中国西北地区分布的几种荒漠植物的生理生态学特性研究

白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch.)是中国西北部沙漠的流动及固定沙丘上广泛分布的优势种灌木。瘦果小而轻;借助显微镜和扫描电镜对瘦果的形态结构进行了观察，其种子的种皮与果皮愈合，果皮外层为很厚的粘液层，其粘液层在遇湿后迅速吸水膨胀，其重量增至原来的589倍。在自然生境中，粘液物质将沙粒粘附于瘦果的周围，使瘦果的重量发生变化。瘦果能长时间在水上漂浮，粘液物质有助于种子的萌发和苗的发育。白沙蒿产生三种不同颜色的瘦果，其种子具有不同的萌发速率但最终达到相同的萌发率。瘦果的粘液物质对白沙蒿种子的传播与萌发具有重要的生态意义。白沙蒿种子为需光种子，种子在光下萌发而在暗中受到抑制。种子萌发的适宜温度为250 C，在100 C和300 C萌发速率和萌发率都很低，萌发在50 C受到抑制。种子在沙中被埋越深，其萌发速率和萌发率就越低。在沙平面下2厘米或更深层沙土下出苗率为零。但是，当将种子上层沙土移走，只保留0.5厘米沙土覆盖种子，这些种子的萌发率达到原先就位于沙土下0.5厘米的种子的萌发率，但是后者的萌发速率较高。土壤水分含量越高，从1. 7%到14. 7%，其萌发就越快。土壤水分含量从19.4%起，种子的萌发受到了延迟，苗的发育受到了抑制。 梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)是我国西北荒漠中分布的多年生植物，属中亚荒漠植被成分。其种子萌发的最适温度为loo C，亚适宜温度为15-20 0C。从200C起，温度越高，萌发比率越低。种子无论在光下和暗中都能萌发，萌发率无显著性差异。浓度低于0.2 molL的NaCl溶液对萌发的影响不大;但从0.8 mol/L起，萌发率随着浓度增高而降低，直至为零。将在盐溶液中处理9d的种子转移至蒸馏水后，原来较高浓度下的种子具有较高的萌发恢复率。不同浓度下的种子的萌发率和萌发恢复率要比蒸馏水中的低，表明NaCl处理后的部分种子永久地失去萌发力。梭梭的种子为短命种子，在自然状态下，种子的含水量为8.5%，寿命约为10个月。将梭梭种子含水量降至2. 5%和1.4%，其耐贮藏力增强。经过500 C下5天和10天的人工加速老化后，超干种子表现出较强的抗老化能力。与对照相比，超干种子萌发率、根长及活力指数等均显著提高。较低的电导率和较高的脱氢酶活性，说明种子在超干处理后表现出了膜系统的完整性和较高的种子生活力。超干处理既能显著提高梭梭种子的耐贮性，也能有效保持种质的稳定性，是梭梭种质资源保护的重要途径之一。 沙柳（Salix psammophila）是毛乌素沙地流动沙丘和固定沙丘上广泛分布的重要固沙植物。沙柳叶片的光合速率呈现出双峰型的日动态变化，在午后14点出现光合午休现象。蒸腾速率呈现出单峰型的日动态变化，蒸腾在午后15点达到最大。水分利用效率在早晨9点后保持在2.5 μmol C02．mmol-l H20左右。叶片水分亏缺也表现出规律性的变化。从早晨开始，叶片水分亏缺逐渐增强，在18时达到最大值。比较生长季节的不同时期环境因子的变化情况表明，春末的光照强度和气温比夏末高，但土壤水分含量则相反。沙柳在春末的光合速率、蒸腾速率分别是夏末的79%和72.4%，表明水分亏缺是影响沙柳生长发育的主要限制因素。

