172 resultados para Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, B.C. 138-78.


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The foil-excited the spectrum of highly stripped titanium ions between 12-40 nm has been studied. Titanium ions of 80 and 120 MeV were provided by the HI-13 tandem accelerator at the China Institute of Atomic Energy. GIM-957 XUV-VUV monochromator was refocused to get highly-resolved spectra. Our experimental results and the published spectral data of laser-produced plasma show agreement in nearly all cases within +/- 0.03 nm. The spectra contained some weak or strong lines previously unclassified. These spectral lines mainly belong to 2s2p(2) for TiXVIII, 2p(3) for TiXVIII, 2s2p(3) for TiXVII, 2p(6)4p for Ti XII and 2p(6)3d for Ti XII transitions.

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It is widely accepted that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region evolves faster than protein encoding genes with few exceptions. In the present study, we sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt b) and control region (CR) and compared their rates in 93 specimens representing 67 species of loaches and some related taxa in the Cobitoidea (Order Cypriniformes). The results showed that sequence divergences of the CR were broadly higher than those of the cyt b (about 1.83 times). However, in considering only closely related species, CR sequence evolution was slower than that of cyt b gene (ratio of CR/cyt b is 0.78), a pattern that is found to be very common in Cypriniformes. Combined data of the cyt b and CR were used to estimate the phylogenetic relationship of the Cobitoidea by maximum parsimony, neighbor-joining, and Bayesian methods. With Cyprinus carpio and Danio rerio as outgroups, three analyses identified the same four lineages representing four subfamilies of loaches, with Botiinae on the basal-most clade. The phylogenctic relationship of the Cobitoidea was ((Catostomidae + Gyrinocheilidae) + (Botiinae + (Balitorinae + (Cobitinae + Nemacheilinae)))), which indicated that Sawada's Cobitidae (including Cobitinae and Botiinae) was not monophyletic. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses are in very close agreement with the phylogenetic results based on the morphological data proposed by Nalbant and Bianco, wherein these four subfamilies were elevated to the family level as Botiidae, Balitoridae, Cobitidae, and Nemacheilidae. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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杜仲抗真菌蛋白(Eucommiaantifungalprotein,EAFP)的单晶体具有在几小时内就可长大的快速生长特性.用原子力显微成像(atomicforcemicroscope,AFM)技术,原位实时观测了EAFP单斜晶体生长过程中的{10 0}表面形貌动态变化,并分别在不同的过饱和度下测量了其生长速率.结果表明,EAFP晶体生长的速率与蛋白质溶液的过饱和度相关,在过饱和度高时(σ =1 78)晶面生长极快;在中等过饱和度(σ =1 5)下,其晶面台阶的生长速率沿b,c向分别为 12nm/s和 2 4 2nm/s,比溶菌酶生长速率(6~ 7nm/s)快很多;在蛋白质浓度很低的情况下,其生长速率仍与其他蛋白质相当.EAFP晶体快速生长可能与该分子尺寸较小,内部结构紧凑,分子骨架呈刚性和分子表面性质等其固有特性密切相关.沉淀剂浓度对EAFP晶体生长也有影响.过饱和度很低时,提高沉淀剂浓度会干扰晶体生长.

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杜仲抗真菌蛋白(Eucommiaantifungalprotein,EAFP)的单晶体具有在几小时内就可长大的快速生长特性.用原子力显微成像(atomicforcemicroscope,AFM)技术,原位实时观测了EAFP单斜晶体生长过程中的{10 0}表面形貌动态变化,并分别在不同的过饱和度下测量了其生长速率.结果表明,EAFP晶体生长的速率与蛋白质溶液的过饱和度相关,在过饱和度高时(σ =1 78)晶面生长极快;在中等过饱和度(σ =1 5)下,其晶面台阶的生长速率沿b,c向分别为 12nm/s和 2 4 2nm/s,比溶菌酶生长速率(6~ 7nm/s)快很多;在蛋白质浓度很低的情况下,其生长速率仍与其他蛋白质相当.EAFP晶体快速生长可能与该分子尺寸较小,内部结构紧凑,分子骨架呈刚性和分子表面性质等其固有特性密切相关.沉淀剂浓度对EAFP晶体生长也有影响.过饱和度很低时,提高沉淀剂浓度会干扰晶体生长.

