210 resultados para MITOCHONDRIAL ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE


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The genotypes of liver mitochondrial high-affinity aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) are strongly associated with the drinking behavior and the alcohol liver diseases, since the individuals with atypical ALDH(2)(2) allele have higher levels of acetaldehyde in their plasma. The atypical ALDH(2)(2) allele has a nucleotide base transition (G-->A) in its exon 12. Based on this point mutation, we developed a rapid, reliable and inexpensive method, mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA), for the determination of human ALDH2 usual and atypical alleles. Two pairs of primers were designed for the amplification of the usual ALDH(2)(1) allele and the atypical ALDH(2)(2) allele, respectively. If the sample for the detection was heterozygous, it could be amplified by both of the primers. The product of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of ALDH2 exon 12 could be easily screened by electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel. The results of the MAMA method were further confirmed by sequencing. In the total of fifty samples from unrelated healthy Chinese Han people from Wuhan, China, the frequency of atypical ALDH(2)(2) allele was found to be 12%.

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The East Asian respond with a marked facial flushing and mild to moderate symptoms of intoxication after drinking the amounts of alcohol that has no detectable effect on European. The alcohol sensitivity in Orientals is due to a delayed oxidation of aceta

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水母雪莲(Saussurea medusa Maxim)为名贵珍稀中药材,其主要药用成分为类黄酮,尤其是3-脱氧类黄酮。目前关于雪莲的研究主要集中在采用细胞培养生产类黄酮等方面,但对于雪莲类黄酮生物合成的分子机制了解甚少,极大限制了这一珍贵资源的利用。本研究采用水母雪莲红色系愈伤组织及悬浮细胞为材料,构建cDNA文库,从中克隆水母雪莲类黄酮次生代谢中的相关基因并对这些基因进行了深入的生物信息学分析、转基因研究初步确定其功能,以期了解雪莲类黄酮次生代谢的分子机制,为提高类黄酮的合成奠定基础。主要结果如下: 1. 成功地构建了水母雪莲红色系愈伤组织与悬浮细胞cDNA文库,原始文库滴度达到4×106pfu/ml,扩增文库滴度接近1011 pfu/ml,重组率达98%。PCR检测插入片段,均在0.5kb到3kb之间,1kb以上占62%。从文库中检测到了chs、dfr及Myb转录因子SmP,文库覆盖度达到要求且为PCR筛选文库提供了可能。 2. 采用部分简并引物,通过RT-PCR克隆了水母雪莲查尔酮异构酶基因Smchi特异探针,并根据这一探针序列设计特异引物,采用TD-PCR法筛选cDNA文库,获得Smchi cDNA序列,全长831bp,编码一个232氨基酸残基的蛋白。根据cDNA序列克隆了Smchi DNA序列,结果表明Smchi基因无内含子。Smchi cDNA序列与翠菊chi基因高度同源,ORF区域同源性高达84%,但推测氨基酸序列则只有79.3%。