稀有植物太行花的保护生物学研究

悬崖代表着一个残遗的、较少受到干扰的古生境，悬崖也是生物多样性的避难所。这个特殊生境中分布种类丰富的稀有植物和特有植物，而这些稀有和特有植物又往往以悬崖为唯一的生境，在长期的演化历史进程中形成彼此相互适应的关系。这种分布在特殊生境中的稀有植物为保护研究提出了新的研究方向和问题。本文以蔷薇科的中国特有植物太行花（Taihangia rupestris Yü et Li）为对象，对这个仅分布在有限的地理范围内悬崖上的稀有物种进行了保护生物学的研究。 利用RAPD分子标记技术对太行花8个居群的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了检测分析。结果表明太行花居群内维持着较高的遗传多样性水平，未显示遭受过严重遗传瓶颈的迹象。同时，居群间遗传分化显著，与居群间的地理距离相关，聚类分析得到的树系图与太行花种下两个变种（太行花原变种Taihangia rupestris var. rupestris和缘毛太行花Taihangia rupestris var. ciliate Yü et Li）的划分相符。 通过栽培实验，研究了太行花对光照和养分的反应，从生态学角度检测植物对环境因子变化的适应能力。结果表明光照处理显著影响太行花的气体交换参数，且显示出随季节不同而变化的趋势。在8月第一次测量时，光合速率随着光照水平的增加而增加;而在9月底第二次测量时，高光下植株的光合速率反低于中光条件下的植株。光合光反应曲线表明太行花对不同光照水平（高光、中光和低光）均显示出一定的光合适应性。 光照对太行花的生长反应、形态、解剖等指标均具有显著的作用。在收获时，高光下植物形成小而厚的叶片，更快的叶片形成速率足以弥补单叶面积上光合速率的下降，使植株维持最大的总生物量。中光条件下的植株具有更长的叶柄，更大的叶面积，大而薄的叶片，和更大的叶面积比，被认为是对较弱光照环境适应的表现。而光照对叶片的气孔指标（气孔密度、气孔指数和大小）没有作用，养分施加对太行花的影响也甚微。总体来说，太行花显示出对光照变化的生理适应性和形态可塑性，光照和养分这两个环境条件均非影响太行花局限分布的关键因素。 同时，我们采用扫描电镜手段跟踪观察了太行花的花的早期发育过程。太行花早期发育过程中苞片内残留的退化花痕迹表明，太行花的顶生单花其实是有限聚伞花序中其它花芽败育的结果，显示出从花序向单花演化的趋势。同时，雌蕊的发育在早期是正常的，未显示出退化痕迹。 根据以上结果表明，局限分布在特殊生境上的太行花并未显示出生理适应幅度的狭窄性和遗传多样性水平的降低，因此，太行花在长期的进化过程中形成了对特殊生境——悬崖的适应性，遗传衰退和缺乏适应性不是稀有植物太行花局限分布的原因。在对太行花的保护中应进一步加强对其生境的保护，并在进行迁地保护和回归引种时应兼顾不同变种和地理分布的居群，以实现对其遗传完整性的有效保护。

