52 resultados para Platina, 1421-1481.


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The process of die swell in polymer jets is an important feature within polymer processing and can be explained through a study of its rheological effects. The existence of a thermocapillary effect, driven by the gradient of its surface tension, should be considered when examining a thermal jet that has a non-uniform temperature distribution on its free surface, as in various polymer processings. Both the rheological effect and thermocapillary effect on die swell can be studied numerically through a finite element method as used on a two-dimensional and unsteady model, in which a Coleman-Noll second-order fluid model is employed. The results show that the expanding angle depends on both the rheological property of the fluid and the pressure at the vessel exit. Although both the thermocapillary and the rheological effects contribute to the cross-section expansion of the fluid jet, the latter is more important in determining the expansion.

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The flow field with vortex breakdown in wide spherical gaps was studied numerically by a finite difference method under the axisymmetric condition. The result shows that the flow bifurcates to periodic motion as the Reynolds number or the eccentricity of the spheres increases. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.

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Raman spectroscopy was used to study the molecular structure of a series of selected rare earth (RE) silicate crystals including Y2SiO5 (YSO), LU2SiO5 (LSO), (Lu0.5Y0.5)(2)SiO5 (LYSO) and their ytterbium-doped samples. Raman spectra show resolved bands below 500 cm(-1) region assigned to the modes of SiO4 and oxygen vibrations. Multiple bands indicate the nonequivalence of the RE-O bonds and the lifting of the degeneracy of the RE ion vibration. Low intensity bands below 500 cm(-1) are an indication of impurities. The (SiO4)(4-) tetrahedra are characterized by bands near 200 cm(-1) which show a separation of the components of nu(4) and nu(2), in the 500-700 cm(-1) region which are attributed to the distorting bending vibration and in the 880-1000 cm(-1) region which are attributed to the symmetric and antisymmetric stretching vibrational modes. The majority of the bands in the 300-610 cm(-1) region of Re2SiO5 were found to arise from vibrations involving both Si and RE ions, indicating that there is considerable mixing of Si displacements with Si-O bending modes and RE-0 stretching modes. The Raman spectra of RE silicate crystals were analyzed in terms of the molecular structure of the crystals, which enabled separation of the bands attributed to distinct vibrational units. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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放牧是草地最主要的利用方式,草地植物被家畜采食而部分或全部去叶是一个普遍存在的现象。内蒙古草原是我国北方地区最大的干旱半干旱草原,长期以来,过度放牧使草地的植被、土壤状况不断趋于恶化。由于过度放牧,草地植物正常的生理生态特性受到影响,光合作用能力、生长能力和繁殖更新能力等出现不同程度的降低。本文从动物-植物-土壤相互联系的角度出发,着重研究了过度放牧和刈割对内蒙古草原的一种典型植物—羊草(Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzevel.)形态、生长和生理的影响,以及羊草对放牧和刈割的生理生态响应,并得出以下主要结论: 1.过度放牧使土壤表层含水量、有机质含量和氮含量显著下降;羊草的叶量减少,比叶面积增大,节间缩短,分蘖减少;羊草的生物量根部分配比例增大,生殖器官则分配很少;羊草种群高度、盖度、密度和相对生物量均比对照显著降低。试验结果说明,过度放牧从短期可以影响到羊草种群和部分形态特征,长期则影响羊草的生物量分配模式,最终还使羊草的生境趋于恶化,不利于羊草的生长。同时,羊草对放牧也形成了一定的适应性。例如,比叶面积增大,增加了更多的光合叶面积;节间缩短可以躲避家畜啃食;生物量向根部集中,增大了对水分和养分的吸收面积等。 2.过度放牧使羊草的净光合速率显著降低;光合作用补偿点增大,光合作用饱和点却降低;蒸腾速率、气孔导度下降,暗呼吸速率增大;光系统Ⅱ的光化学效率、实际量子产量和光化学粹灭值均显著低于围封样地;瞬时和长期的水分利用效率也有不同程度的降低。试验结果表明,过度放牧强烈制约了羊草的光合作用能力和水分利用效率。而植物的光合作用是物质生产的基础,羊草光合能力的降低必然导致其生物产量的降低,从而也改变了羊草种群在整个生物群落中的作用和地位。 3.羊草在轻度(地上20%)和中度(地上40%)刈割条件下可以获得更大的地上累积生物量,表现为超补偿生长,并且地下生物量降低较少,相对生长速率较高,分蘖较多。而重度(地上80%)刈割可收获的地上累积生物量远少于对照,表现为欠补偿生长,且地下生物量大量减少,分蘖较少。在轻度或中度刈割条件下,施氮肥可以起到稳定维持植物生物产量的作用,但是重度刈割条件下,即使施加再多的氮肥也不能补偿植物生物量的损失。施磷肥对羊草的补偿性生长特性没有明显影响。而干旱加刈割处理的羊草不管是哪个刈割水平,均为欠补偿生长,地下生物量低,相对生长速率较低。 4.轻度刈割后羊草剩余叶片经过3天左右的生理恢复期后,表现出了明显的补偿性光合作用。中度和重度刈割羊草的生理恢复时间较长,没有表现出补偿性光合作用。刈割和施氮处理羊草剩余叶片的净光合速率变化和仅刈割处理(对照)基本上相同。刈割和干旱处理羊草剩余叶片的光合速率始终处于一个较低的水平,各刈割水平均没有表现出补偿性光合作用,主要是干旱导致气孔关闭,限制了叶片的气体交换。刈割后叶片气孔导度的增加可能是补偿性光合作用发生的重要原因。但叶片受到强烈伤害后,气孔导度虽然增加,其呼吸作用也增大,所以净光合速率还是较低。重度刈割叶片的叶绿素含量升高可以增加其光合作用潜力,为恢复正常生长作了生理上的准备,这可能是植物对刈割或放牧的一种生理适应性。 研究放牧条件下植物对动物采食的反应不仅具有重要的理论生态学意义,而且对提高植物的净生长量,维持草地持续的生产能力,实现草地的可持续利用具有重要的意义。研究草地主要植物对牲畜采食的补偿性生长效应及其条件,对合理利用草地可再生资源,确定合理的放牧强度有重要意义。应充分利用植物的超补偿效应,适时放牧,控制放牧强度,实现草地植物可食部分的超补偿生长,实现草地的最优化利用和生产力的最大化。

