甜樱桃果实采后生理、耐藏性及褐变机理的研究

本文以我国目前主要栽培的甜樱桃早、中、晚熟品种“红灯”、“佐藤锦”、“那翁”、“拉宾斯”和“砂蜜豆”等为试材，系统地研究了甜樱桃果实在不同O2和CO2浓度气调贮藏条件下的生理特性、风味品质和贮藏性，提出了适合于甜樱桃果实生理特性的气调指标和贮藏时间;分析了甜樱桃在不同贮藏条件下果实中乙烯、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD） 和丙二醛（MDA）的变化情况，揭示了它们与甜樱桃果实衰老、褐变及耐贮性的关系;分析了甜樱桃果实在不同贮藏条件下乙醇、色泽、硬度、可溶性固形物、酸和维生素C等物质成分的含量变化及与果实风味品质的关系;同时，还分析了不同甜樱桃品种果皮的结构特征及与耐藏性的关系，以及不同成熟度的甜樱桃果实在气调贮藏中的生理反应和品质变化。为形成甜樱桃果实采后商业化贮藏的系列配套技术提供了理论依据。 本文的主要研究内容包括：不同CO2浓度的气调贮藏对甜樱桃果实采后生理及品质的影响;高O2或高CO2浓度处理对甜樱桃果实褐变、衰老及风味品质的影响;动态气调贮藏和非动态气调贮藏对甜樱桃生理特性、风味品质和耐藏性的影响;不同成熟度及不同品种对甜樱桃耐藏性的影响;不同药剂配合包装处理对甜樱桃果实耐藏性及品质的影响。试验结果表明： 1. 甜樱桃果实适合于较高CO2浓度的CA贮藏：与自发性气调贮藏（MAP）相比，气调贮藏（CA）更能明显地延缓果实衰老，减少腐烂和褐变，保持风味品质和延长1.5~2倍的贮藏时间。其中以较高CO2浓度的（5% O2 + 10% CO2）气调贮藏效果最好，早熟品种“红灯”的贮藏期为60天，而中、晚熟品种“最上锦”、“佐藤锦”、“那翁”、“拉宾斯”和“砂蜜豆” 的贮藏期可达80-100天。果实在25℃下的货架存放时间为2-3天，在低温条件下（3-5℃）的货架时间是6天以上。 2. 高O2浓度气调对甜樱桃果实易造成伤害：用高O2浓度（70% O2 + 0% CO2）气调贮藏甜樱桃，在短期内可以抑制果实腐烂、减少果肉中挥发性代谢产物乙醇含量，但果实中的丙二醛含量上升迅速，褐变加剧，造成高氧伤害。 3. 动态气调贮藏更有利于延长甜樱桃果实的贮藏期：与非动态气调贮藏相比，贮藏前期用较高浓度CO2（20%）处理甜樱桃果实可有效控制维生素C含量的降低，丙二醛含量上升的速率较慢，可明显减少贮藏后期果实褐变和腐烂，保持风味品质。 4. 成熟度较高的甜樱桃果实适合于气调贮藏：成熟度较高（深红色时采收）的甜樱桃果实比成熟度低（鲜红色时采收）的果实耐藏性好。 5. 果实的耐藏性与果皮结构有关：耐藏性强的品种表皮细胞较小，排列紧密，细胞壁和外层蜡脂均较厚，果肉内部的维管束螺纹排列致密，果肉的薄壁细胞也排列得比较致密。 6. MAP与生物药剂配合有利于延长甜樱桃的贮藏期：生物1号药剂与加有TBZ的低密度塑料薄膜袋包装配合使用对控制甜樱桃果实腐烂、抑制果肉乙烯和乙醇生成、保持品质特性和延长贮藏时间都很有效。 7. 膜质过氧化是造成甜樱桃果实褐变的主要因素：甜樱桃果实褐变与PPO活性关系不大，但与膜质过氧化作用的产物—丙二醛（MAD）含量变化显著相关。