毛乌素沙地两种根茎型植物克隆生长的生态适应意义

在干旱气候背景下的毛乌素沙地，干旱、风沙是十分突出的环境胁迫因子。植物的生存与繁衍受到这些因子的强烈作用。在这里生存繁衍的许多克隆植物，在长期的生态适应与进化中，形成了有效的生态适应机制来克服沙地环境的不利影响。本研究选择在毛乌素沙地广泛分布的根茎型克隆植物羊柴（Hedysarum laeve Maxim.）和拂子茅(Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth.)为实验对象，运用实验生态学的方法与途径，来探讨它们对环境因子的适应机制。 羊柴为毛乌素沙地的主要固沙植物与优良豆科牧草，在该地区广泛用于飞播和直播种植。对毛乌素沙地区域生态环境建设与畜牧业经济发展起到了重大作用。在毛乌素沙地，水分短缺是植物生长和繁殖的重要限制因子。同时，受地形、生物、基质等因素的影响，毛乌素沙地的水分往往呈异质性的空间分布。羊柴克隆的相连分株极有可能处于异质性水分供应的不同生境位点上。因而，相连的羊柴分株能否对异质性水分供应发生反应，以及反应的耗一益状况，是羊柴克隆对干旱与水分异质性生态适应的基本问题。为此，采用人工设置异质性水分供应的方法，研究了一对相连的羊柴成年克隆分株对水分异质性的反应及反应的耗一益状况。结果显示：分株的水分供应状况，对相连的另一分株的生长有着显著的影响。当生长于低水分供应土壤中的分株与生长于高水分供应土壤中的分株相连接时，此分株的地上植株、根系、新生根茎的产生都有显著的提高，生物量分配与同质高土壤水分供应的分株无显著差异;而同时，与此分株相连的、处于高水分供应土壤中的分株在生长上却无明显的减弱，并且将明显多的生物量分配到地下根系。这表明：分株间发生着明显的水分共享，相连的克隆分株通过水分共享对异质性水分供应发生反应：并且水分共享使处于低水分供应土壤中的羊柴分株显著获益而并不显著地牺牲另一处于高水分供应土壤中的羊柴分株的生长。水分共享可能是羊柴克隆对沙地水分异质性的生态适应机制之一。 风积沙埋在毛乌素沙地生态系统中频繁发生，直接影响着种子发芽后，幼苗的存活与成功定居。因而，对传播到沙地中的植物种具有选择作用。羊柴在近数十年来被大量地用于沙地飞播，以防风固沙重建沙地植被。羊柴在种子萌发后，幼苗很有可能遭受沙埋。为了探讨羊柴幼苗对沙埋的反应，对一周龄、二周龄的羊柴幼苗进行了为期6周的人工沙埋实验，实验结果显示：沙埋对羊柴幼苗的存活、生长影响极为显著，重度沙埋（沙埋深度达到或超过幼苗的高度）可使大量或全部羊柴幼苗死亡;一定深度的沙埋（沙埋深度不超过幼苗株高）羊柴幼苗不仅可以全部存活，而且其整株生物量、叶片生物量、根系生物量以及相对生长率都相应地高于非沙埋的对照（即：不沙埋），而且新生叶片的产生要显著地多于不沙埋的对照。与非沙埋的对照相比，一定深度的沙埋并不显著地改变羊柴幼苗的生物量分配格局，其株高也不发生明显的变化。根据本实验的结果，在飞播羊柴时最好先在流沙和半流沙上设置一些人工固沙、阻沙的设施，以避免羊柴幼苗遭受重度沙埋，降低其定居和形成种群的风险，促进其形成种群，提高飞播成效。 在本研究的实施地一毛乌素沙地，环境胁迫与扰动经常发生，异质性的生境条件有着广泛的分布。严酷的生存环境与异质性，为植物采取多样的生态适应策略提供了前提条件。克隆植物的相连分株间是否发生资源共享以及资源共享的时空格局具有种类特异性。拂子茅为根茎型多年生禾草。其根茎细长，在分株建立后并不随分株的年龄的增加与体形的增大而发生明显的加粗生长。为了探讨拂子茅在异质性水分环境中的表型差异，对拂子茅由母株、子株组成的分株对给予了高水、低水两种不同的异质性水分处理。实验结果表明：水分供应状况直径影响着拂子茅的分株生长表型。在高水条件下，拂子茅的分株能产生多的根茎、新生 后代分株，并将生物量主要用于地上部分生长，从而积累多的地上生物量;在低水条件下，拂子茅分株产生较少的根茎与新生后代分株，并且分配到根系的生物量明显增大。在具有一定对比度的异质性水分环境中，拂子茅分株并不因与其相连的分株所处的水分供应状况而在根茎生长、新生后代分株的产生和生物量分配等特征上，与同质环境中的具有相同水分供应状况的分株表现出有明显的差异。这些结果揭示：拂子茅仅以分株的形式对异质性水分在表型上发生反应;相连的克隆分株在向顶向和向基向这两个基本方向上，不能对另一分株的水分供应状况在生长表型上发生反应，它们在水分关系上可能是相互相对独立的。分株的相对独立有利于在气候干旱、扰动强烈的沙地环境中实现风险分摊，提高基株的存活机率。 可以推断：处于同一环境中的不同克隆植物种在长期的进化中，也可以选择截然不同的生态策略来适应环境。

Enhanced Plasticity of Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass Matrix Composite with Ductile Reinforcement

A composite material containing uniformly distributed micrometer-sized Nb particles in a Zr-based amorphous matrix was prepared by suction cast. The resulting material exhibits high fractured strength over 1550 MPa and enhanced plastic strain of about 29.7% before failure in uniaxial compression test at room temperature. Studies of the serrations on the stress-strain curves and the shear bands on the fractured samples reveal that the amplitude of the stress drop of each serration step corresponds to the extent of the propagation of a single shear band through the materials. The composite exhibits more serration steps and smaller amplitude of stress drop due to the pinning of shear band propagation by ductile Nb particles.

