的保留,用于云杉属的系统划分须慎重。 2. 云杉属 CAD 基因的进化研究 裸子植物的多倍体特别少,且以基因组庞大而著称。被子植物中的很多单拷贝基因在裸子植物中以低拷贝或多拷贝基因家族的方式存在。CAD 基因在木质素单体合成的最后一步起作用,在松属中只发现了一种 CAD 基因拷贝,在欧洲云杉中却发现了三种拷贝,而且 Southern 杂交和子代分离鉴定结果表明这三种拷贝至少位于两个位点上。然而,对云杉属三个物种 (包括欧洲云杉) 构建的遗传图谱却都只发现了一个 CAD 基因位点。由于云杉属 CAD 基因的数目和分布存在很大争议,我们根据构建的叶绿体基因树,选择了不同支上的 20 个物种、29 个样品研究该基因的进化式样。结果表明:云杉属不同物种中 CAD 基因的拷贝数为 1-4 种,多数为 2-3 种。系统发育分析发现有些物种的所有 CAD 基因拷贝聚成一支,另有一些物种的 CAD 基因拷贝位于不同位置。此外,我们对 GenBank 中云杉属三个物种 CAD 基因的 EST 序列分析后发现:EST 序列的差异主要发生在 3’-UTR 区,表现为序列长短的不同,这有可能是进行体外反转录时引物结合于不同的位置所致。因此,结合前人研究(包括遗传图谱分析),我们推测 CAD 基因在云杉属内发生了多次重复,重复拷贝很可能呈串联排列。 3. 裸子植物线粒体基因 rps3 的进化研究 线粒体基因内含子的获得/丢失已经被广泛应用于系统发育研究。rps3 为分布最广的线粒体核糖体蛋白基因,一般含一个内含子,前人研究显示其在裸子植物中多了一个第二类内含子 rps3i2,并将这个内含子作为区分裸子植物和其它植物类群的标志之一。然而,该研究只选择了苏铁和银杏作为裸子植物的代表,取样代表性不足。在本研究中,我们对裸子植物每个科至少选择一个物种作为代表,通过 DNA 序列和部分物种的 RT-PCR 分析,探讨 rps3 基因在裸子植物中的进化。结果表明 rps3 基因内含子的分布与裸子植物系统发育关系相吻合:Conifer II、松科的落叶松属和黄杉属及百岁兰科不仅不含 rps3i2,而且丢失了第一个内含子;金钱松属缺失第二个内含子。我们推断在 Conifer II 的祖先和百岁兰科中分别一次性丢失了两个内含子;在松科中则发生了两次单独的丢失事件,一次是在落叶松属和黄杉属的祖先中丢失了两个内含子,一次是在金钱松属中丢失了第二个内含子。另外,在 Ephedra 中没有扩增出 rps3 基因,Gnetum 中具有第二个内含子,倪藤科的 rps3i2 似乎支持松科与倪藤纲的关系更近。对 rps3i2 的进一步分析发现,其序列结构与松科的系统发育关系非常吻合。根据上述结果和 mRNA 编辑位点分析,我们认为 Conifer II等类群中的两个rps3内含子丢失可能是反转录酶介导的 cDNA 反转录造成的。Psuedolarix 的内含子丢失也可能为相同机制,但因缺乏材料而未能进一步研究。
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槽舌兰属为(Holcoglossum schltr.)兰科树兰亚科万代兰族指甲兰亚族植物,大部分种类为中国特有种,部分种类分布到越南、泰国、缅甸等国家和地区。本研究利用ITS、trnL-F和matK序列重建了槽舌兰属的系统树,在此基础上对其和植物地理进行了初步探讨并对该属植物的叶表皮特征演化进行了探讨。具体结果如下: 1.槽舌兰的分子系统学研究及分子植物地理学 对槽舌兰属的13个种的12个种进行了取样(H. quasipinifolium未包括),而横断山地区所有已知的槽舌兰属植物的居群进行了取样,共有25个取样代表了槽舌兰属。运用ITS、trnL-F和matK序列重建了槽舌兰属的系统树。槽舌兰属得到了很强的单系支持,并且分为了从南到北的三个分支,其中高山类群得到了很强的支持,尽管该类群内部系统关系没有得到解决。本研究推测槽舌兰属是从南部的热带地区向北部扩散,并在横断山地区辐射分化。槽舌兰高山类群的辐射分化和该地区的迅速隆起密切相关。 2.槽舌兰属的叶表皮演化 在光学显微镜下和电子显微镜下,观察了21个代表槽舌兰属8个种以及5个来自Vanda concolor和 Aerides ordorata的叶表皮样品的常规特征,包括表皮细胞的形状,密度,垂周壁式样,气孔类型,气孔指数,气孔长/宽(L/W), 气孔大小等等。槽舌兰属的气孔除H. omeiense外,其它上、下表皮均有气孔分布,是比较进化的类型。表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直或弓形。槽舌兰属的上表皮细胞都大于下表皮的细胞。与万代兰族的其它类群相似。结果表明,气孔类型和气孔指数与属的系统发育关系一致,可以作为一个很好的特征。 3.槽舌兰属高山组的物种形成初探 槽舌兰属高山组植物在形态上、传粉系统以及生境都有了很大的分化,但该类群在分子序列上却几乎没有区别,本文推测该类群是近期的辐射分化形成的。
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Acipenseriformes is an endangered primitive fish group, which occupies a special place in the history of ideas concerning fish evolution, even in vertebrate evolution. However, the classification and evolution of the fishes have been debated. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ND4L and partial ND4 genes were first sequenced in twelve species of the order Acipenseriformes, including endemic Chinese species. The following points were drawn from DNA sequences analysis: (i) the two species of Huso can be ascribed to Acipenser; (ii) A. dabryanus is the mostly closely related to A. sinensis, and most likely the landlocked form of A. sinensis; (iii) genus Acipenser in trans-Pacific region might have a common origin; (iv) mtDNA ND4L and ND4 genes are the ideal genetic markers for phylogenetic analysis of the order Acipenseriformes.