Smchi mRNA具有复杂的二级结构。SmCHI具有典型的Chalcone结构域,其二级结构与苜蓿CHI蛋白十分相似,7个α-螺旋与8个延伸链由随机结构联系起来。但其活性中心的第三个关键氨基酸残基N115为M115所取代,这一取代可能导致该蛋白无生物活性,也可能使它具有一般CHI不同的功能。构建Smchi正义、反义真核表达载体,通过农杆菌介导导入烟草,获得转正义、反义Smchi基因的烟草。转基因烟草花色未改变,但叶片总黄酮发生了显著的变化,50%转正义基因烟草总黄酮含量显著提高,最高比对照提高6倍,70%转反义基因烟草总黄酮含量显著下降,最多达85.1%,初步证明Smchi具有功能,并能有效调控烟草类黄酮次生代谢。因此,SmCHI可能是不同于已知CHI的一类新的CHI蛋白,它催化的反应可能与花色素合成无关,其反应机制也可能有所不同。 3. 伴随Smchi的克隆获得了一个黄烷酮3-羟化酶类似基因Smf3h的cDNA,全长1334bp,编码一个343aa的蛋白。根据这一cDNA序列克隆了Smf3h DNA序列,全长1630bp,结果表明该基因由4个外显子和3个内含子组成。Smf3h mRNA具有十分复杂的二级结构。 推测蛋白氨基酸同源性分析表明,SmF3H属于2OG-FeII_Oxy家族,与同一家族的的颠茄H6H的同源性为45%,与拟南芥F3H的同源性为40%,但对SmF3H、典型F3H及典型H6H推测蛋白二级结构、活性中心关键氨基酸残基的位置与相对距离、软件进行功能预测分析,发现SmF3H与F3H更相似。构建Smf3h的正义与反义真核表达载体,通过农杆菌介导导入烟草,但只获得一批转正义基因的烟草,反义基因导致烟草不能再生而未获得转反义基因烟草。转基因烟草花色未改变,叶片总黄酮也与对照相似,初步确认Smf3h与烟草类黄酮生物合成无关,而是一个既不属于f3h也不属于h6h的功能未确定的新基因。 4. 采用与克隆Smchi基因相似的方法,从cDNA文库中克隆了SmP基因cDNA,全长969bp,编码一个256 aa的蛋白质。根据cDNA序列克隆了SmP基因的DNA序列,结果表明,SmP基因无内含子。SmP基因cDNA 一级结构及mRNA二级结构预测分析表明,该基因A+T含量很高(63%),所形成二级结构以A-T配对为主,其稳定性可能较差。SmP推测蛋白序列具有R2R3-Myb转录因子的典型特征,在N-端具有两个Myb DNA-binding Domain,其二级结构与鸡Myb转录因子1A5J十分相似,与其他基因如水稻OsMYB、番茄ThMYB的同源区域主要集中在这一结构域,分别为71.3%和70.8%;C-端富含丝氨酸,与烟草NtMYB、葡萄VlMYB等类黄酮调控因子相似,都呈寡聚体分布,并具有相同的保守磷酸化位点S170与S206。构建SmP基因真核表达载体,通过农杆菌介导导入烟草,获得大量转基因烟草。转基因烟草花色未发生改变,但51%的转基因烟草叶片总黄酮含量都显著提高(0.5-6倍),表明SmP具有促进烟草类黄酮生物合成的功能,但所调控的支路与花色素合成无关。初步试验结果表明,转SmP基因烟草对蚜虫具有很高的抗性,可有效地抑制蚜虫在烟草上的生长,抑制率最高可达92%-100%。这一抗性与烟草中类黄酮的积累可能具有直接的联系,但还需要进一步的试验证明。 5. 与美国俄亥俄州立大学Erich Grotewold 博士实验室合作,完成了微型EST库50个克隆的测序并进行了分析,从中获得了水母雪莲花色素合酶基因SmANS及醛脱氢酶基因SmALDH的特异探针。根据SmANS特异探针设计引物,采用PCR从这50个克隆中筛选获得了SmANS的cDNA序列,全长1229bp,编码一个356aa的蛋白质。SmANS在cDNA水平上与同属的翠菊ANS基因高度同源,但同源区域集中在ORF区域,达到80%,mRNA 预测二级结构十分复杂;推测氨基酸序列与翠菊ANS同源性达到82.9%。SmANS属于2OG-FeII_Oxy家族,在2OG-FeII_Oxy结构域高度保守,与翠菊、甜橙ANS保守结构域同源性达到94%。预测蛋白二级结构以α-螺旋-β-折叠为主,由7个主螺旋和11个主β-折叠及随机结构连接而成,并具有2OG-FeII_Oxy家族活性中心的三个保守的组氨酸残基(His84、His235、His291)和一个天冬氨酸残基(Asp237)。 6. 根据微型EST库中获得的SmALDH特异探针设计引物,采用PCR从这50个克隆中筛选获得了SmALDH基因cDNA 序列,全长1664bp,编码一个491aa的蛋白质。SmALDH基因cDNA具有独特的碱基组成,3/-UTR富含A+T,占该区域碱基总量的80%,5/-UTR的A+T和G+C各占50%,比ORF区域(52%)还低,因此其mRNA二级结构中5/-UTR可以单独形成自身二级结构并且十分稳定,这可能影响基因的表达。这一现象在水稻、玉米等植物中也存在。SmALDH在cDNA水平上在ORF区域与拟南芥、藏红花、水稻等具有较高同源性,分别为64.03%、63.89%、63.72%,但在推测蛋白氨基酸序列水平上同源性反而较低,分别为54.9%、54.3%、54.0%。SmALDH缺少线粒体定位信号,为胞质醛脱氢酶,具有一个Aldedh 保守结构域,还具有与1OF7-H相似的以α-螺旋-β-折叠为主的二级结构,由10个主螺旋和15个主β-折叠及随机结构连接而成。由于ALDH在植物细胞乙醇发酵中具有解除醛类物质毒害的功能,因此SmALDH基因的克隆为改造细胞自身以适应发酵培养条件,解决水母雪莲细胞大规模培养中需氧问题提供了可能。

