50 resultados para Molina, Tirso de, 1571?-1648.


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文中列举几种典型的微型材料拉伸实验方法,具体说明其驱动方式、力和位移测试原理,并介绍实验中的难点,如试样加工、夹持和对中等方法。并进一步分析能满足未来发展需求的拉伸测试原理。

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In this paper the microstructure characteristic of the cold-rolled deformed nanocrystalline Nickel metal has been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that there were step structures near by grain boundary (GB), and the contrast of stress field in front of the step corresponds to the step in the shape. It indicates that the interaction between twins and dislocations is not a necessary condition to realizing the deformation. In the later stage of the deformation when the grain size became about 100 nm, the deformation occurs only depend upon the moving of the boundary of the stack faults (SFs) which result from the imperfection dislocations emitted from GBs. In the other word, the movement of the boundary dislocations of SFs results to growing-up of the size of the SFs, therefore realizes deformation. However, when the size of stack faults grows up, the local internal stress which is in front of the step gradually becomes higher. When this stress reach a critical value stopping the gliding of the partial dislocations, the SFs will stop growing up and leave a step structure behind.

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A simple geometry model for tortuosity of flow path in porous media is proposed based on the assumption that some particles in a porous medium are unrestrictedly overlapped and the others are not. The proposed model is expressed as a function of porosity and there is no empirical constant in this model. The model predictions are compared with those from available correlations obtained numerically and experimentally, both of which are in agreement with each other. The present model can also give the tortuosity with a good approximation near the percolation threshold. The validity of the present tortuosity model is thus verified.

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针对轴形零件实际焊接加工中遇到的困难,利用现场总线、串口通信和GALIL运动控制卡实现了上位计算机对激光器、机器人以及旋转台等系统的同步控制,提出了集成化激光制造系统的多种控制工艺焊接方法。对轴形零件进行了各种激光焊接控制工艺的实验研究,证明了此控制系统可实现多种焊接控制工艺,可以满足轴形零件激光焊接中变速度、变功率、偏角度等各种工艺条件焊接的需求,为轴形零件实际激光焊接中遇到的焊接过程不稳定、首尾衔接处凹坑缺陷等难题的解决提供了新的方法。编程采用VC++面向对象工具加以实现。

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We present an experimental scheme of a cold atom space clock with a movable cavity. By using a single microwave cavity, we find that the clock has a significant advantage, i.e. the longitudinal cavity phase shift is eliminated. A theoretical analysis has been carried out in terms of the relation between the atomic transition probability and the velocity of the moving cavity by taking into account the velocity distribution of cold atoms. The requirements for the microwave power and its stability for atomic pi/2 excitation at different moving velocities of the cavity lead to the determination of the proper working parameters of the rubidium clock in frequency accuracy 10(-17). Finally, the mechanical stability for the scheme is analysed and the ways of solving the possible mechanical instability of the device are proposed.

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We describe a method to generate an ultra-slow atomic beam by velocity selective resonance (VSR). A VSR experiment on a metastable helium beam in a magnetic field is presented and the results show that the transverse velocity of the defected beam can be cooled and precisely controlled to less than the recoil velocity, depending on the magnitude of the magnetic field. We extend this idea to a cold atomic cloud to produce an ultra-slow Rb-87 beam that can be used as a source of an atomic fountain clock or a space clock.

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A dynamic multichannel incoherent-to-coherent optical converter based on the photorefractive effect of SBN:Ce is described. A number of grating-encoded input images, illuminated by incoherent light, are projected onto the crystal to yield photoinduced phase gratings. Coherent positive replicas of these images are simultaneously reconstructed by a coherent read beam. A simple theoretical description of this converter and corresponding experimental results are presented.