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小鲵属为亚洲特有的有尾两栖类,是小鲵科之模式属。现记载小鲵属动物有29种,占全科物种数一半以上(Frost, 2007),为小鲵科第一大属。该属分布跨越古北界和东洋界,分布于中国、朝鲜、韩国、日本等地区,其系统学研究一直以来颇为中外学者所关注。澄清该属的物种分类问题,阐明其种间的系统发育关系对整个小鲵科的系统演化与分布格局关系的研究具有关键性意义。 本论文以中国及周边地区的小鲵属物种为主要对象,主要利用分子生物学实验与生物信息学途径相结合的手段,运用支序系统学与分子进化生物学理论及分析方法,展开系统发育的研究。在此基础上诠释现存的分类问题,并探讨该属系统发育关系。 研究材料上,本研究采用野外采集与网络下载数据相结合的方法,获取了较为全面的小鲵属物种DNA序列资料。技术手段上,选取了线粒体DNA的Cytb、12S、16S、NADH 2、COI等多个基因部分片段序列,对小鲵属开展了较为全面系统的研究。分析方法上,针对小鲵属物种各类群的具体情况,运用了处于领域前沿的多种分析方法。应用PAUP、MrBayes、Modeltest、Mega等软件,采用了最大简约法(MP)、邻接法(NJ)、贝叶斯推断(BI)及K2P遗传距离分析等方法。 本研究对小鲵属进行了较为全面的系统发育研究,弥补了有关小鲵属系统发育研究的不足,并得出了以下结果: (1)关于豫南小鲵Hynobius yunanicus的有效性,基于细胞色素b序列的系统发育关系联合形态和染色体组型等证据证明了豫南小鲵是商城肥鲵的同物异名。 (2)获得了较为全面的小鲵属物种系统发育树,并以此解释了北海道滞育小鲵、东北小鲵、中国小鲵与义乌小鲵等存在的分类问题。 (3)本研究利用DNA条形码技术对小鲵属及小鲵科物种进行了鉴定,再次证明豫南小鲵为商城肥鲵的同物异名;并认为猫儿山小鲵与挂榜山小鲵为同物异名。 综上,本研究较为完整地勾勒了小鲵属的系统发育关系全貌,并对小鲵属物种的起源进行了推测。 Hynobius, the type genus of the Family Hynobiidae, is the only exclusively Asian salamander genus. This genus which contains 29 species (beyond half of total Family), is the key group in Hynobiidae. The genus distributed across Palaearctic and Oriental Realm, and was found in China, Korea, and Japan. Systematics of genus Hynobius draws attention of researchers all the times. Resolving the taxonomic and phynogenetic questions of Hynobius is very important to the evolutionary research of Family Hynobiidae. Firstly, studies on systematics of genus Hynobius based on morphology, karyotype and molecular phylogeny of Hynobius are reviewed along with existing questions of this genus. The sequential reaserch project of phylogenetics is perspectively outlined. Using molecular data, we compared Hynobius yunanicus with a sympatric species Pachyhynobius shangchengensis. Our cytb sequences associating with karyotypic and morphological data supportted that H. yunanicus is not a valid species, but a synonym of P. shangchengensis. Because of phenotypic plasticity, some morphological characters are not even suitable for identifying hynobiids. The taxonomy of hynobiids is still controversial to a certain extent (Zhao et al. 1993; Fei, 1999; Chen et al. 2001; Zeng et al. 2006) and needs to be resolved by a new method. Here we examined the utility of COI barcoding for the discrimination of hynobiids. Meantime, the taxonomy of this Family was looked-over again. Our result show that the DNA Barcoding based on COI is easier and more rapidly than classic methods. And the DNA Barcodes data supported the actual taxonomy of Hynobiidae. Based on the achievements of our research, the phylogeny of Hynobius was reconstructed including some new species (H. maoershanensis, H. guabangshanensis, etc). Besides the phylogenetics of Hynobius was outlined, some questions and the hypothesis about the origin of genus Hynobius was put out.
