41 resultados para cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1
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Oxochromium (V) tetraphenylporphyrin complexes, O = Cr (V) TPP (Cl) PhI. O = Cr-(V) TPP (N3) PhI and O = Cr (V)TPP (p-CH3OC6H4O)1/2PhI were isolated from the reaction of Cr (III) TPP (Cl). Cr (III) TPP (N3) Py or Cr (III) TPP (p-CH3OC6H4O) THF with iodosy
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细胞色素P-450单加氧酶的模拟──轴向配体在锰卟啉/亚碘酰苯催化环己烷加氧反应中的作用江淑萍,叶兴凯,吴越(中国科学院长春应用化学研究所,长春130022)关键词环己烷,锰卟啉,轴向配体,氧化,单加氧酶目前,细胞色素P-450单加氧酶的模拟有两个途...
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以MnTPPC1为催化剂研究了不同氧原子供体PhIO、NaOCl和H2O2在环己烷加氧反应中的作用。根据动力学考察和UV-V1S、IR、ESR分析认为,PhIO和NaOC1可能分别与MnTPPC1形成具有转移氧原子能力的单核或双核的高氧化态氧代锰卟啉配合物,而H2O2与MnTPPC1作用则形成非活性物种。讨论了MnTPPC1-单氧原子供体催化环己烷加氧反应机理。
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铬(Ⅲ)四苯基卟啉-亚碘酰苯体系在温和条件下能催化氧化碳氢化合物,是细胞色素P-450很好的模拟体系。分离和表征细胞色素P-450模拟体系的活性中间体,不仅能解释细胞色素P-450模拟体系催化氧化碳氢化合物的反应机理,而且也有助于深入了解细胞色素P-450催化氧化碳氢化合物的反应机理及其活性中间体的结构。我们首先分离和表征的细胞色素P-450模拟体系的一种活性中间体-氧配位铬(V)四苯基卟啉配合物,具有氧化碳氢化合物的活性。这篇论文报道细胞色素P-450模拟体系的另一种活性中间体-亚碘酰苯铬(Ⅳ)四苯基卟啉配合物的分离,表征和对环已烯的氧化性质。
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氧合过渡金属卟啉配合物是细胞色素P-450模拟体系的可能活性中间体。已分离和表征的钛(Ⅳ)、钒(Ⅳ)、钼(Ⅳ,Ⅴ)和铬(Ⅳ)等氧合过渡金属卟啉配合物,因其不是有效的氧化剂,所以不是细胞色素P-450模拟体系的可能活性中间体。氧合锰(Ⅳ)卟啉虽能氧化碳氢化合物,但至今还未能分离出。我们曾分离出并表征的氧合铬(Ⅳ)卟啉以及
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合成Mn~(++)、Fe~(++)、Co~(++)、Cu~(++)、Zn~(++)过渡金属酞菁和Sn~(++)酞菁,并对它们作了红外、紫外和元素分析。用上述金属酞菁、抗坏血酸和分子氧构成了一种新的单加氧酶和化学模拟体系,发现都可以在常温、常压下使苯羟化成酚。其中以铁酞菁活性最高,反应八小时苯的克分子转化率可达0.7%左右,其余(包括铈酞菁)大约比铁体系活性低20倍,约为0.02%~0.04%。与典型的模拟单加氧酶Udenfriend试剂比较,在没有丙酮等有机介质的情况下具有更高的活性。考察了抗坏血酸浓度、P~H值。底物苯的加入量以及温度等对羟化反应起始吸氧速度、苯的转化率的影响。发现,羟化反应速度与加入反应的抗坏血酸浓度成反比;中性、微酸性介质(P~H=4.7)对羟化反应有利,温度以35℃为宜;在抗坏血酸浓度较低时,苯的转化率几乎与其成正比关系,在浓度大于1M/g时,苯转化率的提高就比较小了。考察了含氮的各种胺类及含氧的丙酮等配位对化学模拟体系中Fe~(++)活性的影响。发现Fe~(++)周围的N原子数与铁离子的比例按1:1、1:2、1:3、1:4增加时铁模拟体系的活性几乎成正比提高,但是这又不如铁酞菁体系的活性,说明含N大环配位体-酞菁对铁离子的活化更为优越。并利用量子化学的概念对此作了解释。发现以往作为分散剂而加入到体系中的丙酮也是一种可以活化Fe~(++)的配位体。