外源草酸对采后果实的保鲜效应及其生理机理研究

本文以桃(Prunus persica L. cv. Bayuecui.)栽培种‘八月脆’和芒果（Mangifera indica L.）栽培种‘圣心’为材料，研究外源草酸对采后果实的生理生化效应及其作用机理，为果实贮藏保鲜提供新方法。采后桃果实用1、5 mM的草酸溶液浸果10 min，以浸水10 min为对照，然后在常温下贮藏，测定果实在贮藏期间对草酸处理的一些生理生化反应。芒果经采后杀菌剂（post- P）、采后草酸（post-OA）、采前＋采后草酸（pre-OA + post-OA）、采前Ca ＋ 采后草酸处理（pre-Ca + post-OA）处理，以采后浸水为对照，然后分别将果实在常温(25 C)、低温（14 C）和控制性气调（3% CO2 + 2% O2 ，14 ± 1 C）下贮藏，测定草酸处理对芒果的成熟进程、病情发展及其相关生理指标的影响。研究结果表明如下： 1．与对照相比，草酸处理的桃果实在贮藏期间果实的电解质渗漏量和呼吸速率降低、果实硬度高、果实的抗氧化酶（超氧化物岐化酶、SOD;过氧化物酶，POD;过氧化氢酶、CAT;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、APX）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性提高、脂氧合酶（LOX）活性降低。同时，在贮藏后期，果实的活性氧自由基（ROS）产量（超氧阴离子、O2.;过氧化氢、H2O2)和丙二醛（MDA）含量降低。草酸的这些生理效应有利于保持膜的完整性和延缓桃果实的成熟;草酸诱导POD、SOD、PPO活性可能有助于提高采后果实的抗病性。 2．外源5、10 mM浓度的草酸（pH值中和或不中和）对芒果炭疽病原菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）孢子萌发和菌丝生长均表现出显著的抑制作用。这种作用不仅与草酸降低培养基（PDA）的pH值相关，而且与草酸独特的化学特性相关。 3．在常温、低温和控制性气调贮藏下，采后草酸、采前 + 采后草酸、采前Ca + 采后草酸处理均能有效减缓芒果果实的软化速率，延缓芒果的成熟进程，降低芒果的病情指数，同时改善芒果成熟时的表皮着色，对果实完全后熟时的可溶性固形物（SSC）、可滴定酸（TA）含量、果肉口感均没有产生负面的影响。 4．草酸处理增强芒果细胞膜的稳定性，诱导提高芒果抗氧化酶活性，特别是提高果皮SOD、APX活性，降低LOX活性，以及降低果皮O2.、H2O2 和果肉H2O2含量，抑制采后果实的乙烯生物合成。这些生理生化效应与延缓芒果的成熟衰老和提高果实的抗病性相关。 5． 采后草酸、采前 + 采后草酸和采前Ca + 采后草酸处理表现出高效低廉、无毒无副作用、易操作等优点，是芒果采后贮藏保鲜的可供选、具有实际应用前景的新方法。

甲烷氧化偶联Ti-La-Li系多元氧化物催化剂的表面碱性和表面活性氧种

利用CO2-TPD方法考察了Ti-La-Li系多元氧化物催化剂的表面碱性,实验发现:C2 选择性与表面碱强度呈顺变关系,而CH4 转化率与CO2 的脱附峰面积呈顺变关系.同时,利用XPS,O2-TPD等方法对该体系催化剂的表面活性氧种进行了表征与研究,结果表明:催化剂的表面晶格氧与C2 选择性有关,表面吸附氧与甲烷转化(包括偶联和深度氧化)有关.O2 -TPD实验发现催化剂的表面存在三种氧:α( 100℃≤t≤450℃),β(450℃