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锡林郭勒草原位于内蒙古自治区中部,草地面积居我国11片重点牧区之首,是我国温带典型草原的核心分布区和重要的草地畜牧业生产基地。长期以来,锡林郭勒草原作为我国北方地区的一道重要的绿色生态屏障,有效地阻止了草原腹地的土壤侵蚀、沙化以及来自中亚和我国西部的沙尘侵害,对于维持整个华北地区,特别是京、津大都市的生态环境安全起着极其重要的作用。然而,近几十年来,由于人类活动的强度干扰锡林郭勒草原发生了严重退化,生产力显著降低,草原的生态服务功能日益衰减。本文以锡林郭勒草原传统的游牧文化和草地利用方式的变迁作为切入点,以锡林河流域为案例,深入分析了社会驱动力在草地退化过程中的主导作用,目的在于揭示土地利用方式的变化、农牧业人口的剧增和牲畜数量在时间和空间分布的变化趋势与锡林河流域草地退化的关系,进而探求锡林河流域草地畜牧业的可持续发展途径。同时,近年来由于草地退化速度的加剧和草地退化面积的不断扩张,以及世界许多资源保护计划和可持续发展项目的失败,人类原始的土著文化对当地生态环境的保护和维持作用,引起了自然和社会科学界共同的关注,本文应用草地调查和社会调查的方法以及GIS技术对锡林河流域草地退化时空分布规律及其成因进行了研究。 原始游牧是锡林郭勒草原历史悠久的草地利用方式,而草原游牧文化则是蒙古族传统文化的重要组成部分。随着人类社会不断地走向文明和现代化,传统的游牧逐渐地被半定居和定居定牧的方式所取代,蒙古族传统的草原游牧文化也随之走向衰落。本文采用社会调查方法对锡林河流域已经结束了50多年的游牧利用方式进行考察,探讨了不同土地利用方式时空格局,以及土地利用方式变迁对草地退化格局的影响,进而强调了传统的草原游牧文化对于人类的行为规范、价值观念、环境保护和维持生态系统功能的重要意义。 以1984年和2004年开展的大量草地调查数据为基础,结合同期的TM数据,分析了20年来锡林河流域草地退化程度及其空间分布,结果发现锡林河流域草地退化面积达到70%之多,从东南向西北草地退化程度明显加剧。同上世纪80年代中期相比,锡林河流域植被在近20余年来的变化状况表现为:局部恢复,部分地区变化不明显,总体上呈现出不断恶化的发展势头。通过对位于 锡林河流域的锡林浩特市及其邻近地区的社会驱动因子的分析,并应用统计学和GIS空间分析的方法,对锡林河流域土地利用、牧业人口和牲畜数量等因子在近35年来的变化过程进行了系统研究,发现土地利用变化、人口的急剧增加、以及过度放牧是导致锡林河流域草地退化加剧的主要原因。 在上述分析的基础上,以适应性生态系统管理和可持续性科学的基本理论为指导,对锡林河流域的生态环境保护和草地畜牧业的可持续发展提出了一些具体的建议和措施。

