59 resultados para Schmalkaldic League, 1530-1547.


Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

针对广泛应用于超燃冲压发动机的吸热碳氢燃料,简要介绍了用于模拟燃料热物理特性的替代燃料方法和广义对应状态法则.以大庆RP-3航空煤油为例,选择了一个由49%(摩尔比)正十烷,44%1,3,5-三甲基环己烷以及7%正丙基苯组成的替代煤油用来模拟RP-3航空煤油进行热物理特性研究,并采用广义对应状态法则对替代煤油热力学和输运特性进行了数值研究.在此基础上,提出了预测超临界态流体通过音速喷管流量的新方法并得到了实验验证.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Micro- and macroscopic characterizations of the viscoelastic fracture of a unidirectional carbon-fibre-reinforced epoxy composite are presented. First, the micro-cracking behavior of the material is studied by the use of scanning electron microscopy; the in situ creep cracking process is observed and the crack propagation is measured. In order to obtain insight into the mechanisms of the observed creep cracking, macroscopic investigations were also carried out. Finite-element method simulations were carried out to calculate the stress distribution and the variation of stresses with time. A theoretical analysis of the orthotropy of viscoelastic fracture behavior of the material is also conducted.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

研究了超短脉冲激光照射下LiF晶体的破坏机理及其超快动力学过程,利用扫描电镜和原子力显微镜等测试手段,观测了飞秒激光照射下LiF晶体的烧蚀形貌。利用烧蚀面积与激光脉冲能量的对数关系确定了LiF晶体的破坏阈值,并利用非线性玻璃棒展宽脉宽,得到了800nm激光作用下LiF破坏阈值对激光脉宽(50~1000fs)的依赖关系;利用抽运一探针超快探测平台,探测了LiF烧蚀过程中反射率的变化。采用雪崩击穿模型,并根据晶体材料反射率与材料的介电常量的依赖关系,通过数值计算,模拟了材料烧蚀阈值与脉宽的依赖关系及材料激发过

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通过在线形谐振腔中引入一段缠绕在压电陶瓷上的单模光纤作为正弦相位调制器,使得激射波长的损耗不固定,抑制由于掺铒光纤的均匀展宽效应引起的模式竞争,从而避免了在室温下不稳定的单波长激射,实现了多波长掺铒光纤激光器的稳定输出。为了获得平坦的多波长输出,在谐振腔里使用了一个损耗峰位于1530nm处的长周期光纤光栅,以获得较为平坦的增益谱。通过两个3dB耦合器制成的反射型梳状滤波器的滤波作用,实验中观察到稳定的多波长激射,相邻波长间隔约为0.45nm。中心9个波长的输出功率平坦度为10dB,边模抑制比大于25dB。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Mn:YAP晶体是近年来发现的一种新型光折变晶体,在三维全息存储方向有广阔的应用前景。总结了Mn:YAP的晶体结构、光谱特征及其光折变模型,分析了它的优点和不足,并对其研究方向提出了设想。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The routing scheme and some permutation properties of a four-shuffle-exchange-based Omega network are discussed. The corresponding optical setup, which is composed of 2-D phase spatial light modulators and calcite plates, is proposed and demonstrated through mapping the inputs to a 2-D array. Instead of one shuffle-exchange followed by one switching operation as in ordinary Omega networks, in our presented system, the shuffle interconnection embraced in the switches is accomplished simply by varying the switching structure of each stage. For the proposed polarization-optical modules, the system is compact in structure, efficient in performance, and insensitive to the environment. (C) 1997 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