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利用松科植物特殊的遗传体系(叶绿体基因组一父系遗传、线粒体基因组—母系遗传、核基因组一双亲遗传),我们对高山松及其两个亲本种进行了广泛的群体取样,通过线粒体基因nadl、叶绿体基因rbcL和trnL-F基因间区以及低拷贝核基因4CL的序列分析或PCR-RFLP分析,为高山松同倍体杂种起源假说提供了翔实的遗传学证据,同时在个体水平上探讨了高山松不同群体的遗传组成、群体遗传结构、基因交流方向、群体建立过程以及杂种基因组的进化。具体结果如下: 1.细胞质基因组分析 1)线粒体基因nudl分析 本研究对油松、高山松和云南松的19个群体、295个个体的线粒体基因nadl的一个内含子进行了序列分析或PCR-RFLP分析,共检测到3种线粒体DNA单倍型-A、B和C。油松所有的取样群体仅含单倍型A;除BX群体外,所有的云南松群体仅含单倍型B; 10个高山松群体中,5个群体固定单倍型A,4个群体固定单倍型B,1个群体(ZD)分布有A和B两种单倍型。2)叶绿体rbcL基因分析 对同一组群体的rbcL基因进行序列分析或PCR-RFLP分析,共检测到两个变异位点和三种叶绿体单倍型(TT、TC和GC)。TT和GC分别是油松和云南松种特异性叶绿体单倍型,而在高山松群体里则三种单倍型均有分布,而且TC单倍型广泛地分布在7个杂种群体中,该单倍型很可能来源于点突变或第三个已灭绝的亲本。rbcL基因检测到的高山松群体分化系数很高(Gst=0.533)。 3)叶绿体trn L-F区序列分析 叶绿体trnL-F分子标记检测到的不同单倍型的差异主要是由引物“e”下游120碱基处一个多聚T结构的长度变异所致(叶绿体SSR位点)。10个高山松群体中共检测到5种叶绿体单倍型,其中两种主要的单倍型(9T和11T)分别为油松和云南松的种特异性单倍型,其他单倍型均为非典型单倍型。群体遗传结构分析表明:杂种群体表现最高的遗传多样性,而且trnL-F分析得到的高山松群体的分化系数也很高( Gst=0.443)。 总之,对高山松、油松和云南松的同一组群体取样进行的细胞质基因组分析表明:高山松群体分布有油松和云南松种特异性的线粒体和叶绿体单倍型,该细胞质DNA单倍型的地理分布为假说“高山松为油松和云南松的的二倍体杂种”提供了翔实的遗传学证据。油松和云南松在不同的杂种群体中分别做父本和母本,即两亲本在杂交过程中发生了双向基因交流。群体遗传结构分析发现高山松群体表现最高的遗传多样性,而且群体间的分化系数很高。不同的杂种群体在遗传组成上的差异表明他们经历过不同的建立和进化历史。从线粒体和叶绿体单倍型的地理分布可以看出杂种群体的建立曾经历强烈的奠基者效应和回交。青藏高原的隆升对高山松的起源、杂种群体的适应辐射以及保持产生了重要的影响。川西南和滇西北作为青藏高原的东边边界,很可能是当初云南松和油松分布的重叠区及杂交地带,即高山松的起源地。 2.核基因4CL分析 对高山松、油松和云南松的19个群体、32个个体的低拷贝核基因4CL进行了克隆及序列分析,获得的78条序列可分为两种类型(类型A和类型B)。这两种类型明显的差别是类型A相对于类型B在内含子区有- 20bp的缺失。以华山松的3条序列为外类群,对得到的78条序列进行基因谱系分析,发现所有的序列分成明显的两支,分别对应于类型A和类型B,而且每一支均包含三个种的部分序列,表明4CL基因在这三个种分化之前就已发生重复。另一个明显的特点是某个种的一条序列与另一个种的序列比其与同种的其他序列关系更近,可能因基因交流(杂交和渐渗)、非共祖、致同进化和重组等进化事件所致。三种松树中共检测到4CL基因序列的两种类型和六个亚类型,高山松群体中没有发现杂种独特的类型或亚类型。高山松和云南松共享三种序列亚类型以及最多的序列多态性,表明这两个种之间曾存在广泛的基因交流。

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下载PDF阅读器为进一步提高杜泊羊的冻胚移植成功率,于春秋两季同期处理湖羊和小尾寒羊受体共997只(次),同期发情782只(次),发情率达78.4%,其中湖羊春秋两季平均发情率为84.6%,显著高于小尾寒羊(73.9%)(P<0.01),秋季两品种平均发情率83.3%,显著高于春季75.8%(P<0.01);对431只发情受体羊进行移植,总妊娠率为58.5%(252/431),产羔率为58.0%(250/431).其中湖羊为受体的春秋两季平均妊娠率62.5%,高于小尾寒羊(54.7%);秋季两品种的平均妊娠率为64.8%,显著高于春季(52.5%).囊胚移植后的平均妊娠率为61.5%,显著高于桑椹胚(41.5%),其中A级囊胚为67.4%,显著高于B级囊胚(P<0.05)和所有桑椹胚(P<0.01);B级囊胚显著高于B级桑椹胚(P<0.05),B级囊胚与A级桑椹胚间及A、B级桑椹胚间均无显著差异;C级囊胚和桑椹胚均未见妊娠.此外,受体羊卵巢黄体发育状况及移植技术熟练程度对妊娠率也有显著影响.