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利用叶绿体rbcL和atpB基因对鳞毛蕨科、叉蕨科和藤蕨科进行了系统发育重建。对鳞毛蕨科的范畴和科下划分进行了重点研究,同时基于叶绿体rps4-trnS和trnL-F序列对该科三个东亚特有属(玉龙蕨属、柳叶蕨属和鞭叶蕨属)的分类等级进行了研究,基于rbcL、atpB和accD基因重新讨论了拟贯众属的系统位置。主要内容包括: 1.鳞毛蕨科的界定及三个东亚特有属的系统位置 利用rbcL和atpB基因,探讨了鳞毛蕨类及其近缘类群的系统发育关系。取样包括了鳞毛蕨类所有主要的分类群,尤其是增加了中国和东亚地区的类群代表。两个基因片段的联合分析较好地解决了鳞毛蕨类及其近缘类群的系统发育关系。研究结果显示广义鳞毛蕨科是个多系类群,传统上置于鳞毛蕨科中的蹄盖蕨类athyrioid、球子蕨类onocleoid和叉蕨类植物tectarioid均应该从鳞毛蕨科分出而独立成科。我们的研究结果支持Smith et al.(2006)对鳞毛蕨科的重新界定,但被作者暂时置于鳞毛蕨科的三个属:大膜盖蕨属Leucostegia、肿足蕨属Hypodematium和Didymochlaena应该从鳞毛蕨科分立出去;红腺蕨属Diacalpe、毛枝蕨属Leptorumohra和黔蕨属Phanerophlebiopsis应该作为鳞毛蕨科的成员,同时被Smith et al.(2006)保留在叉蕨科的黄腺羽蕨属Pleocnemia也应该作为鳞毛蕨科成员。鳞毛蕨科下分为四个主要的分支:鳞毛蕨支dryopteroids、耳蕨支polystichoids、肋毛蕨支ctenitoids和舌蕨支elaphoglossoids。鳞毛蕨支和耳蕨支互为姐妹群,舌蕨支是其他三个分支的姐妹群。 玉龙蕨属Sorolepidium、柳叶蕨属Cyrtogonellum和鞭叶蕨属Cyrtomidictyum是鳞毛蕨科中的三个东亚特有属,这三个特有属的分类等级和系统位置在不同的分类系统中存在争议。本文对rbcL基因进行分析并结合孢子扫描电镜观察,不支持玉龙蕨属成为一个独立的属,而应该作为耳蕨属的异名。利用rbcL、atpB、trnL-F和rps4-trnS四个DNA片段对柳叶蕨属和鞭叶蕨属进行的系统学分析,支持鞭叶蕨属作为一个独立的属,并且位于整个耳蕨类植物的基部位置。柳叶蕨属同耳蕨属近缘,尤其是同耳蕨属的细裂耳蕨组Sphaenopolystichum、半开羽耳蕨组Haplopolystichum和戟叶耳蕨组Crucifilix关系较近。但是柳叶蕨属的分类等级以及与耳蕨属的属间界限尚需要进一步研究。 2.叉蕨科的分子系统学研究 对rbcL和atpB两个基因片段的单独和联合分析均表明,秦仁昌定义的叉蕨科Tectariaceae不是一个自然的单系类群。在系统发育树上,肋毛蕨属Ctenitis、轴鳞蕨属Dryopsis、节毛蕨属Lastreopsis和黄腺羽蕨属Pleocnemia与鳞毛蕨科聚在一起构成一个强支持的分支。当把上述四个属排除以后,叉蕨属Tectaria、轴鳞蕨属Ctenitopsis、地耳蕨属Quercifilix、牙蕨属Pteridrys和沙皮蕨属Hemigramma形成一个单系类群,并得到很好的支持,该单系类群同条蕨科、骨碎补科和水龙骨科形成姐妹群关系。该单系类群同目前Smith et al.(2006)对叉蕨科的定义一致。在rbcL基因单独分析中,爬树蕨属Arthropteris同叉蕨属-沙皮蕨属聚在一起,但支持率较低。 3.藤蕨科的分子系统学研究及拟贯众属的系统位置 根据对薄囊蕨类114个分类群的rbcL基因和30个代表类群的rbcL、atpB和accD基因的系统发育分析,发现传统的藤蕨科Lomariopsidaceae不是单系类群,除了藤蕨属和Thysanosoria仍然为藤蕨科成员外,藤蕨科的主要成员(实蕨属Bolbitis、网藤蕨属Lomagramma、舌蕨属Elaphoglossum和Teratophyllum)同鳞毛蕨科植物聚在一起,因此应该被归并到鳞毛蕨科。根据Smith et al.(2006)对藤蕨科的最新定义,藤蕨科包括藤蕨属Lomariopsis、肾蕨属Nephrolepis等在内的4个属。但是本文的研究不支持把肾蕨属作为藤蕨科成员,而应该作为一个独立的分类单元,即成立肾蕨科更为合适。根据我们的分析,拟贯众属Cyclopeltis既不是鳞毛蕨科也不是叉蕨科成员,而与藤蕨属Lomariopsis聚成一个强支持的姐妹群。叶片奇数一回羽状、侧生羽片以关节着生于叶轴,叶脉游离等形态特征支持两者的近缘关系。
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The toughness of polypropylene (PP)/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM) blends containing various EPDM contents as a function of the tensile speed was studied. The toughness of the blends was determined from the tensile fracture energy of the side-edge notched samples. A sharp brittle-tough transition was observed in the fracture energy versus interparticle distance (ID) curves when the crosshead speed < 102.4 mm/min. It was observed that the brittle-ductile transition of PP/EPDM blend occurred either by reducing ID or by decreasing the tensile speed. The correlation between the critical interparticle distance and tensile deformation rate was compared with that between the critical interparticle distance and temperature for PP/EPDM blends. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The compatibilization effect of poly(styrene-b-2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) diblock copolymer, P(S-b-EOx), on immiscible blends of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) and poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (EAA) is examined in terms of phase structure and thermal, rheological and mechanical properties, and its compatibilizing mechanism is investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The block copolymer, synthesized by a mechanism transformation copolymerization, is used in solution blending of PPO/EAA. Scanning electron micrographs show that the blends exhibit a more regular and finer dispersion on addition of a small amount of P(S-b-EOx). Thermal analysis indicates that