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Effects of age and season on the developmental capacity of oocytes from unstimulated and FSH-stimulated rhesus monkeys were examined, Immature cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured in vitro in modified CMRL-1066 medium containing 20% bovine calf serum and

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本文报道了腑衣、梅花肠、肝素钠、硫酸皮肤素、磷酸单酯酶、冠心舒和肠渣饲料蛋白的用途以厦利用猪小肠制取的方 法,并就综合利用问题进行了探讨。

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应用抑制差减杂交、末端快速扩增和基因步移技术,克隆并鉴定了乌鳢干扰素刺激基因Viperin和ISG15及其启动子序列.Viperin cDNA全长1474nt,包含1059nt的开放阅读框,编码352个氨基酸.除N末端70个氨基酸外,Viperin蛋白氨基酸序列在鱼类和哺乳类具有高度的保守性.ISG15 cDNA全长758nt,包含468nt的开放阅读框,编码155个氨基酸,含有两个泛素样(UBL)结构域,C末端具有保守的UB偶联结构(LRGG).Viperin和ISG15启动子区存在保守的干扰素刺激反应

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By chopping a pump beam in conventional time-resolved Kerr rotation (TRKR) experiments and measuring the time evolution of M-shaped "major" hysteresis loops of magnetic linear dichroism (Delta MLD = MLDpump-on MLDpump-off), the differential MLD signal in the presence and the absence of the pump beam, we studied the dynamics of photo-enhanced magneto-crystalline anisotropy, and found that its very long recovering time (much longer than 13 ns) might reflect the nature of the coherent coupling between photo-excited holes and localized spins in the d shell of manganese.

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By optimizing the molecule beam epitaxy growth condition, the quality of quantum cascade (QC) material has greatly been improved. The spectrum of double x-ray diffraction indicates that the interface between the constituent layers is very smooth, the lattice mismatch between the epilayer and the substrate is less than 0.1%, and the periodicity fluctuation of the active region is not more than 4.2%. The QC laser with the emission wavelength of about 5.1 mum is operated at the threshold of 0.73 kA/cm(2) at liquid nitrogen temperature with the repetition rate of 10kHz and at a duty cycle of 1%. Meanwhile, the performance of the laser can be improved with suitable post process techniques such as the metallic ohmic contact technology.