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比较了云南高黎贡山地区的贡山独龙江和腾冲大蒿坪白颌大角蟾(Megophryslateralis)两个地理种群的核型、C-带和Ag-NORs结果表明,两个地理种群在核型和带型上都有差异两个地理种群的核型均为2n=26,NF=52染色体形态差异不明显,而次缢痕的位置完全不同,贡山独龙江标本的次缢痕位于No.2的长臂上近着丝点处,腾冲标本的次缢痕位于No.5的短臂上近着丝点的部位在腾冲标本中发现一雄性个体中有一条额外的染色体,可能是B染色体两地标本的C-带差异不太显著,贡山独龙江标本的C-带相对较为显著.贡山独龙江标本的Ag-NORs位于No.2长臂近着丝点处,与次缢痕的部位对应,两条同源染色体上大小有显著差异.腾冲标本的Ag-NORs位于No.5短臂上近着丝点处,与次缢痕的部位对应依据核型和带型的比较,对白颌大角蟾的分类和进化问题进行了讨论。

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银额果蝇昆明群体有丝分裂中期核型中存在B染色体, 出现频率为69.1%在已 研究过的来自各个地区的银额果蝇中, 昆明群体的B染色体频率最高。B染色体 数目为1—6条。该群体内单雌系间的B染色体数目不同, 个体间和细胞间的B染色 体数目也不同。在核型中, B染色体最小, 形态稳定, 点状, C-带和G-带呈阳性 。 图版1图2表1参12

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鲤科是鱼类最大的科,在中国淡水鱼类组成中鲤科鱼类的成分占一半以上.鲤科鱼类的演化过程代表了东亚淡水鱼类的整体演化过程.为探讨东亚鲤科鱼类系统发育关系,共分析了包括18种新测序列在内的54种鲤科鱼类细胞色素b基因的全序列.分析的物种涵盖了鲤科鱼类的12个亚科并对问题较多的(鱼丹)亚科(Danioninae)和雅罗鱼亚科(Leuciscinae)进行了广泛的采样.系统发育树的建立使用了多种方法,包括邻接法、最大简约法和最大似然法.亚口鱼科(Catostomidae)的胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asia

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[I] 等离子体聚四氟乙烯的ESCA表征 本研究采用外部电容耦合式聚合装置,频率为13.56MHz,合成了等离子体聚四氟乙烯(PPTFE)。应用ESCA表征了辉光压和非辉光压产物的结构,同时应用CNDO进到了理论计算。结果表明,在辉光压上非辉光压中制得的PPTFE结构差别很大。非辉光内淀积物结构亦现差异。辉光压内的PPTFE是高度支化交联的,在本实验的典型反应条件下,PPTFE的F/C比为1.42,Gs区五个峰确定归属后,各主要对应基团的相对组成约为:CF_3-21%、CF_2-32%、CF-22%、-C from | to | of — 20%,其余为少量的CFH、CH_2(II)、CH_2(I)。在非辉光压内可得到近於线线型的PPTFE,其F/C为2.08,端基CF_3约占15%,CF_2占78%,代表支化交联的基团CF、-C from | to | of -皆为零,另外应用X射线衍射法证实,在非辉光压中形成的PPTFE具有类似于聚四氟乙烯的(PTFE)结晶,这一实验结果至今未见文献报导。深入分析这一结果,并运用ESR、MS、~(19)F-NMR等表征手段,进一步提出四氟乙烯等离子体聚合反应机理。这方面在[II]中论述。本工作提出五类十三种模型化合物,并运用Siegbahn的电荷电位模型同时结合使用CNDO/2电子计算机程序;还运用Pauling价键模型,分别应用这两种理论方法,计算了PPTFE中ClS结合能位移(ΔEi),所得结果相近,从而为ClS区五个峰的归属提供理论依据。五个峰归属为:(1) 284.7(ev) - CH_2(I),(2) 287.0(ev) - -C from | to | of -、CH_2(II),(3) 289.0(ev) -CF、CFH,(4) 291.5(ev) - CF_2,(5) 293.6(ev) - CF_3。通过对模型化合物中ClS的ΔEi计算结果,推导出F作为α、β、γ位碳上的取代基对α位碳上IS电子结合能位移影响所产生的效应值,并初步总结出表达这种效应的经验式:ΔEi = aα + bβ + cγ式中α、β、γ分别为2.23 ± 0.08(ev)、0.27 ± 0.02(ev)、0.20 ± 0.02(ev),a、b、c为取代基F的个数。实验结果还证明,淀积位置、功率、压力、等离子气体如Ar、He、N_2等反应条件对PPTFE膜结构有影响,并应用能量梯度解释这种影响;另外发现,同功率、同压力但不同淀积位置上以及同淀积位置但不同功率或不同压力时的PPTFE膜结构所受能量梯度的影响。本工作根据等离子体聚四氟工烯结构的表征结果,并结合ESR、MS等有关分析数据,提出了PPTFE的结构模型。[II] 等郭子体聚四氟乙烯的反应机理 鉴于等离子体聚合反应的复杂性,目前对等离子体聚合反应机理争论较大,其焦点是:反应的活性中心是离子还是自由基;反应地点是在气相还是在反应体系的固体表面。本工作通过对等离子体聚四氟乙烯气相产物的研究证实:等离子体聚合反就是通过自由基历程,引发和初级链增长主要在气相,脱F和支化交联反应在表面上进行。聚合反应装置同[I]中所述,聚合条件是功率60瓦,压力1 * 10~(-1)乇。通过液氟冷阱收集气相生成物,然后制备成有机溶液和本体溶液。气相生成物的ESR分析结果表明,PPTFE膜中存在自由基浓度约在10~(18)自旋数/克,峰形为一条反对称吸收线,宽为175G,g值是2.005。气相生成物的丙酮、苯、环已烷、已烷等有机溶液的ESR谱相同,皆为20条精细结构分裂谱线。另外,通过一系列实验,检测了桔黄色本体溶液的ESR谱,终于得到具有160条超精细结构的分裂谱线,自由基浓度高达10~(20)自旋数/克。初步认为是几种自由基的混合物,固谱图十分复杂,目前解谱尚有困难,需进一步研究。等高子体气相生成物中有大量自由基并且得到其精细和超精细分裂谱线,这一实验结果至今未见文献报导。这个结果进一步证实了聚合反应的活性中心主要是自由基。考察了PPTFE膜的自由基在90 ℃时随时间变化的ESR谱,发现一开始衰减很快;研究了PPTFE膜的自由基在不同气氛下常温衰减情况,结果指出:辉光压和非辉光压的PPTFE膜中自由基在空气中衰减快,辉光压的PPTFE膜中自由基在真空中及单体气氛中衰减缓慢。气相生成物的有机溶液在90 ℃时随时间变化的ESR谱表明,各峰衰减速率不同,证实并非一种自由基,溶液的自由基能与吡啶反应生成棕红色物质,可能是吡啶盐。本实验用GC-MS联用对气相冷凝物本体溶液进行了分析,比文献上只用MS与聚合反应体系联用分析气相混合物的方法,对分析反应机理提供更为有说服力的实验结果。结果表明,四氟乙烯等离子体聚合的气相生成物是直链的全氟烷烃(分子中碳原子数为C_3-C_8),还有含碳原子数为C_4、C_5、C_6、C_8全氟环烷烃,也可能是括分子链两端是自由基的直链全氟烷烃,还有二氟卡宾。从TFE等离子体聚合的气相中产生齐聚物及其结构特征,可以推断气相中发生了链引发反应和初级增长反应,引发反应的历程首先是TFE单体分子中π键断裂,其次是C~σ-C的σ键均裂,然后通过自由基的复合或诱导反应进行链的初级增长反应。还进行了气相生成物有机溶液的~(19)F-NMR分析,其结果初步看来与GC-MS的结果相一致。还探索了不同条件下在非辉光压内得到的PPTFE膜,进一步表明,在顺着气流方向的淀积位置上的膜结构是接近线型的。这个结果与用质谱、核磁的表征结果相符:从不用方面证实了上述反应历程。此外,通过对PPTFE及PTFE在Ar等离子体系中的刻蚀实验,表明了聚合膜上发生六量脱F反应。由这个结果并结合PPTFE膜及气相产物的结构表征,可以推测到PPTFE膜的支化,交联是通过表面反应进行的。综合四氟乙烯等离子体聚合反应机理的讨论,本论文建议了TFE的等离子体聚合反应历程模型。