根据实验事实以及反应液的电子光谱分析,对羟化反应机理作了探讨,提出Fe~(++)、抗坏血酸(AsH_2)与适当配位体在微酸性介质中(P~H=4.7)形成中间三元络合物是羟化反应的第一步,指出G.A.Hamilton等人提出的“Oxenoid”机理忽略了适当配位体的重要作用;指明了Udenfriend试剂中的CDTA以及本实验所用的各种胺和丙酮的作用实质。提出Fe~(++)、适当配位体在低浓度和高浓度的抗坏血酸溶液中形成五配位和六配位的中间三元络合物,二者处于化学平衡状态。因为只有五配位的中间三元络合物才有活性,园满地解释了在抗坏血酸浓度低时羟化反应速度反而高于高浓度的这一反常的实验现象。根据五配位中间三元络合物的模型,进一步指出在模拟体纱中抗坏血酸不仅仅起到了授氢体的作用,它与单加氧酸酶P-450辅基的轴向第五配位体-含硫的胱氨酸残基类似,在分子氧的还原断裂中起着非常重要的作用。根据实验中的一些现象,对中间双氧络合物的存在也提出了看法。
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按文献方法合成了一些过渡金属的酞菁络合物(MPc,其中:M = Fe、Co、Ni、Cu),并对已合成的金属酞菁进行了提纯、鉴定(IR、UV。元素分析)。为了研究第五配位体对酞菁铁催化性能的影响,我们从以下几个方面探讨了第五配位体的作用:(1)测定了不同轴向配体L存在时FePc(L)_2型络合物的电子光谱,考察了随轴向配体L变化电子光谱的改变,为尚无定论的外加谱带(Extra banol)II的归属提供了一定的证据。根据位子谱带β和Q_(0-0)之间的吸收II的位置和强度随L的变化趋势,将吸收峰II归为Q_(1g)(dZ~2)→ b_(1u) (π~*)跃迁。轴向配体对FePc的相互作用可分为σ-作用和π-作用,轴向配位体的自由碱碱度P_(Ka)可作为σ-作用大小的量度。我们发现:PK_a与Q_(0-0)吸收峰的能量存在着线性关系。根据FePc(L)_2络合物的结构特点和配位场理论,阐明了Q_(0-0)的红移程度只与轴向配体的σ-作用有关,而II的能量要受到轴向配体的σ-作用和π-作用影响的规律。根据上述结论,探讨了配位原子分别为O、N、S等元素的轴向配体对FePc的相互作用规律。对于配位原子为O和N的轴向配位体,配体对中心离子的作用以σ-作用为主,其强度为:DMSO < DMF < THF Py < Im < Pi_P < ButNH_2 < NH_3 < CN~-配位原子为S的轴向配体容易与中心离子形成具有电子授受作用的反馈π键(M<->~п_σL),因此具有较强的π作用。(2)为了进一步讨论轴向配体的作用对FePc氧分活化性能的影响,借助于电子光谱的变化对FePc/DMSO、FePc/DMF、FePc/THF体系的与O_2作用动力学进行了跟踪,提出了相应的反应动力学和机理,理论动力学机理通过计算得到的动力学曲线与实验结果一致,从而验证了所提出的反应机理。实验结果表明:不同的第五配位体可改变FePc与O_2反应动力学的控制步骤,反位配体(第五配体)的σ-作用越大,配位O_2分子中O-O键断裂的趋势增大,同时生成桥氧(μ-oxo)二聚物的趋势也增大。(3)以半胱氨酸(Cystecine)为第五配体,研究了FePc-Cysteine模拟体系对苯胺的羟化学反应,提出了相应的催化反应机理,解释了羟化反应中所观察到了一些实验事实。实验表明:在此体系中苯胺的羟化需要在半胱氨酸过量的条件下进行,并且弱酸性和非极性条件对苯胺的羟化反应有利。这说明RS~-在反应中不仅是一个第五配体,而且也起到电子授与体的作用。羟化反应条件与细胞色素P-450生物体系所需条件基本一致,因此,FePc-Cysteine体系是一个比较好的P-450模拟体系。实验还表明σ-作用可以使不可逆的自动氧化过程加速,单纯的σ-作用对羟化反应并不十分有利,π-作用可以使活性中间体得到稳定,因而在生物化学上有重要意义的半胱氨酸是一个比较理想的第五配位体。
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本文选择不同配体(苯酚类和迭氮)通过Cr(III)(TPP)Cl (Al)的氧化还原取代,分别合成了四个新的铬(III)卟啉配合物,Cr(TPP)N_3P_Y(B_1), P-O_2NC_6H_4OCr(TPP)·THF (C1), P-CH_3OCoH_4OCr(TPP)·THF (D1), Cr(TPP)OC_6H_5·THF (E1)。通过元素分析,红外光谱、~1H NMR、ESR、MS和UV-Vis等分析、表征,确认了以上四种化合物。B1单晶进行了X-射线分析,得其晶体结构和分子结构,从而进一步证实了B1的组成。