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本实验以菠菜叶片为材料,分离并纯化了甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH,EC 1.2.1.8),并对其某些性质进行了研究。此外,还提取并纯化了poly (A)+RNA,并对其完整性进行了分析,主要结果如下: 1.菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶存在于60%硫酸铵沉淀部分,70%硫酸铵沉淀部分未检出其活性。用层析法纯化该酶,使纯化倍数达到405.3倍。菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶有两个同工酶。 2.菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶主要定位于胞液中。其中,在过氧化物酶体及微粒体中有一定量活性存在,但在叶绿体中未检出其活性。 3.菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶活性有较广的pH值范围,其最适pH范围为9.5左右。该酶以NAD作为特异性辅酶,其Km值为8.0×10-6M, Vmax为0.143nmol/min。该酶以甜菜碱醛作为特异性底物,其Km值为1.82×10-4M,Vmax为0.182nmol/min。该酶活性为0.125~1M的NaCl、KCl和脯氨酸所抑制,但0.125~1M的蔗糖及甜菜碱对其活性没有影响。 4.PCMB和Mersalyl抑制该酶的活性,DTT可逐步恢复被抑制的活性。稀土元素LaCl3对该酶活性没有影响,但CeCl则使其完全失活。另外,Mn2+和Mo6+离子对其活性没有影响,Mg2+离子可增加其活性。 5.菠菜叶片中有菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶的抑制因子存在,该因子可能是一种小分子化合物。 6.应用酚-氯仿方法分离了菠菜叶片的poly (A)+RNA,并在-80℃低温下长期贮存。

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从菠菜中克隆甜菜碱醛脱氢酶( betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase,BADH)基因并转化烟草, 研究转基因烟草光合作用对高温和盐胁迫等环境胁迫的抗性机理,利用外源甜菜碱研究在正常条件下对植物光合作用的影响以及在盐胁迫下外源甜菜碱对玉米幼曲光合作刚的保护机理。主要结果如下: 转BADH基因烟草中能合成甘氨酸甜菜碱,合成的甜菜碱主要积累于叶绿体中。转BADH 基因烟草提高了对高温胁迫的抗性,在中度高温胁迫下,转基冈烟草生长利光合作用对高温 的抗性增强。中度高温胁迫下,转基冈烟草光合作用的维持是由于甜菜碱对Rubisco活化酶的保护作用。在中度高温胁迫下甜菜碱通过维持Rubisco活化酶的活化态以及阻止Rubisco 活化酶山可溶性问质向类囊体的聚集,从而维持了Rubisco活化酶的活性,进而维持了C02 的同化。在严重高温胁迫下,烟草光系统II受到影响,转BADH基冈烟草通过提高体内抗氧化酶系统的功能,减轻了高温胁迫对光合机构造成的活性氧伤害,高温胁迫下转基因烟草体内抗氧化酶如SOD、APX、GR等酶活性明显高于野生型。在高温胁迫下,证明了甜菜碱对光系统II的保护作用主要在氧化侧,严重高温胁迫下,转基因烟草维持较高的PSII活性。 转BADH基因烟草提高了对盐胁迫的抗性,盐胁迫下转基因烟草光合作用的维持与盐胁迫下转基因烟草较高的气孔导度和抗氧化酶活性的提高有关。 外源甜菜碱在正常的非胁迫条件下对植物的生长有促进作用,而这一作用与光合速率的提高有关。通过对气孔导度、光合碳同化关键酶以及叶绿素荧光分析证明,甜菜碱对光合作用的促进与气孔导度的提高有关,同时甜菜碱提高了光系统ll的实际光化学效率。 外源甜菜碱提高了盐胁迫条件下植物的抗性,抗盐性的提高与盐胁迫下甜菜碱对气孔导度的提高以及维持较高的光系统II光化学活性有关。