高温胁迫诱导光系统Ⅱ及其异质性的变化

近年来有证据证明，光系统II(PS II)反应中心在结构与功能上存在着异质性，它与光舍原初过程、激发能的分配和调节、胁迫因子导致的光合单位的损伤与修复等密切相关。本论文主要研究了高温胁迫诱导PS II及其异质性的变化，以及人工电子受体与PS II还原侧异质性电子传递的关系．根据研究需要，建立了精确测定无活性PS II中心相时含量的软件和方法，圆满完成了本研究任务。此外，也参加了新的非调制式动力学荧光计的研制及其软件的编写． 以下是本论文的主要结果： 1．用N80-BASIC语言结合汇编语言重新编写了本室快速（ms级）叶绿素动力学荧光计的测控程序，使快速荧光上升曲线的采样速度提高了一个数量级（达到100μS/点），可对Fo、Fi等关键荧光参数进行精确测定，为无活性PS II中心相对含量的准确测定奠定了基础．新研制的荧光计的软件用C语言编写，可在IBM PC兼容机上运行，采样速度最快可达25μs/点，对Fo和Fi等参数的测定更加可靠和精确．新荧光计从软、硬件两方面进行了彻底地更新，具有高信噪比、高响应、高精度、低功耗等优点，其性能己达到国际同类产品的先进水平． 2．高温胁迫诱导小麦类囊体膜吸收光谱的变化，结果显示40℃-50℃20分钟以内的高温胁迫导致681nm的吸收峰下降，同时引起663nm的吸收峰增加，表明高温胁迫引起部分叶绿素蛋白复合体的破坏和游离的叶绿素分子的增多．在更严重的高温胁迫下（55℃5分钟以上），体内游离的叶绿素分子(△A663)本身也遭到进一步的降解． 3．小麦类囊体膜低温( 77K)荧光光谱的分析。结果证实温和的高温胁迫(40℃20分钟以内)可导致激发能更多地从PS II向光系统IcPsi)分配，而更严重的高温胁迫（45℃- 55℃20分钟以内）对PS II和PS I的叶绿素蛋白复合体（F684和F736）均有破坏作用． 4．高温胁迫诱导小麦叶片荧光诱导动力学、荧光猝灭及其荧光参数的变化的研究．结果表明，高温胁迫首先导致有效量子产量(E．Y．)的下降，胁迫作用进一步加强导致最适量子产量(0．Y．)下降，而对光化学猝灭qP的影响较晚．这说明和PS II电子受体侧的电子传递和与二氧化碳固定有关的酶系统对高温胁迫极为敏感．其次，PS II放氧系统的损伤也早于PS II原初反应中心的失活．同时，在自然界条件下，存在着高温和高光强对植物的加强协同的光抑制和破坏作用． 5．在研究高温胁迫诱导荧光动力学及其参数变化的基础上，提出测定和计算高温胁迫的植物样品中无活性PS II中心相对含量的合理方法．认为在高温胁迫导致可变荧光( Fv)猝灭的情况下，应以Fvi(Fvi=Fi-Fo)对室温对照的可变荧光(FVCK)的比值作为计算无活性PS II中心相对含量的指标(Fvi/FVCK)．我们在弱激发光下测得正常的小麦和菠菜的无活性PS II中心的相对含量分别为0.155±0.011和0.094士0.010． 6．高温胁迫诱导有活性和无活性PS II中心异质性的相互转化的研究。结果发现50℃以下小于10分钟的处理，对PS II有活性和无活性中心的比值无明显影响：而经过50℃和55℃高温处理5-10分钟，有活性PS II中心才明显向无活性中心转化并发现这一转化过程发生在Fo己明显增加和Fv明显猝灭之后，也就是说它迟于高温胁迫对PS II天线色素蛋白复合体( LHCII)与PS II反应中心结合的破坏以及对放氧侧的损伤． 7．高温胁迫后的室温恢复期中有活性和无活性PS II中心相互转化的研究．发现在高温胁迫不太严重时（如50℃1分钟），无活性PS II中心的含量降至对照的70%，在随后室温60分钟恢复过程中继续降为50%。而Psn氧化侧的活性在此过程中可以得到部分恢复。高温胁迫进一步加强（如55℃5分钟和55℃10分钟）后，无活性PS II中心数目在随后的60分钟室温恢复期中，从恢复开始时为对照的130%和150%继续增加到240%和290%，且有加速转化的趋势。这说明高温胁迫诱导PS II还原侧异质性中心的转化除包含一个快速、直接的机制外，还启动了某种间接转化的机制． 8．对DMQ和DCBQ两种人工电子受体对有活性和无活性PS II中心的作用提出了不同见解。Cao和Govindjee(1990)认为DMQ(>20μmoI.L-1)只接受有活性PS II中心的电子，而DCBQ（>15, μmoLL-1）可完全接受有活性和无活性两种PS II中心的电子。但Lavergne等(1993)认为DCBQ不能接受无活性Psn中心的电子．我们用Stern-Volmer猝灭公式对我们的实验结果进行了分析，结果表明DMQ在较高浓度下（如120μmoI.L-1）才可完全接受有活性PS II中心的电子．但DCBQ的浓度在比Cao等几乎高出一个数量级( 120μmoI.L-1)的情况下，也只接受部分无活性PS II中心的电子( 40%)。另外我们发现，DMQ和DCBQ对Fm的猝灭不是随猝灭剂浓度的增加呈线性关系，而是一条近似饱和曲线，说明它至少包括两种以上不同的猝灭机制． 9．Mg2+诱导PS II异质性(Cα/Cβ)的研究。我们小组发现Mg2+诱导的chl a荧光增强动力学曲线包含Cα和Cβ两个指数成分，说明Mg2+在抑制激发能满溢，调节激发能向有利于PS I1分配的过程中存在异质性。其中Cβ比Cα具有更长的迁移寿命、更低的活化能和Mg2+半饱和浓度．这些说明Cβ比Cα更有可能在体内生理条件下发生迁移，从而在两个光系统之间起调节激发能分配的作用． 10.提出了高温胁迫诱导PS II异质性中心相互转换的可能模型．高温胁迫导致PS II异质性的转化包括几个步骤：有活性的α型PS II专荧光猝灭态的PS II专有活性的β型PS II专无活性的β型PS II专破坏了的PSⅡ．前两种转化一般具有可逆性．当高温胁迫进一步加强后，转化失去可逆性，在胁迫去除后，有活性PS II中心可继续向无活性中心转化，后者还有可能进一步受到破坏。