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本文用加拿大国立研究院(National Research Council of Canada) Fuhrer等人编制的FORTRAN语言程序(以下简称NRCC程序),对两个冠醚类化合物进行了简正坐标分析,这两个化合物分子是二氧六环(C_4H_8O_2)和12-冠-4(C_8H_(16)O_4)。作者用Synder和Zerbi提出的一般价力场,计算了二氧六环的36个简正振动频率,精化四次后的结果误差为14.04 cm~(-1),得到了二氧六环的精化力场和势能分析矩阵;做了12-冠-4-的中红外光谱(3200-5000cm~(-1))。远红外光谱(500-70cm~(-1))和拉曼光谱(3200-50 cm~(-1),从而归属出12-冠-4的78个简正振动频率实验值;利用二氧六环的精化力场作为初始力场,计算了12-冠-4的简正振动频率,对78个简正振动频率进行了精化计算,精化三次后的结果误差为13.99 cm~(-1),精化后得到12-冠-4的精化力场和势能分布矩阵;将NRCC程序以BASIC语言移至TRS-80微型机上,对二氧六环进行了计算,结果良好,首次给出二氧六环一般价力场的势能分布。一、对二氧六环的处理 二氧六环分子式C_4H_8O_2,合14个原子,有3N-6=36个简正振动频率。分子结构系由二个乙氧基(-CH_2-CH_2-O-)单元组成的含有四个碳,两个氧的六元环,平衡态分子为椅式构象,属于C_(2h)点群,36个简正振动频率分为四个对称类Ag、Au、Bg和Bu,分布是:Ag 10个,Bg 8个,Au 9个,Bu9个。二氧六环的分子结构及坐标示意图见28而图5,定义了14个伸缩内坐标,26个弯曲内坐标,6个扭曲内坐标,共46个,C-C键长1.54A,C-O键长1.41 A,C-H键长1.096A,键角都用109°28'。用CART程序(NRCC程序之一)计算二氧六环14个原子的笛卡尔坐标,用GMAT程序(NRCC程序之二)计算其B矩阵和G矩阵,用FPERT程序(NRCC程序之三)计算其简正振动频率、精化力场,计算用一般价力场,引入V矩阵对称化,将46个坐标化为46个(内)对称坐标,10个多余坐标在FPERT程序计算中除去。二、对12-冠-4的处理 12-冠-4分子式C_8H_(16)O_4,含28个原子,共3N-6=78个简正振动频率,分子结构为四个乙氧基(-CH_2-CH_2-O-)单元组成的含八个碳、四个氧的12元环,自由分子的12-冠-4属于C点群。结构数据引自Groth的X光衍射分数和坐标,自己编制了BASIC语言程度将分数坐标化为笛卡尔坐标,用GMAT程序计算B矩阵和G矩阵,FPERT程序计算78个简正振动频率、精化力场、计算势能分布矩阵,引入U矩阵将92个内坐标化为92个对称坐标,14个多余坐标在FPERT程序中自动除去。三、结果 势能分布矩阵给出分子的振动归属,对这两个冠醚类分子的3N-6个简正振动频率,可以划分为五个振动区域。1.C-H伸缩振动区(3000-2800 cm~(-1)) 在该区中,二氧六环有八个值:2974、2966、2854和2867 cm~(-1)各两个,12-冠-4有16个值:2935、2923、2915和2907 cm~(-1)各两个,2860 cm~(-1)8个,高于2900 cm~(-1)者为反对称伸缩振动,低于2900 cm~(-1)者为对称伸缩振动。2.亚甲基弯曲振动之一(1500-1400 cm~(-1)) 该区的主要振动是亚甲基剪式振动(Scissor),其它振动小于10%二氧六环在该区有四个频率:1443、1461、1451和1457 cm~(-1),12-冠-4有八个频率:1466、1450、1450和1405 cm~(-1)各两个。3.亚甲基弯曲振动区二(1400-1200 cm~(-1))该区的主要振动模式为亚甲基的颤动(wag)、卷曲(twist)和摆动(rock)振动,其它振动小于13%。二氧六环在该区有八个频率:1334、1303、1396、1216、1367、1264、1377和1296 cm~(-1),12-冠-4有十六个频率:1388、1363、……1229 cm~(-1)(其中1288、1307cm~(-1)非简并,其余皆两重简并)。4.环的骨架伸缩振动区(1200-600 cm~(-1))该区振动模式复杂,除环的骨架伸缩振动外,还有亚甲基的wag、twist、rock以及环的骨架弯曲振动,而且这些振动的势能分布值都不小。二氧六环在该区有十一个频率,从1127至610 cm~(-1),12-冠-4有二十个频率,从1135至184 cm~(-1)且大都是二重简并的。5.低频区(600-50cm~(-1))这两个分子在低频区的势能分布略有差别。二氧六环在该区有五个频率:503、486、427、276和224 cm~(-1),主要振动模式为骨架弯曲振动和扭曲振动,C-O、C-C的扭曲振动在三个最低频率中分布占10-30%。12-冠-4在该区有18个频率,除570和547cm~(-1)处,都是二重简并的,六个最低频率的振动模式完全属于C-O、C-C键的扭曲振动,其它振动小于10%,所以200 cm~(-1)以下可称为12-冠-4的扭曲振动区,在600-200cm~(-1)之间的12个频率主要是骨架的弯曲振动,也有一定量的亚甲基wag、twist、rock振动。12-冠-4的简正坐标分析尚未有人做过。二氧六环的计算结果与Snyder和Zerbi的分析相吻合,12-冠-4和二氧六环两分子势能分布的相对一致性证明了对12-冠-4的简正坐标分析基本是正确的。本文比较了二分子的力常数和振动频率,探讨了环的大小对振动光谱的影响。四、NRCC程序简介 NRCC程序由CART、GMAT和FPERT三个程序组成,即可联一起运用,亦可分开独立进行运算。该程序功能强,所占内存大,适于大、中型计算机使用。CART程序之名字取自Cartisian Co-or-dinates的前四个字母,功能系由分子结构参数(键长、键角)计算分子内各原子的笛卡尔坐标。GMAT程序之名字取自G matrix的前四个字母,功能系由分子内各原子的笛卡尔坐标,原子质量和内坐标定义计算分子内各原子的坐标交换矩阵B和Wilson振动动能矩阵G。FPERT程序之名字取自F Perturbation的前五个字母,功能系由分子振动功能矩阵G、势能常数即力常数矩阵F计算分子的简正振动频率和势能分布矩阵,再通过实验频率精化势能矩阵F。NRCC程序可对含30个原子、60个内坐标的分子进行简正坐标分析,扩充后容量增大一倍。该程序可选用一般价力场(General Valence Force Field, 简称GVFF)和UBS力场(Urey-Bradley-Shimanouchi Force Field),简称UBSFF或UBFF)。可选用对称化U矩阵,可自行决定力场精化次数和阻尼常数以限制精化结果的收敛性。五、NRCC程序在TRS-80微型机上移植试尝(该部分曾在第三届长春夏季化学讨论会上宣读)针对NRCC程序占内存空间大、难以在微型机上实现的情况,作者将NRCC程序改编为BASIC语言,改变程序的原来结构,形成一组BASIC语言程序:CART/BAS、GMAT/BAS和VIFR/BAS,改编后的BASIC程序在TRS-80微型机调试通过,TRS-80机字长8位,New Dos系统内存32K。改写后的程序只保持了原程序的基本原理,在内存,语句上改动很大,以适于微型机使用。数据在程序中直接嵌入,利于修改替换,且BASIC语言简单易学,便于操作。CART/BAS程序可计算含30个原子以内的分子的笛卡尔坐标,GMAT/BAS程序可计算含20个原子、45个内坐标的分子的G矩阵,VIFR/BAS程序可计算含15个原子的分子的简正振动频率。利用这组程序,作者以二氧六环分子为例做了一些试尝运算,误差14.4 cm~(-1),相对误差1.8%,结果较理想。

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从新几内亚核桃木的树皮中分离得到的吲哚类喹诺里西定生物碱10-Desbromoarborescidine A,因发现其具有阻滞钙离子通道的活性而倍受关注。10-Desbromoarborescidine A由A、B、C、D四个环组成,只有一个手性中心,是吲哚生物碱中结构较简单的一种,常作为此类生物碱全合成方法的模型化合物。但迄今为止,能高效而简便的实现手性10-Desbromoarborescidine A不对称全合成方法线路不多,大多数以不对称诱导的方式建立其手性中心,手性催化的方式仅有一例金属催化。从逆合成分析可知,Desbromoarborescidine A的全合成可以通过亚胺不对称催化还原进行关键的手性中心构建,而本课题组在之前的研究中通过手性有机小分子催化剂的发展,已将三氯硅烷氢转移还原亚胺发展成了一类简便实用、高效、高对映选择性并具有优良底物适应范围的不对称催化反应,我们希望以这一反应作为关键手段,发展一条Desbromoarborescidine A及其类似物不对称合成新路线。 根据我们设计的新路线,首先成功合成了其关键中间体,然后我们进行了关键的不对称催化尝试。用本实验室已有的高性能有机小分子催化剂虽得到了较好的对应选择性,但是产率很低。