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研究了用波长为632.8nm的柱面波与平面波记录形成的体全息柱透镜用波长为800nm的平面波重现下的波前转换情况。结合二维耦合波理论,推导了形成于LiNbO3双掺杂晶体中该全息柱透镜的耦合波方程,并求出了其积分形式的解析解,分析了改变读出波长下该透镜的布拉格失配因子的分布情况,讨论了它的几何尺寸和记录柱面光波对其衍射效率的影响,以及柱面衍射光振幅在出射口径上的分布情况。结果表明,记录所形成的全息柱透镜的焦距越长它的衍射效率越高;该透镜厚度的增加会使它的衍射效率增加,但是透镜的衍射口径增加它的衍射效率会降低

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空中花粉是植被类型、气候状况与大气环境质量的指示物之一。空中花粉雨的取样实验对化石花粉谱的解释和古植被的恢复具有指导意义,因此空中花粉分析成为第四纪孢粉学和古生态学研究的有效辅助手段。本研究在新疆天山中段北坡进行了短期的空中花粉监测(2001年7月~2006年7月),目的是获得局域性和区域性植被所散发的花粉类型及其数量信息,并探讨花粉数量的植被与气候指示意义、花粉传播以及受环境条件影响的程度,同时分析和检测花粉浓度受气候条件的影响情况。空中花粉的收集使用Cour-type捕捉器,分别在3个不同海拔梯度进行5年连续的空中花粉收集(夏秋季节每周一个样品,冬春季节每两周一个样品)。取样地点分别是新疆天山中段北部的天池气象观测站(43°53'58.38"N, 88°07'15.75"E , 海拔1942.5m)、中科院阜康荒漠生态系统定位站(44°17'27.41"N, 87°55'52.65"E, 海拔477m)和准噶尔盆地古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的北沙窝试验站(44°22'40.74"N, 87°55'9.74"E, 海拔443m),取样点的植被带跨度天山北坡的森林草原到低海拔的典型荒漠。 光学显微镜鉴定的空中花粉主要有43种类型(24科30属),而蕨类、苔藓与真菌孢子数量较少。孢粉类型多样性指数为2.45(Shannon Index)。显然,从样品中所鉴定的空中花粉种类与所观察的植物种类有很大的差距。花粉类型与数量在三个不同海拔梯度的取样点上也有明显差异。天池取样点的花粉类型较丰富,与天山北坡垂直带植被分布以及丰富的植被成分相对应,花粉的优势种类为雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)、蒿属(Artemisia)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)和麻黄属(Ephedra),高代表性的外源荒漠花粉类型“削弱了”本地花粉类型的代表性;阜康与北沙窝取样点的花粉类型主要来自荒漠成分的藜科、蒿属、麻黄属、蒺藜科(Zygophyllaceae, 白刺属Nitraria为主)、柽柳科(柽柳属为主)、蓼科(Polygonaceae, 沙拐枣属Calligonum为主)等耐旱植物。花粉数量与植被数量并非简单的线性关系。空中和表土花粉的数量分析表明,藜科、蒿属、麻黄属花粉具有超代表性;雪岭云杉花粉的代表性适中;禾本科(Gramineae)、榆属(Ulmus)、白刺属、柽柳科、沙拐枣属花粉代表性较差。 5年平均花粉浓度大小依次是阜康(81.668 grains/100m3)>天池(51.726 grains/100m3)>北沙窝(45.7685 grains/100m3)。蒿属花粉的峰值出现在秋季,并且出现双峰现象(可能与不同蒿类花期分布不均有关),而其它木本和草本类植物花粉浓度的峰值为单峰,具有明显的季节性,春夏之交开花的桦木属、榆属等类型较为明显。藜科花粉的峰值出现在夏季,麻黄和柽柳的峰值出现在盛夏,桦木属、柳属Salix、雪岭云杉等花粉浓度峰值出现在初夏,与其花期物候相对应。木本植物花粉以雪岭云杉为主,其次为桦木属(Betula)、榆属、柳属、胡颓子科(Elaeagnaceae)花粉,柳属花粉百分比在三个取样点分配比较均匀,桦木属花粉在空间分布上差异明显,与植物分布数量相关。