铜管不锈钢管腐蚀性能及铁牺牲阳极保护研究

铜管一直是电厂凝汽器的主要应用管材，但由于其抗冲刷和抵御污染物腐蚀的能力差，特别不耐氨蚀，美国和欧洲大量使用不锈钢管替代铜管作为冷凝管，然而不锈钢管在我国的运用仅处于初步阶段。 常使用锌、铝阳极对铜管进行牺牲阳极保护，然而存在着电位差过大、阳极溶解过快的问题。铁基牺牲阳极与铜电位差适当、来源广泛、价格便宜，在一些工程上有所应用，但是目前针对铁基牺牲阳极的理论研究报道很少。 本文选用紫铜管、304不锈钢管作为实验用管材，首先运用实验室全浸实验、极化曲线和电化学阻抗研究了二者在海水和淡水中的腐蚀性能以及CO2、溶解氧对其腐蚀的影响。结果表明：CO2会加速二者的腐蚀，溶解氧却对它们的腐蚀影响不同，促进铜管的腐蚀却抑制不锈钢管的腐蚀；随浸泡时间的延长，紫铜管由于表面产物膜的生成耐蚀性提高，304不锈钢管的耐蚀性却降低；淡水中，304不锈钢管和紫铜管都具有很好的耐蚀性能。随后，运用失重法和极化曲线对比研究了紫铜管、304不锈钢管的氨蚀性能，运用SEM分析和电化学阻抗研究了紫铜在不同浓度氨溶液中的腐蚀机理。发现，304不锈钢管的耐氨蚀能力远远好于铜管；溶解氧是影响氨蚀的关键因素，其对二者氨蚀的影响也不同；紫铜管在低氨浓度和高氨浓度溶液中腐蚀机理和产物不同，低氨浓度时形成保护性的产物膜（CuO 和Cu(OH)2），高氨浓度时由活化溶解控制，生成可溶的[Cu (NH3)4]2+。 选用工业纯铁、35钢为牺牲阳极材料。恒电流实验结果表明它们具有良好的牺牲阳极性能；通过极化曲线和自腐蚀电位测试分析，认为将二者用于铜管牺牲阳极保护是可行的；实验室阴极保护效果测试表明，工业纯铁和35钢对紫铜管具有良好的保护效果，保护度达90%以上。

水-盐-气天然流体的物理化学性质模拟与流体包裹体应用研究

Natural fluids with water-salt-gas are often found in every sphere of the Earth, whose physicochemical properties and geochemical behaviors are complicated. To study these properties and behaviors turns out to be one of the challenging issues in geosciences. Traditional approaches mainly depend on experiments and observations. However, it is impossible to obtain a large number of data covering a large T-P space of the Earth by experimental methods in the near future, which will hinder the advance of the theoretical study. Therefore, it is important to model natural fluids by advanced theoretical methods, by which limited experimental data can be extended to a large temperature-pressure-composition space. Physicochemical models developed in this dissertation are not only more accurate, but also extend the applied T-P-m region of the experimental data of the multi-fluid systems by about two times. These models provide the new and accurate theoretical tools for the geochemical research, especially for the water-rock interactions and the study of the fluid inclusions. The main achievements can be summarized as follows: (1) A solubility model on components of natural gases is presented. The solubility model on the systems of CH4-H2O-NaCl, C2H6-H2O-NaCl or N2-H2O-NaCl takes advantage of modern physicochemical theory and methods, and is an improvement over previous models whose prediction and precision are relatively poor. The model can predict not only the gas solubility in liquid phase but also water content in the gas phase. In addition, it can predict gases (methane or nitrogen) solubility in seawater and brine. Isochores can be determined, which are very important in the interpretation of fluid inclusions. (2) A density model on common aqueous salt solutions is developed. The density models with high precision for common aqueous salt solutions (H2O-NaCl, H2O-LiCl, H2O-KCl, H2O-MgCl2, H2O-CaCl2, H2O-SrCl2 or H2O-BaCl2) are absent in the past. Previous density models are limited to the relatively small range of experimental data, and cannot meet the requirement of the study of natural fluids. So a general density model of the above systems is presented by us based on the international standard density model of the water. The model exceeds the other models in both precision and prediction. (3) A viscosity model on common aqueous alkali-chloride solutions is proposed. Dynamic viscosity of water-salt systems, an important physics variable, is widely used in three-dimension simulation of the fluids. But in most cases, due to the lack of viscosity models with a wide T-P range, the viscosity of aqueous salt solutions is replaced by that of the water, giving rise to a relatively large uncertainty. A viscosity model with good prediction for the systems (H2O-NaCl, H2O-LiCl or H2O-KCl) is presented on the base of the international standard viscosity model of water and the density model developed before. (4) Equation of State applied in fluid inclusions. The best Equations of State in the world developed by others or us recently are applied in the study of the fluid inclusions. Phase equilibria and isochores of unitary system (e.g. H2O, CO2, CH4, O2, N2, C2H6 or H2S), binary H2O-NaCl system and ternary H2O-CH4-NaCl system are finished. From these programs and thermodynamic equations of coexisting ores, the physicochemical conditions before or after the deposits form can be determined. To some extent, it is a better tool.