同时,为了验证整条线路的可行性,我们也用消旋的中间体进行拉通线路的尝试。但不幸的是,在脱除保护基时遇到了很大困难。尝试换不同的保护基,或改变脱保护基的顺序,都未能成功合成目标产物。究其原因可能是由于吲哚的特殊性造成的,吲哚类亚胺与常规的芳香亚胺有较大的差异,其NH基团无论保护还是不保护,对与其2位相联接的C=N双键均有很大的影响,导致其不对称催化还原难以进行。另外,由于所设计的还原产物含有处在吲哚苄位的胺基,稳定性较差,造成保护基脱除困难。 烯胺C-亚磺酰化反应是本课题组最近发现的一个新反应,之前未见文献报道。本研究对该反应进行了反应条件优化和底物扩展,发现带Cbz,Ac,COt-Bu,CO2Et,Bz等保护基的一系列环状和非环状烯胺在亚磺酸钠、DMAc和MeSiCl3的共同作用下能高效高产率生成β-胺基烯基亚砜类新化合物,为合成多官能团化的烯基亚砜新化合物提供了一条简便实用的途径。 The main constituent of Dracontomelum mangiferum B1, indoloquinolizidine alkaloid 10-Desbromoarborescidine A, has drawn great attention due to its calcium channel blocking activity. Its molecular structure is relatively simple compared with the other alkaloids of the same type, which has only one chiral center, albeit with four cycles A, B, C, and D. This compound is often used as a model target for exploring different strategies for the total synthesis of indole alkaloids. Nevertheless, so far there still lack practical and highly efficient methods for the asymmetric total synthesis of 10-Desbromoarborescidine A. Most of the current available methods rely on stoichiometric asymmetric synthesis for the construction of the chiral center. There is only one example reporting utilization of asymmetric catalysis, but with transition metal complex as the catalyst. Our retrosynthetic analysis shows that catalytic asymmetric reduction of imine could be used as the key step for the construction of the chiral center of Desbromoarborescidine A. Since in the previous studies our group has developed the asymmetric reduction of imines by trichlorosilane into a practical and highly efficient and enantioselective method using newly designed chiral organocatalysts, we hope to apply this method to develop a novel synthetic route for the total synthesis of Desbromoarborescidine A and its analogues in this study. According to the newly designed synthetic route, we first accomplished the synthesis of the key intermediates which was then examined for the critical asymmetric catalysis. The asymmetric reduction using the highly efficient organocatalysts, developed in our lab afforded high ee but poor yield. We tried different reaction conditions to improve the yield, but failed to get any good results. Simultaneously, to vertify the feasibility of the synthetic route we designed, we also tired to go through the route toward the racemic synthesis of Desbromoarborescidine A. But unfortunately, protection and deprotection proved to be big hurdles. All the different protection groups and different sequences of protection and deprotection we tried failed to get us through the designed synthetic sequence and furnish the final product. Most likely, the indole part is the culprit behind the failures.The NH group of the indole, no matter protected or not, may impact the catalytic asymmetric reduction of C-N double bond connected with 2-C. Additionally, the reduction product we designed contains an amino group in the β-position of the indole, which may cause problems due to its instability. C-sulfenylation of enamines is a novel reaction discovered recently by our group, which has not been seen before in the literature. In this study, optimization of the reaction conditions and exploration of the substrate scope were further undertaken for this reaction, which reveal that a series of enamines with N-Cbz, Ac, COt-Bu, CO2Et protection groups could all undergo smooth C-sulfinylations with the comined use of sodium benzene sulphinate, DAMc and MeSiCl3, efficiently furnishing the β-amino vinylsulfoxide products in high yield, affording a practical and highly efficient methods for synthesis of functional vinylsulfoxides.