在CH_2Cl_2或C_6H_6中,氮气保护下,用PhIO直接氧化以上五种铬(III)卟啉配合物,合成并分离出了相应的高价氧络铬卟啉配合物,(PhI) O=Cr(▽)(TPP)Cl (A2), (PhI) O=Cr(▽)(TPP)N_3, (B2), P-O_2NC_6H_4O Cr(▽)(TPP) (1/2IPh) (C2), P-CH_3OC_6H_4O Cr(▽)(TPP) (1/2IPh) (D2), PhIO- Cr(IV)(TPP) (OC_6H_5)·P_Y (E2)。通过研究其元素组成,IR、UV-Vis、ESR、MS等分析,确定了以上五种化合物的组成。基中PhI和P_Y分子的位置尚无法确定。这两类高价氧络铬卟啉,是继右淑珍等第一次得到P450模型化合物的活性中间体-氧络铬(▽)四苯基卟啉对硝基苯甲酸配合物后,又一次得到的苯酸类和迭氮氧络铬卟啉配合物。不同的是,氧络铬(▽)卟啉配合物中都各有PhI分子,化合物E2是第一次得到的关键氧络铬(IV)卟啉配合物,类似于PhIO-Mn~(IV)(TPP)(P-H_2N C_6H_4 CO_2)。高价氧络铬卟啉配合物不稳定,室温下分解,暴露在空气中同时发生分解和还原。不过低温下比较稳定。在CH_2Cl_2或C_6H_6中,我们研究了上述五种氧络铬及Cr(TPP)ClPhIO对碳氢化合物和DNA碱基的氧化反应。不同摩尔比的PhIO-Cr(TPP)Cl对环已烷的氧化给出相同的产物,但转化率和产物分布不同。Al-PhIO和C_2-PhIO体内对碱基胞嘧啶,胸腺嘧啶,腺嘌呤的氧化反应呈阳性,氧化产物中都有尿素CO(NH_2)_2,其中胸腺嘧啶的氧化产物中含有CH_3CO-或CH_3CHOH。这说明氧络铬卟啉配合物能够氧化DNA碱基。氧络铬卟啉具有较高的氧化活性和立体选择性。比较不同轴向配体的氧络铬卟啉的氧化活性,其大小次序正好与其轴向配体的配位能力次序一致。这是由于轴向配体的给电子能力越强,通过中心离子铬向其周围转移的电荷就越多,导致氧络键的强度减弱,即其活性增加。上述研究结果表明,铬(III)卟啉配合物是P-450的较好的模型化合物,氧络铬卟啉配合物是其活性中间体。同时该研究结果支持了Groves等提出的定居卟啉配合物催化氧化机理。
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细胞色素P-450在生物体内温和条件下活化分子氧,选择地催化氧化很不活泼的碳氢化合物。铬(Ⅲ)卟啉配合物在温和条件下以亚碘酰苯或过氧羧酸等为氧化剂可选择性地催化氧化碳氢化合物,是细胞色素P-450的很好的模型化合物,但目前得到的铬(Ⅲ)卟啉配合物为数尚少。本文在三氯甲烷中用氧化-还原法从一氯四苯基卟啉合铬(Ⅲ)(配合物Ⅰ)合成了迭氮基吡啶四苯基卟啉合铬(Ⅱ)(配合物Ⅱ),培养了配合物Ⅱ的单晶,x-射线四圆衍射法测定了其晶体和分子结构。这是第一个得到的三价铬四苯基卟啉的分子结构。
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Mitochondrial cytochrome b genes of about 450 bp fragments from 3 proturan species, 5 collembolan species and 2 dipluran species have been sequenced. The number of nucleotide substitutions and Kimura 2-parameter distances have also been calculated, and a series of molecular phylogenetic trees reconstructed by using parsimony and distance methods. The proturan, collembolan and dipluran species have evolved monophyletic groups. The results suggest that Protura and Collembola are sister groups, while Diplura is more or less demonstrating a closer phylogenetic relationship to the pterygotan insects. The phylogeny and their systematic position of protura and other groups are also discussed.