The Flow Theory of Mechanism-Based Strain Gradient Plasticity

The flow theory of mechanism-based strain gradient (MSG) plasticity is established in this paper following the same multiscale, hierarchical framework for the deformation theory of MSG plasticity in order to connect with the Taylor model in dislocation mechanics. We have used the flow theory of MSG plasticity to study micro-indentation hardness experiments. The difference between deformation and flow theories is vanishingly small, and both agree well with experimental hardness data. We have also used the flow theory of MSG plasticity to investigate stress fields around a stationary mode-I crack tip as well as around a steady state, quasi-statically growing crack tip. At a distance to crack tip much larger than dislocation spacings such that continuum plasticity still applies, the stress level around a stationary crack tip in MSG plasticity is significantly higher than that in classical plasticity. The same conclusion is also established for a steady state, quasi-statically growing crack tip, though only the flow theory can be used because of unloading during crack propagation. This significant stress increase due to strain gradient effect provides a means to explain the experimentally observed cleavage fracture in ductile materials [J. Mater. Res. 9 (1994) 1734, Scripta Metall. Mater. 31 (1994) 1037; Interface Sci. 3(1996) 169].

A new hardening law for strain gradient plasticity

A new hardening law of the strain gradient theory is proposed in this paper, which retains the essential structure of the incremental version of conventional J(2) deformation theory and obeys thermodynamic restrictions. The key feature of the new proposal is that the term of strain gradient plasticity is represented as an internal variable to increase the tangent modulus. This feature which is in contrast to several proposed theories, allows the problem of incremental equilibrium equations to be stated without higher-order stress, higher-order strain rates or extra boundary conditions. The general idea is presented and compared with the theory given by Fleck and Hutchinson (Adv. in Appl. Mech. (1997) 295). The new hardening law is demonstrated by two experimental tests i.e. thin wire torsion and ultra-thin beam bending tests. The present theoretical results agree well with the experiment results.

Morphological Evolution During Synthesis of New AlPO4 Center dot H2O Crystal

A new crystal of aluminophosphate, AIPO(4)(.)H(2)O, is synthesized from two-batch aqueous solution under hydrothermal conditions. Three types of the crystal habits, i.e. the tetragonal double pyramid, the tetragonal prism and the plate-type tetragonal prism, are found from batch-A solution. Two types of the crystal habits, i.e. the hexagonal pyramid and the strip-type tetragonal prism, are found from batch-B solution. The change of crystal morphology is originated from the fluctuation of the synthesis conditions, such as the supersaturation, the temperature and the impurity content. It causes change of the step energies, the defect density and the step roughness, and further, change of the growth rates. Since the crystal morphology is sensitive to the mass transport mechanism, the crystal habits could be changed under the microgravity.

Influences of strain rate and temperature variation on material intrinsic length of plasticity strain gradient theory

Cowper-Symonds and Johnson-Cook dynamic constitutive relations are used to study the influence of both strain rate effect and temperature variation on the material intrinsic length scale in strain gradient plasticity. The material intrinsic length scale decreases with increasing strain rates, and this length scale increases with temperature.

Morphological Stability of Epitaxial Thin Elastic Films by Van Der Waals Force

The morphological stability of epitaxial thin elastic films on a substrate by van der Waals force is discussed. It is found that only van der Waals force with negative Hamaker constant (A < 0) tends to stabilize the film, and the lower bound for the Hamaker constant is also obtained for the stability of thin film. The critical value of the undulation wavelength is found to be a function of both film thickness and external stress. The charateristic time-scale for surface mass diffusion scales to the fourth power to the wavelength of the perturbation.

Steady-state crack growth and fracture work based on the theory of mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity

Mode I steady-state crack growth is analyzed under plane strain conditions in small scale yielding. The elastic-plastic solid is characterized by the mechanism-based strain gradient (MSG) plasticity theory [J. Mech. Phys. Solids 47 (1999) 1239, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 48 (2000) 99]. The distributions of the normal separation stress and the effective stress along the plane ahead of the crack tip are computed using a special finite element method based on the steady-state fundamental relations and the MSG flow theory. The results show that during the steady-state crack growth, the normal separation stress on the plane ahead of the crack tip can achieve considerably high value within the MSG strain gradient sensitive zone. The results also show that the crack tip fields are insensitive to the cell size parameter in the MSG theory. Moreover, in the present research, the steady-state fracture toughness is computed by adopting the embedded process zone (EPZ) model. The results display that the steady-state fracture toughness strongly depends on the separation strength parameter of the EPZ model and the length scale parameter in the MSG theory. Furthermore, in order for the results of steady crack growth to be comparable, an approximate relation between the length scale parameters in the MSG theory and in the Fleck-Hutchinson strain gradient plasticity theory is obtained.