八棱丝瓜蛋白1的体外抗HIV-1活性

目的:研究八棱丝瓜蛋白1的抗HIV-1活性.方法:通过实验株HIV-1IIIIB诱导合胞体形成抑制实验、HIV-1IIIB和临床分离株HIV-IKM018急性感染细胞以及HIV-1IIIB慢性感染细胞的p24抗原表达抑制实验检测八棱丝瓜蛋白1的抗HIV-1活性.结果:八棱丝瓜蛋白1抑制HIV-1IIIB诱导C8106细胞形成合胞体的EC50为0.025 μmol·L-1,治疗指数为76.八棱丝瓜蛋白1抑制HIV-1IIIB感染C8166和HIV-1KM018感染PBMC的p24抗原表达的EC50分别为0.033和0.207 μmol·L-1.八棱丝瓜蛋白1不抑制HIV-1IIIB在慢性感染H9细胞中的复制.结论:首次发现八棱丝瓜蛋白1是一种具有抗HIV-1活性的核糖体失活蛋白.

The stripe-backed weasel Mustela strigidorsa: taxonomy, ecology, distribution and status

1. The stripe-backed weasel Mustela strigidorsa is one of the rarest and least-known mustelids in the world. Its phylogenetic relationships with other Mustela species remain controversial, though several unique morphological features distinguish it from congeners. 2. It probably lives mainly in evergreen forests in hills and mountains, but has also been recorded from plains forest, dense scrub, secondary forest, grassland and farmland. Known sites range in altitude from 90 m to 2500 m. Data are insufficient to distinguish between habitat and altitudes which support populations, and those where only dispersing animals may occur. 3. It has been confirmed from many localities in north-east India, north and central Myanmar, south China, north Thailand, north and central Laos, and north and central Vietnam. Given the limited survey effort, the number of recent records shows that the species is not as rare as hitherto believed. Neither specific nor urgent conservation needs are apparent.