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大气臭氧的损耗导致了地球表面具有生物学效应的紫外线-B(UV-B)辐射增强。同时,大气成分变化中除了UV-B辐射增强外,氮沉降是一个新近出现而又令人担忧的环境问题,其来源和分布正在迅速扩展到全球范围,并不断向陆地和水生生态系统沉降。本试验在四川省境内的中国科学院茂县生态站内进行,以云山、冷杉、色木槭和红椋子幼苗为模式植物,从生长形态、光合作用、抗氧化能力和矿质营养等方面研究了青藏高原东缘4种树苗对全球变化-增强UV-B辐射和氮供应(氮沉降)的响应。该试验为室外盆栽试验,包括四个处理:(1)大气UV-B辐射+无额外的氮供应(C);(2)大气UV-B辐射+额外的氮供应(N);(3)增强UV-B辐射+无额外的氮供应(UV-B);(4)增强UV-B辐射+额外的氮供应(UV-B+N)。其目的:一方面有助于丰富我国对全球变化及区域响应研究的全面认识,进一步完善在全球气候变化条件下臭氧层削减和氮沉降对陆地生态系统影响的内容;另一方面,在一定程度上有助于我们更好的理解在全球变化下森林更新的早期过程。具体结果如下: 增强的UV-B辐射在生长形态、光合、抗氧化能力、活性氧和矿质营养方面对4种幼苗都有显著的影响。UV-B辐射增强对幼苗的影响不仅与物种有关,而且,还与氮营养水平相关。总体表现为,高的UV-B辐射导致了色木槭和红椋子幼苗叶片的皱缩和卷曲,并降低了色木槭幼苗的叶片数和叶重,在额外的氮供应下,云杉、冷杉和红椋子的叶重也显著地降低了;色木槭和红椋子幼苗叶片的解剖结构受到了增强的UV-B辐射的影响,增强的UV-B辐射显著地降低了色木槭叶片的栅栏组织厚度,提高了红椋子叶片的厚度;增强的UV-B辐射显著地降低了4种幼苗的单株总生物量、植物地下部分的生长、总叶绿素含量 [Chl (a + b)]、净光合速率和最大量子产量(Fv/Fm),提高了4种幼苗叶片的膜脂过氧化(MDA含量),改变了植物体不同器官中的矿质元素含量;增强的UV-B辐射提高了冷杉、色木槭和红椋子叶片中的过氧化氢含量(H2O2)、超氧负离子(O2-)生成速率,在额外的氮供应下,云杉叶片中的活性氧含量也显著地提高了;在无额外的氮供应条件下,增强的UV-B辐射显著地提高了4种幼苗叶片中的UV-B吸收物质、脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶的活性(SOD、POD、CAT、GR和APX)。在额外的氮供应条件下,UV-B辐射的增强却显著地降低了冷杉叶片中脯氨酸含量和红椋子叶片中UV-B吸收物质含量,但是,在4种幼苗叶片中,5种抗氧化酶的活性对UV-B辐射的增强没有明显的规律性,增强的UV-B辐射显著地提高了云杉叶片中的POD、SOD和GR的活性,提高了冷杉叶片中的POD和GR活性,提高了色木槭叶片中的POD、SOD和CAT活性和红椋子幼苗叶片中的POD和SOD活性。从这些结果可知,植物在遭受高的UV-B辐射导致的过氧化胁迫时,植物体内形成了一定的保护机制,但是,这种保护不能抵抗高的UV-B辐射对植物的伤害。 额外的氮供应在生长形态、光合、抗氧化能力、活性氧和矿质营养方面对4种幼苗都有一定的影响,不同幼苗对额外的氮供应响应不同,并且受到UV-B辐射水平的影响。在当地现有的UV-B辐射水平下,额外的氮供应显著地提高了幼苗的单株总生物量、植物地下部分的生长、Chl (a + b)、净光合速率(红椋子除外)、UV-B吸收物质(冷杉除外)、脯氨酸含量(红椋子除外)和部分抗氧化酶的活性,降低了H2O2的含量、O2-的生成速率和MDA含量(红椋子除外),改变了植物体内部分矿质元素含量,显著地提高了云杉和冷杉叶片中的Fv/Fm。这些指标总体表明,在当地现有大气UV-B辐射水平下,额外的氮供应对植物的生长和发育是有利的。在增强的UV-B辐射水平下,4种幼苗的生长形态和光合大部分指标都没有受到额外氮供应的影响,额外的氮供应提高了红椋子幼苗的单株总生物量和Chl (a + b)含量,提高了冷杉和色木槭叶片中的活性氧含量和MDA含量,却降低了红椋子叶片中的活性氧含量;额外的氮供应也提高了云杉、色木槭和红椋子叶片中UV-B吸收物质和脯氨酸含量,降低了冷杉叶片中UV-B吸收物质和脯氨酸含量;在抗氧化酶活性方面,额外的氮供应降低了云杉、冷杉叶片中5种抗氧化酶的活性和红椋子叶片中POD和GR的活性,提高了色木槭叶片中的POD和SOD的活性;4种幼苗植物体内的矿质元素含量对额外的氮供应没有显著的规律性。从这些结果可知,在高的UV-B辐射下,额外的氮供应提高了云杉、冷杉和色木槭幼苗对高的UV-B辐射的敏感性,然而,额外的氮供应却促进了红椋子幼苗的生长,原因可能是,在高的UV-B辐射下,额外的氮供应增加了红椋子叶片的厚度、叶重和叶片数,降低了叶片中活性氧含量的结果。表明在高的UV-B辐射水平下,额外的氮供应降低了红椋子幼苗对高的UV-B辐射的敏感性。 在全球变化的趋势下,UV-B辐射增强和氮沉降可能同时存在,我们的研究表明,与大气UV-B辐射+无额外的氮供应处理相比,增强UV-B辐射+额外的氮供应处理显著地降低了幼苗的单株总生物量(红椋子除外)、Chl (a + b)、净光合速率、Fv/Fm(冷杉除外)和MDA含量(红椋子除外),提高了活性氧含量 (云杉除外)、UV-B紫外吸收物质含量(冷杉除外)、脯氨酸含量和部分抗氧化酶的活性,改变了植物体不同器官中的矿质元素含量。结果表明,在当地现有条件下,全球变化(UV-B辐射增强和氮沉降)对云杉、冷杉和色木槭幼苗的生长是不利,尽管植物体内一些抗氧化性指标提高了,然而,却对红椋子幼苗的单株总生物量的累积没有显著的影响。 The depletion of the ozone led to the increase of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) with biological effects in the earth’s surface. At the same time, except for enhanced UV-B radiation, nitrogen deposition was an anxious environmental problem at present, rapidly expanding to the global scope and continuously depositing to land and aquatic ecosystem. The experiment was conducted in Maoxian Ecological Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan province, China. Picea asperata, Abies faxoniana, Acer mono Maxim and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings were selected as model plants to assess the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and supplemental nitrogen supply on growth, morphological, photosynthesis, antioxidant and mineral nutrient traits of 4 species seedlings in east Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The experiment was potted outdoor, including 4 treatments: (1) ambient UV-B without supplemental nitrogen (control, C); (2) ambient UV-B with supplemental nitrogen (N); (3) enhanced UV-B without supplemental nitrogen (UV-B); (4) enhanced UV-B with supplemental nitrogen (UV-B+N). One hand, it was helpful for enriching our country to comprehensive understanding of the researches in the global change and the region response, further perfecting the effects of the depleted ozone layer and nitrogen