For the Er3+/Yb3+ codoped fluorophosphate glasses, Judd-Ofelt theory is used to analyse the influence of YbF3 as not a sensitizer but an average component on the spectroscopic properties around 1530 nm emission. The double roles of Yb3+, as a sensitizer and as an average component, are discussed. It is found that Yb3+ as an average component contributes to the increase of fluorescence lifetime, and Yb3+ as a sensitizer has the best sensitization when its concentration is 2.4 mol%.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Er3+/Yb3+ cocloped fluorophosphate glasses were prepared and their thermal stabilities, Raman spectra, absorption spectra, and fluorescence spectra were measured. It is found that proper content of NaF or PbF2 is helpful for the increase of stability against crystallization. The variation of AI(PO3)3 or NaF content in the composition affects not the maximum phonon energy but the phonon density. The introduction of PbF2 decreases the phonon energy slightly. Intense green and red upconversion luminescence was observed for the fluorophosphate glass with low phosphate content. A glass matrix for upconversion luminescence requiring neither expensive raw material nor special atmospheric conditioned preparation is provided. Infrared luminescence around 1530 nm was researched. Fluorophosphate glasses with bandwidth properties and stimulated-emission cross sections better than tellurite, germanate and silicate glasses are obtained. Through the introduction of NaF, the bandwidth properties are decreased. Through the introduction of PbF2 the gain properties are increased. On the whole, it is difficult to obtain a material with the best gain properties and bandwidth properties simultaneously. There should be a compromise between them according to the demand. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Broadband and upconversion properties were studied in Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped fluorophosphate glasses. Large Omega(6) and S-ed/(S-ed + S-md) values and the flat gain profile over 1530-1585 nm indicate the good broadband properties of the glass system. And a premise of using Omega(6) as a parameter to estimate the broadband properties of the glasses is proposed for the first time to our knowledge. Results showed that fluorescence intensity, upconversion luminescence intensity, the intensity ratio of red/green light (656 nm/545 nm) are closely related to the Yb3+:Er3+ ratio and Er3+ concentration, and the corresponding calculated lifetime of F-4(9/2) and S-4(3/2) states for red and green upconversion samples proves this conclusion. The upconversion mechanism is also discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Considering the interface absorption in optical coatings, we propose a model to simulate interface absorption. Calculations are made and the temperature field of several kinds of thin film multilayers, including those of partial reflectivity, high-reflectivity, and antireflectivity coatings are analyzed. The interface absorption is found to greatly influence the temperature distribution within multilayer coatings and to weaken the laser damage resistance of the samples. The real-time results of the photothermal deflection technique for laser induced damage to samples supports the model. (C) 1997 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通量测量点的能量收支总是表现出不平衡,即使在地势平坦、植被分布均一、稀疏植被下垫面的情况下也有约30%的能量失衡状况。