胡颓子科的花粉出现时间短,数量也较少。榆属花粉出现的季节性明显,代表性也较差。因此解释地层中出现类似的低代表性和高代表性的花粉类型时,需要注意其百分比数量的适当校正。木本植物花粉百分比随海拔高度变化成正比关系,对植被的指示性较好。雪岭云杉的年平均花粉浓度在天池取样点明显高于其它两个取样点,5年的平均花粉浓度和百分比与海拔高度呈正比。天池取样点的百分比最高为28.85%,平均为21.15%,而北沙窝与阜康两地5年平均百分比含量分别为0.69%和1.57%,这种时空变化规律与植被数量的关系密切。藜科花粉百分比在阜康和北沙窝取样点占绝对优势,5年的平均花粉浓度与海拔高度呈反比。蒿属花粉年平均浓度与海拔高度关系微弱(R2=0.04,p =0.46),而花粉百分比与海拔高度有显著的线性正比关系(R2=0.72,p<0.0001)。但在低海拔的两个取样点之间差异不明显。 年平均花粉百分比和花粉浓度随海拔梯度而变化,主要花粉类型的变化规律存在差异。暗针叶林雪岭云杉花粉的年平均百分比在低海拔的阜康和北沙窝地区低于3%,在盛花期的6月初,低海拔的取样点也未见超过5%,雪岭云杉花粉的传播在研究区范围内数量分布变化较大,再次表明该类型的花粉在原地沉积效率很高。空中花粉数量能够较好地指示主要的植被带,盛花期内50%以上的雪岭云杉花粉含量则指示了雪岭云杉森林植被带,而高含量的蒿属植物花粉指示了天山山前冲积平原上的蒿类荒漠,相反,高含量的藜科花粉代表了低海拔地区的荒漠。雪岭云杉花粉百分比与浓度均与海拔高度呈显著的线性正比关系,表明雪岭云杉花粉传播的局限性。主要的非木本植物藜科花粉的浓度与海拔高度成反比,蒿属则相反,表明藜科与蒿属花粉在研究区具有很好的植被与气候指示意义。 花粉绝对数量、百分比、浓度具有明显的年际变化,其原因与气候状况的变化有关,年平均花粉浓度、主要类型的花粉浓度与气候参数(降水量、平均温度、最高和最低温度、相对湿度等)的相关分析表明,降水量和湿度与花粉浓度呈负相关程度较高,与其它气候参数则呈显著的正相关。干旱指数、花粉比值、花粉百分比(AP,NAP)与七月份平均气温,年平均降水量的相关系数(Pearson correlation),Ar/Ch与七月平均温度在0.01水平上呈显著的正相关(R2=0.894), 与年平均降水量在0.01水平上呈显著的负相关(R2=0.874)。AP花粉百分比与七月份平均温度呈显著的负相关(R2=0.71, p<0.0001),与年降水量呈正相关(R2=0.43, p=0.01),而NAP花粉正相反。利用短期监测的空中花粉雨数据计算得到的花粉比值以及干旱指数在研究区具有明确的指示意义,尤其是干旱指数、Ar/Ch、Ar/Ep,这些都可为表土花粉、植被与气候关系模型的建立提供重要的参考信息。 气候参数在很大程度上影响大气花粉的浓度,而风速和风向对空中花粉的传播、散布影响较大,花粉的来源与传播受风向和风速的控制。不同取样点的空中花粉数量差异受地形条件影响很明显,这种差异也可利用地形空气动力学特征的差异来解释,天池监测站因“逆坡”(upslope)的气流促进了低海拔的花粉流向高海拔传播。 研究区的空中花粉数量信息是研究表土花粉、植被和气候关系以及第四纪古生态学的重要基础。本研究提高了对研究区空中孢粉的类型及其传播规律的认识和理解,增加了解空中花粉受环境影响的主要因素及其影响程度,对地层孢粉类型鉴定和花粉数据的解释提出指导性建议,对本地区的古植被与古环境研究增加现代孢粉学的参考依据和信息,并可为建立区域性的现代孢粉-植被-气候关系模型提供可靠依据。 同时,本报告也讨论了存在问题和不足,并提出了今后工作的可能完善方案。

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测定结果示,对湖南产五步蛇蛇毒磷脂酶A2,K+可使酶活性增加,而Fe3+等则不同程度地抑制酶活性

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鸡胚角膜上皮组织离体培养试验表明,小鼠表皮生长因子对10日龄鸡胚角膜上皮组织有显著的增殖效应。培养24h的实验组角膜上皮厚度较正常胚胎角膜上皮厚度增殖9.43倍。提示鸡胚角膜上皮组织离体培养可作为评价表皮生长因子制剂活性的生物检定法。