Polyphasic characterization of water bloom forming Raphidiopsis species (cyanobacteria) from central China

Two strains of Raphidiopsis Fritsch et Rich were isolated from a fishpond in Wuhan city, China and rendered axenic, and characterized by a combination of morphological, physiological, biochemical and genetic methods. Morphologically the strains were identified as Raphidiopsis mediterranea Skuja (straight trichomes) and R. curvata Fritsch et Rich (coiled trichomes). These two strains demonstrated slight differences in optimal temperature range and GC content, while sharing some common characteristics including inability to grow hetertrophically, similar salinity tolerance (up to 0.78%) and an identical fatty acid composition. Cyanotoxins were not found in the strain of R. mediterranea, however, the strain of R. curvata contained both deoxycylindrospermopsin and cylindrospermopsin. Phylogenetic affiliations inferred from 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that both Raphidiopsis strains clustered with Cylindrospermopsis, demonstrating their phylogenetic ties to Nostocaceae. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

LIPID MICRORESISTOR AS MIMICKING OLFACTORY SENSOR - THE RULE OF THE RESPONSE OF LIPIDS TO C-1-C-4 ALCOHOLS

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and six other PC-similar lipids are coated on interdigital electrodes, IEs, as sensitive membranes. Eight alcohols (C-1-C-4) are tested in a flow system at room temperature. It is found that all responses are log(response)-log(concentration) linear relations. These results agree with Steven's law in psychophysics. Moreover, the thresholds of the sensors are coincident with human olfactory thresholds. The authors have analysed the data of the lipid hypothesis suggested by Kurihara et al. We have found that this hypothesis is also in agreement with Steven's law. Lipid microresistors are real mimicking olfactory sensors. A definition of an olfactory sensor is suggested.