能量平衡闭合 (EBC) 问题在验证涡度相关系统质量方面,得到了广泛的关注。实验在内蒙古草原3个地点,通过涡度相关系统附近移动能量平衡系统的测定手段,采用能量平衡余项法和最小二乘 (OLS) 线性回归法,研究了土壤热通量、净辐射及可供能量空间变异对能量平衡闭合的影响。 结果显示,EBC 在三个研究点的平均余项为8~19 W m-2,OLS 斜率为0.83~0.96。EBC 在土壤湿润情况的站点要高于干旱站点。 土壤热通量的空间变异三站点平均为白天48 W m-2 (占同时间 Rn 的13%),夜间15 W m-2 (34%),平均29 W m-2 (24%)。通过8个工作站的测量,这个变异会造成9% (从0.93到1.01) 的 OLS 斜率差别。夜间的能量平衡不闭合可以由土壤热通量的空间变异解释。如果在本研究的的三个草原站点上忽略了土壤热通量,则会造成较大的余项 (峰值时110 W m-2) 产生,从而使 OLS 斜率增大23%。特别是通量板埋置在地面以下30 mm处时,上层的土壤热储部分占到全部土壤热通量的50%,这不仅影响到 EBC 的大小,更起到调节土壤热通量与“真实的波形” 相一致的作用。如果该部分热储被忽略掉,EBC 余项会增加60 W m-2,OLS 斜率也会变化 (减少) 9%。用大尺度多点测量与涡度塔附近的小尺度测定相比较,后者表现出稍高的闭合率,即 OLS 斜率增加4%。 相对于土壤热通量,净辐射的空间变异较小,三站点平均为白天17 W m-2 (5%),夜间7 W m-2 (13%),平均 12 W m-2 (5%)。可以引起3% (从0.88到0.91) 的 OLS 斜率差异。研究结果还表明,风速校正应该在 Q7.1 净辐射仪中应用,校正后的结果与 CNR1 的结果在白天有吻合较好,但在其它时段仍有较大差异,特别是在夜间,风速校正基本不起作用,使得两种仪器间差异达20 W m-2。比较表明,风速校正可以提高白天 Rn 的6%,仅降低夜间0.3%。因此,无论是用余项法还是用 OLS 线性回归法,在比较使用不同仪器的站点间的闭合状况时 (本研究的结果适用于草地 Q7.1 与 CNR1 间的比较),可以用9:00-15:00 h 时段的数据进行比较,这样可以避免因使用不同仪器的差异所造成的影响。用该时段的数据进行比较,仪器间的差异余项法小于6 W m-2,OLS 法小于3%。 受可供能量空间变异影响,三个站点平均 EBC 的不确定性为白天66 W m-2 (19%),夜间23 W m-2 (50%),平均42 W m-2 (36%);或者改变 OLS 斜率11%。用最大值和最小值来衡量,EBC 最大不确定性,正午时在站点 I、II 和 III 中分别为81,114和91 W m-2。故在探讨能量平衡和能量平衡闭合问题时,必须充分考虑到这种不确定性,否则会产生偏差,或者得出错误结论。 研究还表明,即使考虑到白天所有可供能量的最大不确定性,仍然不能使能量平衡闭合。中午 (12:00 h),站点 I,II 和 III 仍然有14±15,48±12和47±14 W m-2 的失衡不能够归因于可供能量的空间不确定性。因此,其它影响因素也需进行细致的探讨。 在两站点不同测量深度土壤热通量结果的差异性比较实验中,无论在站点 I 还是 III,均表现出一致的结论,即随通量板布置深度加深,其测量结果会越高,与浅层布置的相比,差别可高达150 W m-2。深层土壤热通量的计算仍是个难题,需进一步研究。 在不同植被结构对净辐射测定影响的实验中发现,随刈割强度增加,一天中大部分时间净辐射均减少。正午依次为413,395和388 W m-2。无论正午还是全天合计,重度刈割地点的净辐射均比不刈割对照处理少6%,而且,在整个生长季也少6%,约合40,000 W m-2。测量高度不同,不同处理间对测定结果影响不同:刈割处理中,由于下垫面较均一,结果相差不显著;而对照则表现出较高的差异,用两配对样本T检验表明差异达到极显著 (P<0.000,9:30-15:00 h data)。当使用不同新旧程度的 domes 时,对净辐射结果会产生明显的影响。新 domes 的测量结果白天明显高,晚上明显低,使用了11个月的旧 domes,峰值时,白天低估25 W m-2,晚上高估10 W m-2。说明该差异在进行能量平衡闭合计算时,不能忽略。而全用新的和全用旧的进行比较,晚上仅有2-3 W m-2差异。 考虑生态系统中非生物因子对干扰条件下生物多样性动态和功能的影响,有助于更精确地阐明生物多样性-稳定性功能的关系。为此,设计了一个单因子刈割实验——内蒙古地区一种广泛存在的土地利用方式。主要目的是研究不同强度刈割影响下,微气候变量特别是能量平衡各分量和群落结构的变化及二者的关系。连续4年刈割,占第一位的优势种明显由低矮半灌木冷蒿 (Artemisia frigida) 取代了高大丛生禾草克氏针茅 (Stipa kylovii)。重度刈割下,针茅的盖度、生物量和丛重,群落叶面积、绿色生物量、凋落物量和群落高度一致低于轻度刈割/不刈割处理。微气候由于群落特征的这些变化也呈规律性变化。与对照相比,重度刈割降低了生长季土壤含水量的47.5%,但中午和日均土壤表面温度分别增加了7.4和1.2 °C,并且增加地表下2 cm土壤温度日较差 (日最高与最低温度之差) 4.2 °C。刈割处理由于凋落物少、反射强而表现出较低的净辐射,但土壤热通量显著提高,表现为土层加热和冷却快。因此,重度刈割处理较对照降低了可供能量8%,约合52,000 W m-2 。不同刈割强度间来看,NPP 或 LAI 与土壤热通量和净辐射的比值 (G/Rn) 以及波文比 (H/LE) 间呈负相关。重度刈割处理感热通量显著提高,但潜热通量在处理间差异不显著,表明未刈割处理虽然冠层伸展大,但是并没有导致更大的水分亏缺。未刈割处理增加了抵抗物种改变的能力,而刈割处理在连续一年一割的第四年显著增加了物种数,可能与因刈割影响而导致的群落结构与微气候的改变有关。本研究表明,未刈割处理可以减轻高温干旱季节的高温和干旱胁迫,表现出对环境变化的高抵抗性。未刈割处理的凋落物层和较高的垂直结构所形成的遮荫,可以形成一个阻挡蒸发的篱笆,这是维持其水分的保证。因此,为了恢复退化草原生态系统功能,需要修复能导致微气候变化的植物群落结构,否则难以成功。 本研究立足于原创性的实验研究,在中国特有的自然草原生态系统上开展,结合不同温度梯度的三地区涡度相关系统进行了能量平衡闭合的移动比较实验,以及结合常用土地利用方式的定点能量平衡实验。在翔实的数据基础上,为涡度相关方法的陆地表面能量平衡失衡问题提供了解释。增加了对两个主要能量流——土壤热通量和净辐射空间变异规律的认识,研究对于能量平衡和湍流通量相关研究是有价值的。在三个代表性地区首次利用多个净辐射仪和土壤热通量板的结果与三个标准的涡度相关系统进行了比较,这类量化失衡原因的相关研究应受到高度重视并进一步拓展,以提高对能量失衡的认识,进而推进水热和碳循环研究向更深层次发展。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本试验采用水平式淀粉凝胶电泳法,对版纳斗鸡、武定鸡的60个样本,32个遗传位点的血液蛋白多态性进行了检测。这两个品种只在ES-1、AKp-1、AKp-2、LAP四个座位显示多态。其余25个位点均为单态,尚有CP、XDH和IDH三个座位染色后未出现谱带。试验结果表明:两鸡种之间虽呈现一定的遗传差异,但平均基因杂合度较小(0.0607;0.0648),两者间遗传距离较近(0.0778)。