电子级气体N2、H2、O2、Ar、He、HCl、CO2、NH3 28种杂质分析技术及质量监控

于G批量导入至Hzhangdi

Effects of metal catalysts on CO2 gasification reactivity of biomass char

The effects of five metal catalysts (K, Na, Ca, Mg, and Fe) on CO2 gasification reactivity of fir char were studied using thermal gravimetric analysis. The degree of carbonization, crystal structure and morphology of char samples was characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The CO2 gasification reactivity of fir char was improved through the addition of metal catalysts, in the order K>Na>Ca>Fe>Mg. XRD analysis indicated that Na and Ca improved the formation of crystal structure, and that Mg enhanced the degree of carbon structure ordering. SEM analysis showed that spotted activation centers were distributed on the surface of char samples impregnated with catalysts. Moreover, a loose flake structure was observed on the surface of both K-char and Na-char. Finally, the kinetic parameters of CO2 gasification of char samples were calculated mathematically.

CO2、O3浓度升高对油松、银杏抗氧化系统的影响

本文以开顶箱法分别控制CO2、O3浓度，在CO2、O3浓度升高及其二者相互作用条件下，分析沈阳城市森林主要树种油松、银杏活性氧水平，抗氧化系统活性以及膜脂过氧化程度动态变化，揭示城市油松、银杏抗氧化系统对全球气候变化的响应规律。 1. 在短期(60天)内CO2浓度倍增（700µmol mol-1）使油松、银杏超氧自由基（O2-.） 产生速率与过氧化氢（H2O2）含量减少，而抗坏血酸（ASA）含量与超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDAR）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（GR）活性升高，丙二醛（MDA）含量下降。与对照相比，大多数测定显示出显著差别。植株抗氧化能力增强，对活性氧清除能力提高。但长期（70天以上）CO2浓度倍增处理则使试验结果发生逆转。 2. 高浓度O3（80nmol mol-1）使O2-. 产生速率提高，H2O2 含量增加，MDA含量也随之增加。ASA含量与SOD、APX及GR活性在高浓度臭氧熏蒸的前期升高，但随着臭氧暴露时间的延长ASA含量与保护酶活性均变得低于对照。因此，在高浓度臭氧熏蒸的前期（30天以内），抗氧化酶能够在一定程度上调节自身的活性适应环境变化。但连续的高浓度臭氧胁迫导致活性氧含量升高，抗氧化酶活性下降。在试验后期, 虽然肉眼可见的伤害尚未观察到，但丙二醛含量显著升高，膜脂过氧化程度加深，油松、银杏的抗氧化系统已经不能抵抗长期臭氧胁迫所带来的氧化伤害。 3. 高浓度O3熏蒸初期，经倍增浓度CO2预处理的油松、银杏O2-.产生速率与H2O2含量，SOD、APX、MDAR、GR活性与自然O3浓度条件下植株无显著差异，表明高浓度CO2预处理银杏、油松对O3的抵抗能力增强。但随着高O3曝露时间的延长，O2-.产生速率与H2O2含量增加，SOD、APX、MDAR与GR活性低于对照，而且（经高CO2预处理后移入自然CO2、O3浓度中的植株）之差异逐渐增大，在试验末期达到差异显著水平，表明高CO2诱导油松、银杏产生的对O3胁迫的高抗性是不稳定的。 4.高浓度O3预处理(50天)使油松、银杏的抗氧化系统活性下降，已如前述。将经高浓度O3预处理的油松、银杏分别置入倍增浓度CO2与自然CO2环境中，随后的20天高CO2处理使活性氧水平低于自然CO2环境，而抗氧化酶活性高于自然CO2环境。这表明倍增CO2浓度能有效的恢复高浓度O3处理对油松、银杏的氧化胁迫。