Toughness Of Ni/Al2O3 Interfaces As Dependent On Micron-Scale Plasticity And Atomistic-Scale Separation

Ceramic/metal interfaces were studied that fail by atomistic separation accompanied by plastic dissipation in the metal. The macroscopic toughness of the specific Ni alloy/Al2O3 interface considered is typically on the order of ten times the atomistic work of separation in mode I and even higher if combinations of mode I and mode II act on the interface. Inputs to the computational model of interface toughness are: (i) strain gradient plasticity applied to the Ni alloy with a length parameter determined by an indentation test, and (ii) a potential characterizing mixed mode separation of the interface fit to atomistic results. The roles of the several length parameters in the strain gradient plasticity are determined for indentation and crack growth. One of the parameters is shown to be of dominant importance, thus establishing that indentation can be used to measure the relevant length parameter. Recent results for separation of Ni/Al2O3 interfaces computed by atomistic methods are reviewed, including a set of results computed for mixed mode separation. An approximate potential fit to these results is characterized by the work of separation, the peak separation stress for normal separation and the traction-displacement relation in pure shearing of the interface. With these inputs, the model for steady-state crack growth is used to compute the toughness of the interface under mode I and under the full range of mode mix. The effect of interface strength and the work of separation on macroscopic toughness is computed. Fundamental implications for plasticity-enhanced toughness emerge.

Case Study: Influence Of Morphological Changes On Flooding In Jingjiang River

The middle reach of the Yangtze River, customarily called the Jingjiang River, together with its diversion channels and Dongting Lake, form a large complicated drainage system. In the last five decades, significant geomorphological changes have occurred in the drainage system, including the shrinkage of diversion channels, contraction of Dongting Lake, changes in the rating curve at the Luoshan station, and cutoffs of the lower Jingjiang River. These changes are believed to be the cause of the occurrence of abnormal floods in the Jingjiang River. Qualitative analyses suggest that the first three factors aggravate the flood situation in the lower Jingjiang River, while the last factor seems beneficial for flood prevention. To quantitatively evaluate these conclusions, a finite-volume numerical model was constructed. A series of numerical simulations were carried out to test the individual and combined effects of the aforementioned four factors, and these simulations showed that high flood stages in the Jingjiang River clearly are related to the geomorphological changes.

Phase Transformation Accommodated Plasticity In Nanocrystalline Nickel

Based on detailed x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy we have found body-centered-cubic (bcc) Ni upon room-temperature rolling of nanocrystalline (nc) face-centered-cubic (fcc) Ni. The bcc phase forms via the Kurdjumov-Sachs (KS) martensitic transformation mechanism when the von Mises equivalent strain exceeds similar to 0.3, much higher than accessible in tensile testing. The fcc and bcc phases keep either the KS or the Nishiyama-Wasserman orientation relationship. Our results provide insights into the deformation physics in nc Ni, namely, the fcc-to-bcc phase transformation can also accommodate plasticity at large plastic strains. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Validation of component assembly model and extension to plasticity

Material potential energy is well approximated by '' pair-functional '' potentials. During calculating potential energy, the orientational and volumetric components have been derived from pair potentials and embedding energy, respectively. Slip results in plastic deformation, and slip component has been proposed accordingly. Material is treated as a component assembly, and its elastic, plastic and damage properties are reflected by different components respectively. Material constitutive relations are formed by means of assembling these three kinds of components. Anisotropy has been incorporated intrinsically via the concept of component. Theoretical and numerical results indicate that this method has the capacity of reproducing some results satisfactorily, with the advantages of physical explicitness, etc. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Extremum principle of crystal plasticity

An analytical method for determining slip shear rate under prescribed stress rate or prescribed strain rate has been presented on the basis of the incremental theory of crystal plasticity. The problem has been reduced to a quadric convex programming.In order to analyse the plastic response of crystals subjected to external load, two new extremum principles are proposed. They are equivalent to the boundary-value problem of crystal plasticity. By the new extremum principles, the slip shear rates are independent function which can be obtained from the variational equation.