the grass transition of PPO and the lower endothermic peal; of EAA components become closer on adding P(S-b-EOx), and the added diblock copolymer is mainly located at the interface between the PPO and EAA phases. The interfacial tension estimated by theological measurement is significantly reduced on addition of a small amount of P(S-b-EOx). The tensile strength and elongation at break increase with the addition of the diblock copolymer for PPO-rich blends, whereas the tensile strength increases but the elongation at break decreases for EAA-rich blends. This effect is interpreted in terms of interfacial activity and the reinforcing effect of the diblock copolymer, and it is concluded that the diblock copolymer plays a role as an effective compatibilizer for PPO/EAA blends. The specific interaction between EAA and polar parts of P(S-b-EOx) is mainly hydrogen bonding. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Schizophrenia is a heritable disorder. However, molecular genetics and related research area have not unmasked the nature and mechanisms of this disorder. Therefore, many researchers begin to explore the pathology mechanism from other approaches. High-risk study is one of the promising approaches. In this study, we mainly focused on facial emotion perception in schizophrenia and their non-psychotic first-degree relatives, and attempted to explore whether facial emotion perception is the potential biological marker of schizophrenia. This dissertation comprises 4 studies. In the first study, we conducted a meta-analysis on behavioral data of facial emotion perception in schizophrenia. Our findings showed that patients demonstrated general deficits in both facial emotion perception and facial processing tasks. In the second study, sixty-nine patients with schizophrenia and 56 of their first-degree relatives (33 parents and 23 siblings), and 92 healthy controls (67 younger and 25 older healthy controls) completed a set of facial emotion perception tasks. The results validated that patients with schizophrenia displayed general deficits in facial emotion perception. Study two also demonstrated that siblings of patients performed equally well compared to the corresponding younger healthy controls in all the facial emotion perception tasks, while the parents of patients behaved significantly worse than the corresponding older healthy controls in the composite index of facial emotion perception tasks. The results suggest that relatives of patients display more severely declining in facial emotion perception with the increasing of age. In the third study, we used an automated voxel-wise technique, activation likelihood estimation (ALE) to provide an objective, quantitative evaluation of facial emotion processing in schizophrenia. Our findings demonstrated a marked under-recruitment of the amygdala, accompanied by a substantial limitation in activation in schizophrenia throughout a ventral temporal-basal ganglia-prefrontal cortex ‘social-brain’ system may be central to the difficulties patients experience when processing facial emotion. In the last study, we did an fMRI study about facial emotion perception in 12 patients with schizophrenia, 12 non-psychotic siblings of patients and 12 healthy controls. The results suggest that siblings of patients demonstrate abnormal activation in a variety of brain areas, including prefrontal gyrus, insula, parahippocampal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus. Taken together, the current findings suggest facial emotion perception may be a potential biological marker of schizophrenia.