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As the active metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are found in wildlife and human tissues. They have been proposed as main contributors for endocrine disruption of PCBs in living organisms. In this study, mono-ortho PCB 156 and its hydroxylated metabolites 4'-OH-PCB 159, 4'-OH-PCB 121, and 4'-OH-PCB 72 were selected to investigate the toxic effects on rat hepatoma H4IIE cell line and rat thyroid follicle FRTL-5 cell line at concentrations of 1, 10(2), 10(4) nM. 7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD) activities were determined with micro-EROD/PROD to indicate cytochrome P4501 A1 (CYP1A1) and cytochrome P4502B (CYP2B) induction in the H4IIE cell after exposure for 72 h. To assess thyroid disruption of these compounds, thyroglobulin concentrations also were detected inside FRTL-5 cell with immunocellularchemistry and in its medium with radioimmunoassay after exposure for 24 It. Significant inductions of EROD activity by PCB 156 at 102 and 104 nM (p < 0.05) were observed, but no effects by the three OH-PCBs in H4IIE cell line. 7-Pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activities were induced only by 10(4) nM of PCB156 and the three OH-PCBs (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, significant increases of thyroglobulin concentrations were observed in the medium of FRTL-5 cell exposed to 4'-OH-PCB 121 and 4'-OH-PCB 72 at all of the test concentrations (p < 0.05), but not to the other compounds. The results demonstrated that mono-ortho PCBs mainly could be metabolized to hydroxylated metabolites through CYP1A1 instead of CYP2B. Moreover, after being metabolized, OH-PCBs still sustained the ability to induce PROD activity and did exhibit the disruption on thyroglobulin synthesis/excretion in rat cells.
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The vertical distribution of the variables relevant to P forms in sediments were studied in a shallow Chinese freshwater lake (Lake Donghu) in 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000, to assess the contribution of enzyme to P availability in sediment cores. Sediment P was fractionationd into iron-bound P, calcium-bound P, acid soluble organic P (ASOP) and hot NaOH extractable residual organic P. The former two species made the largest contribution to the sediment P pool. All P species exhibited significantly higher concentrations in different depths at Station I, compared with those found at Station II, except for ASOP. Coupled with these lower ASOP concentrations, the V-max data of alkaline phosphatase, measured on the same samples, were significantly higher at station I. Taken together, ASOP were probably important in supplying the enzymatic substrate (Phosphatase Hydrolyzable Phosphorus, PHP) into interstitial water. Dissolved orthophosphate and PHP concentrations were highly heterogeneous , but peaked in subsurface, paralleled by higher V-max and lower K-m values of alkaline phosphatase, throughout the sediment core. Sediment in the eutrophic lake is not only enriched in available P (iron-bound P), or stores residual P, but also tends to release PHP, thereby inducing the production of alkaline phosphatase and releasing o-P into water column by enzymatic hydrolysis. The latter process may also occur in relatively deep sediment layers.
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The structure and the electron-transfer of cytochrome c binding on the anionic lipid vesicles were analyzed by electrochemical and various spectroscopic methods. It was found that upon binding to anionic lipid membrane, the formal potential of. cytochrome c shifted 30 mV negatively indicating an eager redox interaction than that in its native state. This is due to the local alteration of the coordination and the heme crevice. The structural Perturbation in which a molten globule-like state is formed during binding to anionic lipid vesicles is more important. This study may help to understand the mechanism of the electron-transfer reactions of cytochrome c at the mitochondrial membrane.