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:亚洲人群中普遍存在突变型的乙醛脱氢酶2 ( ALDH2 3 2) 。此酶突变后活性缺失,导致乙醛在肝脏内大量 累积使突变携带者在喝酒后会有脸红等不适反应,因此这可能影响他们的饮酒行为。由于ALDH2 3 2 等位基因 与饮酒行为相关,它也可能与酒精引起的肝脏损伤及某些癌症密切相关,而且,它在不同的亚洲人群中有不同的频 率分布。近年来对ALDH2 3 2 等位基因的序列结构、表达及其重要功能等有了更深入的了解,对ALDH2 的多态 性在研究方法、研究群体分布范围等都有很大进展。同时还讨论了不同地理分布、不同年龄结构、性别差异条件 下,中国人群中ALDH2 基因型频率与饮酒行为的关系。

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Hypoxia, as one suboptimal environmental condition, can affect the physiological state of shrimp during pond aquaculture. To better understand the mechanism of response to hypoxic stress in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis, proteome research approach was utilized. Differentially expressed proteins of hepatopancreas in adult Chinese shrimp between the control and hypoxia-stressed groups were screened. By 2-DE analysis, 67 spots showed obvious changes after hypoxia. Using LC-ESI-MS/MS, 51 spots representing 33 proteins were identified including preamylase, arginine kinase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, citrate synthase, ATP synthase alpha subunit, chymotrypsin BI, chitinase, ferritin, C-type lectin receptors, transketolase, formylglutathione hydrolase, formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase, protein disulfide isomerase, beta-actin, oncoprotem nm23, crustacyanin-Cl and so on. These proteins could be functionally classified into several groups such as proteins related to energy production, metabolism-related proteins, immune-related proteins, antioxidant proteins, chaperones, cytoskeleton proteins and ungrouped proteins. The transcription levels of ten selected genes encode the identified proteins were analyzed by real-time PCR at different sampling times of hypoxia. This study is the first analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the hepatopancreas of shrimp after hypoxia and provides a new insight for further study in hypoxic stress response of shrimp at the protein level.

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In this report, we studied on a homoplasmic T12338C change in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which substituted methionine in the translational initiation codon of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene (ND5) with threonine. This nucleotide change was originall

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This study examined the toxic effects of microcystins on mitochondria of liver and heart of rabbit in vivo. Rabbits were injected i.p. with extracted microcystins (mainly MC-RR and -LR) at two doses, 12.5 and 50 MCLReq. mu g/kg bw, and the changes in mitochondria of liver and heart were studied at 1, 3,12, 24 and 48 h after injection. MCs induced damage of mitochondrial morphology and lipid peroxidation in both liver and heart. MCs influenced respiratory activity through inhibiting NADH dehydrogenase and enhancing succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). MCs altered Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities of mitochondria and consequently disrupted ionic homeostasis, which might be partly responsible for the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). MCs were highly toxic to mitochondria with more serious damage in liver than in heart. Damage of mitochondria showed reduction at 48 h in the low dose group, suggesting that the low dose of MCs might have stimulated a compensatory response in the rabbits. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.