The cellular structure of a two-dimensional H2/O2/Ar detonation wave

In this paper, the cellular structure of a two-dimensional detonation wave in a low pressure H2/O2/Ar mixture calculated with a detailed chemical reaction model, high order scheme and high resolution grids is investigated. The regular cellular structure is produced about 1 ms after introducing perturbations in the reaction zone of a steady one-dimensional detonation wave. It is found from the present resolution study that the discrepancies concerning the structure type arising from the coarser grid employed can be resolved using a sufficiently fine grid size of 0.05 mm and below and shows a double-Mach-like strong-type configuration. During the structure evolution process, the structure configuration does not change much in the periods before and after the triple point collision. Through the triple point collision, three regular collision processes are observed and are followed by a quick change to the double-Mach-like configuration. The simulated structure tracks show that there are three different tracks associated with different triple points or the kink on the transverse wave. Comparisons with previous work and experiments indicate the presence of a strong structure for an ordinary detonation.

The Structure and Evolution of a Two-Dimensional H2/O2/Ar Cellular Detonation

This paper reports on two-dimensional numerical simulation of cellular detonation wave in a / / mixture with low initial pressure using a detailed chemical reaction model and high order WENO scheme. Before the final equilibrium structure is produced, a fairly regular but still non-equilibrium mode is observed during the early stage of structure formation process. The numerically tracked detonation cells show that the cell size always adapts to the channel height such that the cell ratio is fairly independent of the grid sizes and initial and boundary conditions. During the structural evolution in a detonation cell, even as the simulated detonation wave characteristics suggest the presence of an ordinary detonation, the evolving instantaneous detonation state indicates a mainly underdriven state. As a considerable region of the gas mixture in a cell is observed to be ignited by the incident wave and transverse wave, it is further suggested that these two said waves play an essential role in the detonation propagation.

层状Li(Ni1-xCox)O2中Li离子首次脱出和嵌入行为研究

共沉淀法合成的层状Li(Ni1-xCox)O2,其中x=0.1,0.2,0.3和1,采用XRD和电化学方法对合成的层状Li(Ni1-xCox)O2进行了研究.研究表明在镍酸锂中随着Co含量的增加,Co的增加改变了镍离子与周围氧离子和锂离子的相互作用,阻止了锂离子择优位离开镍酸锂晶体,因此,在镍酸锂中增加一定Co可以阻止镍酸锂由H1向M相转变.同理,在钴酸锂中增加一定Ni可以阻止钴酸锂由H1向H2相和H2相向M相转变.锂离子择优位离开镍酸锂时,存在J-T效应,使得镍酸锂在脱锂过程中发生H1向M相转变,与镍酸

直联式超燃实验台超声速燃气取样分析

在超燃冲压发动机实验中，燃烧室出口气体成份及分布是衡量燃烧情况的重要依据。笔者采用探针取样一色谱分析的方法，对于直联式超燃实验台不同工况下燃烧室出口气体进行了取样分析，总结了煤油燃烧比较完全、不完全以及基本未燃烧三种情况的典型气体分布规律。目前可测得的气体成份包括H2、O2、N2、CO、CO2、CH4和C2H4，进行成份分析与相应条件下燃烧室壁面静压分布比较，可进一步了解超声速燃烧的内部细节，为改进燃料掺混与燃烧提供参考数据。

射流式O2（^1△）发生器射流破断长度测量

实验研究了甘油-水溶液通过用不同加工方法和不同喷管长度／直径比的喷管形成射流的破断长度。射流的行为与喷管内是层流还是湍流的流动状态关系极大。当射流速度比较大时.喷管的缺陷如进口出口的毛刺和流道壁的粗糙度是诱发湍流使射流破断的主要原因。这些结果对化学氧碘激光的射流式O2(^1△)发生器的喷管设计和制造提供了有价值的参考。