花椒水浸液及酚酸类化感物质对作物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响效应

花椒（Zanthoxylum piperitum）是川西干旱河谷地区的重要经济作物，化感作用是花椒连作障碍的原因之一。系统研究花椒化感作用有助于深入理解并最终解决花椒连作障碍。本文通过研究花椒叶、林下土壤浸提液及单一纯化感物质对花椒幼苗生长、苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响作用，从生理生化角度揭示浸提液及纯化感物质的作用方式。通过室外和室内模拟实验，对浸提液及纯化感物质的化感效应进行比较，为花椒连作障碍的解决和化感作用机制的深入理解提供依据。主要结果如下： 1.花椒叶及林下土壤浸提液对地下生物量影响作用强与对地上生物量的化感效应，两种浸提液的化感效应强度不同，叶浸提液作用表现更显著。其中在Y6、Y8 、T6和T8处理时，花椒幼苗地下生物量分别降低了31.2%、32.1%、31.6%和31.7%。 2.两种浸提液均能显著影响花椒幼苗体内的保护性酶活性，总体说来，在高浓度下抑制各种抗氧化物酶活性，幼苗体内丙二醛含量增加，幼苗受害严重；在较低浓度下，各种保护性酶活性有所增加，丙二醛含量减少，幼苗伤害减轻。同时，不同月份里，各种酶的活性高低显著不同，9月份的活性显著低于7月份的酶活性。对于养分含量的影响，Y8、T8的影响强度最大，分别使碳元素含量降低了27.8%和30.8%，使钾元素含量降低了34.7%和25.6%。 3.花椒叶及林下土壤浸提液对苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长有化感作用，表现在最终萌发率、不同物质代谢及保护性酶活性的差异上。两种浸提液对苜蓿种子萌发过程中蛋白质的含量均无显著性影响，对淀粉和可溶性糖的影响作用类似，高浓度处理无明显化感效应，较低浓度处理显著降低二者在萌发苜蓿种子中的含量。Y2、Y4与T4处理分别使可溶性糖含量减少了32.3%、29.1%和18.8%，Y2与T2处理分别使淀粉含量降低了29.3%和26.8%。 4.苜蓿种子在4种单一化感物质最高浓度即10-3 mol•L-1处理下，萌发率显著降低，半数萌发时间推迟，随着处理浓度降低，抑制作用逐渐减弱，当降低到10-6 mol•L-1时，又能够表现出对苜蓿种子萌发的促进作用。 5.纯化感物质在10-6 mol•L-1时使苜蓿幼苗叶片的保护性酶活性显著升高，丙二醛含量显著降低；在10-3 mol•L-1时使苜蓿叶片中保护性酶活性显著降低，丙二醛含量增加，膜脂过氧化程度加重。 Zanthoxylum piperitum is one of the most important cash crops and has been extensively cultivated in Eastern Tibetan Plateau, especially in the fragile dry valley areas. Allelopathic effects could be a reason for Z. piperitum’s continuous cropping impediment. Systemmatically research of the effect of Z. piperitum allelopathy could help to comprehend the continuous cropping impediment. The allelopathic effects on seedlings growth and seed germination of aqueous extracts of Zanthoxylum piperitum and phenolic allelochemicals were studied, and the action mechanism of the two substances was also discussed from physiology. Indoor and outdoor experiments were set to compare the difference between aqueous extracts and pure allelochemicals. The main results showed that: 1. The aqueous extracts of leaf and soil had significant allelopathic effects on aboveground and underground biomass, but the effect on underground biomass was stronger than the effect on underground evidently. Treated with Y6、Y8 、T6 and T8, the underground biomass was reduced 31.2%、32.1%、31.6% and 31.7% respectively. 2. The activity of activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were significantly reduced, while the content of MDA was increased and the seedlings were suffered stronger, when treated by the high concentration; but at the low concentration, these were reversed. And then, at the different month, the activities of antioxidant enzyme were significantly distinct. As for the contents of nutrient element, Y8、T8 had the more intensive effects than other treatments. 3. The results showed that the two types of aqueous extracts had significant allelopathic effects on seed germination, substances metabolize and the activity of antioxidant enzyme. But the aqueous extracts had no effects on the content of protein, while had the similar effects on the content of starch and soluble sugar. At Y2、Y4 and T4, the content of soluble sugar decreased 32.3%、29.1% and 18.8% respectively. 4. Treated with 10-3 mol•L-1 of the four allelochemicals, the seed germination of alfalfa was significantly inhibited. Ferulic acid, coumarin and vanillic acid at 10-3 mol•L-1 significantly reduced the activities of antioxidant enzyme, while the content of MDA in alfalfa seedling was significantly increased. The restrain effects became weakened with the treat concentration falled. However, ferulic acid, coumarin and vanillic acid could increase the activities of antioxidant enzyme at 10-6mol•L-1.

Photodissociation dynamics of the methyl radical at 212.5 nm: Effect of parent internal excitation

Photodissociation dynamics of the CH3 radical at 212.5 nm has been investigated using the H atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight method with a pure CH3 radical source generated by the photolysis of CH3I at 266 nm. Time-of-flight spectra of the H atom products from the photolysis of both cold and hot methyl radicals have been measured at different photolysis polarizations. Experimental results indicate that the photodissociation of the methyl radical in its ground vibrational state at 212.5 nm excitation occurs on a very fast time scale in comparison with its rotational period, indicating the CH3 dissociation at 212.5 nm occurs on the excited 3s Rydberg state surface. Experimental evidence also shows that the photodissociation of the methyl radical in the nu(2)=1 state of the umbrella mode at 212.5 nm excitation is characteristically different from that in the ground vibrational state. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.