deposition on land ecosystem under the global change; the other hand, it was favorable for us to better understanding of the early process of forest renews under the global change. The results were as follows: Enhanced UV-B radiation had significant effects on 4 species seedlings in growth, morphological, photosynthesis, antioxidant and mineral nutrient traits of 4 species seedlings. The effects of enhanced UV-B on plants were not only related with species, but also related with nitrogen nutrient level. Generally, the increase of UV-B radiation led to the shrinkage and curl of leaves in Acer mono Maxim and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings, and reduced the number of leaf and leaf weight of Acer mono Maxim seedlings, under supplemental nitrogen supply, leaf weight of Picea asperata, Abies faxoniana and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings significantly also reduced; the anatomical features of leaf in Acer mono Maxim and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings affected by enhanced UV-B radiation, the increase of UV-B radiation markedly reduced the palisade tissue thickness of Acer mono Maxim leaf and enhanced the leaf thickness of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings; the enhanced UV-B radiation significantly reduced total biomass per plant of 4 species seedlings, the growth of the underground parts, Chl (a + b), net photosynthetic rate and maximum potential quantum yield of photosynthesis (Fv/Fm), and increased the degree of lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and changed the content of mineral elements in different parts of plants; the enhanced UV-B radiation also increased the rate of superoxide radical (O2-) production and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in leaves of Abies faxoniana, Acer mono Maxim, Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings, under supplemental nitrogen supply, the reactive oxygen species in leaves of Picea asperata seedlings also significantly increased by enhanced UV-B radiation; under without supplemental nitrogen supply, enhanced UV-B radiation evidently induced an increase in UV-B absorbing compounds, proline content and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, GR and APX) of leaves in 4 species seedlings. Under supplemental nitrogen supply, enhanced UV-B radiation induced a decrease in proline content of leaves in Abies faxoniana seedlings and UV-B absorbing compounds of leaves in Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings, but, there were no obvious rules in the activities of five antioxidant enzymes of 4 species seedling leaves to enhanced UV-B radiation, enhanced UV-B radiation significantly increased the activities of POD, SOD and GR in Picea asperata leaves, the activities of POD and GR in Abies faxoniana leaves and the activities of POD, SOD and CAT in Acer mono Maxim leaves. The results indicated that some protective mechanism was formed when plants were exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation, but the protection could not counteract the harm of high UV-B radiation on plants. Supplemental nitrogen supply had some effects on 4 species seedlings in growth, morphological, photosynthesis, antioxidant and mineral nutrient traits. The response of 4 species seedlings was different to supplemental nitrogen supply, and was affected by UV-B levels. Under local ambient UV-B radiation, supplemental nitrogen supply significantly increased the total biomass per plant, the growth of underground parts, Chl (a + b), net photosynthetic rate (except for Acer mono Maxim seedlings), UV-B absorbing compounds (except for Abies faxoniana seedlings), proline content (except for Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings) and the activities of some antioxidant enzymes, and reduced H2O2 content, the rate of O2- production and MDA content (except for Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings) and changed the content of mineral elemental in different parts; supplemental nitrogen supply also evidently increased Fv/Fm in Picea asperata and Abies faxoniana seedlings. These results indicated that supplemental nitrogen supply was favorable for the growth of plants under local ambient UV-B radiation. Under enhanced UV-B radiation, mostly parameters in growth and morphology of 4 species seedlings were not affected by supplemental nitrogen supply. Supplemental nitrogen supply increased the total biomass per plant and Chl (a + b) of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedling, increased the reactive oxygen species and MDA content in Abies faxoniana and Acer mono Maxim leaves, and reduced the reactive oxygen species in Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak leaves; supplemental nitrogen supply also increased UV-B absorbing compounds and proline content in Picea asperata, Acer mono Maxim and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak leaves, decreased UV-B absorbing compounds and proline content in Abies faxoniana leaves; in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, supplemental nitrogen supply significantly reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in Picea asperata and Abies faxoniana leaves and the activities of POD and GR in Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak leaves, and increased the activities of POD and SOD in Acer mono Maxim leaves; the content of mineral elements in 4 species seedlings was no significantly rule to supplemental nitrogen supply. We knew from the results, under enhanced UV-B radiation, supplemental nitrogen supply made Picea asperata, Acer faxoniana and Acer mono Maxim seedlings more sensitivity to enhanced UV-B radiation, however, accelerated the growth of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings. The reason was probably that supplemental nitrogen supply increased the leaf thickness, leaf weight and leaf number, reduced the reactive oxygen content of leaf in Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings grown under high UV-B radiation. This showed that supplemental nitrogen supply reduced the sensitivity of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings to high UV-B radiation. Under the tendency of the global change, enhanced UV-B radiation and nitrogen deposition may probably coexist. The results showed, compared with the treatment of ambient UV-B radiation without supplemental nitrogen supply, the treatment of enhanced UV-B radiation with supplemental nitrogen supply significantly reduced the total biomass per plants (except for Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings), Chl (a + b), net photosynthetic rate, Fv/Fm and MDA content (except for Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings), and increased reactive oxygen content (except for Picea asperata seedlings), UV-B absorbing compounds (except for Abies faxoniana seedlings), proline content and part antioxidant enzymes, and changed the content of mineral elements of different parts. The results indicated that the global change (enhanced UV-B and nitrogen deposition) were not favorable for the growth of plants under local ambient UV-B radiation and nitrogen nutrient level,, though increased some antioxidant indexes, however, the treatment of enhanced UV-B with supplement nitrogen supply did not significantly affect on the biomass accumulation of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings.