57 resultados para Left-Right
Resumo:
Gene duplication is thought to provide raw material for functional divergence and innovation. Fish-specific dmrt2b has been identified as a duplicated gene of the dmrt2a/terra in fish genomes, but its function has remained unclear. Here we reveal that Dmrt2b knockdown zebrafish embryos display a downward tail curvature and have U-shaped somites. Then, we demonstrate that Dmrt2b contributes to a divergent function in somitogenesis through Hedgehog pathway, because Dmrt2b knockdown reduces target gene expression of Hedgehog signaling, and also impairs slow muscle development and neural tube patterning through Hedgehog signaling. Moreover, the Dmrt2b morphants display defects in heart and visceral organ asymmetry, and, some lateral-plate mesoderm (LPM) markers expressed in left side are randomized. Together, these data indicate that fish-specific duplicated dmrt2b contributes to a divergent function in somitogenesis through Hedgehog pathway and maintains the common function for left-right asymmetry establishment.
Resumo:
This work investigated analytically the band structure of photonic crystals (PCs) with alternate layers of left and right-handed materials in one-dimension. It was found that, under certain conditions, new peculiar band structures not seen in all right-handed material PCs appeared. We transformed the analytic dispersion relation into two cosine terms, and obtained an interesting band structure using the new form of dispersion equation. Conditions for obtaining such peculiar band structure were given. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
The hydrodynamics of a free flapping foil is studied numerically. The foil undergoes a forced vertical oscillation and is free to move horizontally. The effect of chord-thickness ratio is investigated by varying this parameter while fixing other ones such as the Reynolds number, the density ratio, and the flapping amplitude. Three different flow regimes have been identified when we increase the chord-thickness ratio, i.e., left-right symmetry, back-and-forth chaotic motion, and unidirectional motion with staggered vortex street. It is observed that the chord-thickness ratio can affect the symmetry-breaking bifurcation, the arrangement of vortices in the wake, and the terminal velocity of the foil. The similarity in the symmetry-breaking bifurcation of the present problem to that of a flapping body under constraint is discussed. A comparison between the dynamic behaviors of an elliptic foil and a rectangular foil at various chord-thickness ratios is also presented.
Resumo:
For a triangular triple quantum dots (TTQDs) ring with three terminals, when lowering one of the dot-lead coupling to realize the left-right (L-R) reflection symmetry coupling, the internal C-upsilon of the TTQDs is well preserved in the absence of many-body effect for the symmetric distribution of the dot-lead coupling on the molecular orbits. In the presence of Kondo effect, the decrement of one of the dot-lead couplings suppresses the inter-dot hopping. This happens especially for the coupled quantum dot (QD), which decouples with the other two ones gradually to form a localized state near the Fermi level As a result, the internal dynamic symmetry of the TTQDs ring is reduced to L-R reflection symmetry, and simultaneously, the linear conductance is lifted for the new forming molecular orbit near the Fermi level
Resumo:
The extractions of the selected rare earths (Sc, Y, La and Gd) from hydrochloric acid solutions have been investigated using bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)-mono thiophosphinic acid (Cyanex 302, HL) in heptane as an extractant. The results demonstrate that the extractions of rare earths occur via the following reaction: Sc(OH)(2+) + 2[(HL)(2)]((O)) double left right arrow [Sc(OH)L-2 (.) 2(HL)]((O)) + 2H(+) Y3+ + 3[(HL)(2)]((O)) double left right arrow [Y(HL2)(3)]((O)) + 3H(+) La(OH)(2)(+) + 3[(HL)(2)](O) double left right arrow [La(OH)(2)L (.) 5(HL)]((O)) + H+ Gd(OH)(2+) + 3[(HL)(2)]((O)) double left right arrow [Gd(OH)L-2 (.) 4(HL)]((O)) + 2H(+) The pH(1/2) values and equilibrium constants of the extracted complexes have been deduced by taking into account the aqueous phase complexation of the metal ion with hydroxyl ligands and plausible complexes extracted into the organic phase. According to the pH(1/2) values, it is possible to realize mutual separation among Sc(III), Y(III), La(III) and Gd(III) with Cyanex 302 by controlling aqueous acidity.
Resumo:
Human being built and updated the representations of spatial distances and spatial relations between protagonist and the around things in language comprehension. The representations of the spatial relations in egocentric spatial situational models were important in spatial cognition, narrative comprehension and psycholinguistic. Using imagery searching paradigm, Franklin and Tversky (1990) studied the representations of the spatial relations in egocentric spatial situational models and found the standard RT pattern of searching the objects in different directions around the observer (front
Resumo:
The time-courses of orthographic, phonological and semantic processing of Chinese characters were investigated systematically with multi-channel event-related potentials (ERPs). New evidences concerning whether phonology or semantics is processed first and whether phonology mediates semantic access were obtained, supporting and developing the new concept of repetition, overlapping, and alternating processing in Chinese character recognition. Statistic parameter mapping based on physiological double dissociation has been developed. Seven experiments were conducted: I) deciding which type of structure, left-right or non-left-right, the character displayed on the screen was; 2) deciding whether or not there was a vowel/a/in the pronunciation of the character; 3) deciding which classification, natural object or non-natural object, the character was; 4) deciding which color, red or green, the character was; 5) deciding which color, red or green, the non-character was; 6) fixing on the non-character; 7) fixing on the crosslet. The main results are: 1. N240 and P240:N240 and P240 localized at occipital and prefrontal respectively were found in experiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, but not in experiments 5, 6, or 7. The difference between the former 4 and the latter 3 experiments was only their stimuli: the former's were true Chinese characters while the latter's were non-characters or crosslet. Thus Chinese characters were related to these two components, which reflected unique processing of Chinese characters peaking at about 240 msec. 2. Basic visual feature analysis: In comparison with experiment 7 there was a common cognitive process in experiments 1, 2, 4, and 6 - basic visual feature analysis. The corresponding ERP amplitude increase in most sites started from about 60 msec. 3. Orthography: The ERP differences located at the main processing area of orthography (occipital) between experiments 1, 2, 3, 4 and experiment 5 started from about 130 msec. This was the category difference between Chinese characters and non-characters, which revealed that orthographic processing started from about 130 msec. The ERP differences between the experiments 1, 2, 3 and the experiment 4 occurred in 210-250, 230-240, and 190-250 msec respectively, suggesting orthography was processed again. These were the differences between language and non-language tasks, which revealed a higher level processing than that in the above mentioned 130 msec. All the phenomena imply that the orthographic processing does not finished in one time of processing; the second time of processing is not a simple repetition, but a higher level one. 4. Phonology: The ERPs of experiment 2 (phonological task) were significantly stronger than those of experiment 3 (semantic task) at the main processing areas of phonology (temporal and left prefrontal) starting from about 270 msec, which revealed phonologic processing. The ERP differences at left frontal between experiment 2 and experiment 1 (orthographic task) started from about 250 msec. When comparing phonological task with experiment 4 (character color decision), the ERP differences at left temporal and prefrontal started from about 220 msec. Thus phonological processing may start before 220 msec. 5. Semantic: The ERPs of experiment 3 (semantic task) were significantly stronger than those of experiment 2 (phonological task) at the main processing areas of semantics (parietal and occipital) starting from about 290 msec, which revealed semantic processing. The ERP differences at these areas between experiment 3 and experiment 4 (character color decision) started from about 270 msec. The ERP differences between experiment 3 and experiment 1 (orthographic task) started from about 260 msec. Thus semantic processing may start before 260 msec. 6. Overlapping of phonological and semantic processing: From about 270 to 350 msec, the ERPs of experiment 2 (phonological task) were significantly larger than those of experiment 3 (semantic task) at the main processing areas of phonology (temporal and left prefrontal); while from about 290-360 msec, the ERPs of experiment 3 were significantly larger than those of experiment 2 at the main processing areas of semantics (frontal, parietal, and occipital). Thus phonological processing may start earlier than semantic and their time-courses may alternate, which reveals parallel processing. 7. Semantic processing needs part phonology: When experiment 1 (orthographic task) served as baseline, the ERPs of experiment 2 and 3 (phonological and semantic tasks) significantly increased at the main processing areas of phonology (left temporal and frontal) starting from about 250 msec. The ERPs of experiment 3, besides, increased significantly at the main processing areas of semantics (parietal and frontal) starting from about 260 msec. When experiment 4 (character color decision) served as baseline, the ERPs of experiment 2 and 3 significantly increased at phonological areas (left temporal and frontal) starting from about 220 msec. The ERPs of experiment 3, similarly, increased significantly at semantic areas (parietal and frontal) starting from about270 msec. Hence, before semantic processing, a part of phonological information may be required. The conclusion could be got from above results in the present experimental conditions: 1. The basic visual feature processing starts from about 60 msec; 2. Orthographic processing starts from about 130 msec, and repeats at about 240 msec. The second processing is not simple repetition of the first one, but a higher level processing; 3. Phonological processing begins earlier than semantic, and their time-courses overlap; 4. Before semantic processing, a part of phonological information may be required; 5. The repetition, overlapping, and alternating of the orthographic, phonological and semantic processing of Chinese characters could exist in cognition. Thus the problem of whether phonology mediates semantics access is not a simple, but a complicated issue.
Resumo:
Rationale: Discriminating right from left is an everyday cognitive ability. Repeated exposure to certain drugs, such as heroin, can produce poor performance on many cognitive tasks. However, it is yet unclear whether drug abuse impairs the ability of right-left discrimination. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to examine whether the spatial ability measured by the right-left discrimination task can be affected by heroin abuse and whether such drug effect, if it exists, is gender related. Methods: A paper-and-pen test was used. The test consists of line drawings of a person with no arm, one arm, or both arms crossing the vertical body axis of the figure. The line drawings are viewed from the back, from the front, or randomly alternating between the back and front drawings. The subjects task is to mark which is the right or left hand in the figure as fast as possible. Results: A main finding in this study was that the ability to discriminate between left and right in visual space was impaired in heroin-dependent patients. Especially, heroin-dependent females performed poorer than control females in all conditions but heroin-dependent males only performed poorly in part of conditions. Conclusions: Recent heroin abuse impairs the ability of right-left discrimination and such impairment is gender related: heroin-dependent females demonstrated greater performance deficits than males.
Resumo:
Dynamical behaviors and frequency characteristics of an active mode-locked laser with a quarter wave plate (QWP) are numerically studied by using a set pf vectorial laser equation. Like a polarization self-modulated laser, a frequency shift of half the cavity mode spacing exists between the eigen-modes in the two neutral axes of QWP. Within the active medium, the symmetric gain and cavity structure maintain the pulse's circular polarization with left-hand and right-hand in turn for each round trip. Once the left-hand or right-hand circularly polarized pulse passes through QWP, its polarization is linear and the polarized direction is in one of the directions of i45o with respect to the neutral axes of QWP. The output components in the directions of i45" from the mirror close to QWP are all linearly polarized with a period of twice the round-trip time.
Resumo:
This book elucidates the methods of molecular gas dynamics or rarefied gas dynamics which treat the problems of gas flows when the discrete molecular effects of the gas prevail under the circumstances of low density, the emphases being stressed on the basis of the methods, the direct simulation Monte Carlo method applied to the simulation of non-equilibrium effects and the frontier subjects related to low speed microscale rarefied gas flows. It provides a solid basis for the study of molecular gas dynamics for senior students and graduates in the aerospace and mechanical engineering departments of universities and colleges. It gives a general acquaintance of modern developments of rarefied gas dynamics in various regimes and leads to the frontier topics of non-equilibrium rarefied gas dynamics and low speed microscale gas dynamics. It will be also of benefit to the scientific and technical researchers engaged in aerospace high altitude aerodynamic force and heating design and in the research on gas flow in MEMS
| [1] Molecular structure and energy states | (21) | ||
| [2] Some basic concepts of kinetic theory | (51) | ||
| [3] Interaction of molecules with solid surface | (131) | ||
| [4] Free molecular flow | (159) | ||
| [5] Continuum models | (191) | ||
| [6] Transitional regime | (231) | ||
| [7] Direct simulation Monte-Carlo (DSMC) method | (275) | ||
| [8] Microscale slow gas flows, information preservation method | (317) | ||
| [App. I] Gas properties | (367) | ||
| [App. II] Some integrals | (369) | ||
| [App. III] Sampling from a prescribed distribution | (375) | ||
| [App. IV] Program of the couette flow | (383) | ||
| Subject Index | (399) | ||
Resumo:
Adiabatic shear localization is a mode of failure that occurs in dynamic loading. It is characterized by thermal softening occurring over a very narrow region of a material and is usually a precursor to ductile fracture and catastrophic failure. This reference source is the first detailed study of the mechanics and modes of adiabatic shear localization in solids, and provides a systematic description of a number of aspects of adiabatic shear banding. The inclusion of the appendices which provide a quick reference section and a comprehensive collection of thermomechanical data allows rapid access and understanding of the subject and its phenomena. The concepts and techniques described in this work can usefully be applied to solve a multitude of problems encountered by those investigating fracture and damage in materials, impact dynamics, metal working and other areas. This reference book has come about in response to the pressing demand of mechanical and metallurgical engineers for a high quality summary of the knowledge gained over the last twenty years. While fulfilling this requirement, the book is also of great interest to academics and researchers into materials performance.Table of Contents
| 1 | Introduction | 1 |
| 1.1 | What is an Adiabatic Shear Band? | 1 |
| 1.2 | The Importance of Adiabatic Shear Bands | 6 |
| 1.3 | Where Adiabatic Shear Bands Occur | 10 |
| 1.4 | Historical Aspects of Shear Bands | 11 |
| 1.5 | Adiabatic Shear Bands and Fracture Maps | 14 |
| 1.6 | Scope of the Book | 20 |
| 2 | Characteristic Aspects of Adiabatic Shear Bands | 24 |
| 2.1 | General Features | 24 |
| 2.2 | Deformed Bands | 27 |
| 2.3 | Transformed Bands | 28 |
| 2.4 | Variables Relevant to Adiabatic Shear Banding | 35 |
| 2.5 | Adiabatic Shear Bands in Non-Metals | 44 |
| 3 | Fracture and Damage Related to Adiabatic Shear Bands | 54 |
| 3.1 | Adiabatic Shear Band Induced Fracture | 54 |
| 3.2 | Microscopic Damage in Adiabatic Shear Bands | 57 |
| 3.3 | Metallurgical Implications | 69 |
| 3.4 | Effects of Stress State | 73 |
| 4 | Testing Methods | 76 |
| 4.1 | General Requirements and Remarks | 76 |
| 4.2 | Dynamic Torsion Tests | 80 |
| 4.3 | Dynamic Compression Tests | 91 |
| 4.4 | Contained Cylinder Tests | 95 |
| 4.5 | Transient Measurements | 98 |
| 5 | Constitutive Equations | 104 |
| 5.1 | Effect of Strain Rate on Stress-Strain Behaviour | 104 |
| 5.2 | Strain-Rate History Effects | 110 |
| 5.3 | Effect of Temperature on Stress-Strain Behaviour | 114 |
| 5.4 | Constitutive Equations for Non-Metals | 124 |
| 6 | Occurrence of Adiabatic Shear Bands | 125 |
| 6.1 | Empirical Criteria | 125 |
| 6.2 | One-Dimensional Equations and Linear Instability Analysis | 134 |
| 6.3 | Localization Analysis | 140 |
| 6.4 | Experimental Verification | 146 |
| 7 | Formation and Evolution of Shear Bands | 155 |
| 7.1 | Post-Instability Phenomena | 156 |
| 7.2 | Scaling and Approximations | 162 |
| 7.3 | Wave Trapping and Viscous Dissipation | 167 |
| 7.4 | The Intermediate Stage and the Formation of Adiabatic Shear Bands | 171 |
| 7.5 | Late Stage Behaviour and Post-Mortem Morphology | 179 |
| 7.6 | Adiabatic Shear Bands in Multi-Dimensional Stress States | 187 |
| 8 | Numerical Studies of Adiabatic Shear Bands | 194 |
| 8.1 | Objects, Problems and Techniques Involved in Numerical Simulations | 194 |
| 8.2 | One-Dimensional Simulation of Adiabatic Shear Banding | 199 |
| 8.3 | Simulation with Adaptive Finite Element Methods | 213 |
| 8.4 | Adiabatic Shear Bands in the Plane Strain Stress State | 218 |
| 9 | Selected Topics in Impact Dynamics | 229 |
| 9.1 | Planar Impact | 230 |
| 9.2 | Fragmentation | 237 |
| 9.3 | Penetration | 244 |
| 9.4 | Erosion | 255 |
| 9.5 | Ignition of Explosives | 261 |
| 9.6 | Explosive Welding | 268 |
| 10 | Selected Topics in Metalworking | 273 |
| 10.1 | Classification of Processes | 273 |
| 10.2 | Upsetting | 276 |
| 10.3 | Metalcutting | 286 |
| 10.4 | Blanking | 293 |
| Appendices | 297 | |
| A | Quick Reference | 298 |
| B | Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity | 301 |
| C | Thermal Softening and Related Temperature Dependence | 312 |
| D | Materials Showing Adiabatic Shear Bands | 335 |
| E | Specification of Selected Materials Showing Adiabatic Shear Bands | 341 |
| F | Conversion Factors | 357 |
| References | 358 | |
| Author Index | 369 | |
| Subject Index | 375 |
Resumo:
《理性力学基础》为《中国科学院研究生教学丛书》之一。
《理性力学基础》系统地介绍了理性力学的主要科学体系和基本理论。《理性力学基础》由四部分，共十五章组成。第一部分综合介绍了理性力学的科学意义、方法和特点，从理性力学角度概括论述变形几何学与运动学、力学基本定律与场方程以及本构方程的一般原理。着重阐明张量和场方程的时空无差异原理，以及本构方程所应遵循的客观性原理。第二部分着重介绍简单物质的理论体系。作为典型范例进一步阐明弹性物质和简单流体的本构方程以及弹性体有限变形边值问题的分析方法。第三部分详细介绍黏弹性物质、弹塑性物质及晶体塑性的基本理论。第四部分主要介绍含缺陷物质的本构理论。
《理性力学基础》可作为力学、应用数学、理论物理等专业的研究生教材，也可供力学工作者及高等院校力学专业教师参考。
目录
第一章 绪论
1·1 理性力学目的和意义
1·2 理性力学的特点与体系
1·3 理性力学的方法
1·4 符号
第二章 变形几何学和运动学
2·1 直角坐标系的张量
2·2 物体的构形与运动
2·3 变形梯度
2·4 应变度量和面元、体元变形
2·5 应变率
第三章 基本定律与场方程
3·1 质量守恒定律
3·2 应力原理与动量守恒定律
3·3 能量守恒定律和熵定律
3·4 功共轭与应力度量
3·5 场方程
3·6 随体坐标系
第四章 本构方程的一般原理
4·1 时空系的变换
4·2 基本定律的客观性
4·3 本构方程的一般原理
第五章 简单物质
5·1 张量函数
5·2 张量函数表示定理
5·3 简单物质的本构方程
5·4 本构方程的简化形式
5·5 各向同性物质
5·6 简单固体
5·7 简单流体和流晶
5·8 内部约束
5·9 特殊类型物质
5·10 衰退记忆
第六章 弹性物质
6·1 弹性物质的本构方程
6·2 物质对称性
6·3 各向同性弹性固体
6·4 超弹性物质
6·5 各向同性超弹性物质
6·6 主轴表示
6·7 储能函数表示式
6·8 二次弹性
6·9 均匀变形场
6·10 储能函数的实验确定
第七章 弹性体有限变形边值问题
7·1 边值问题的提法
7·2 若干典型问题
7·3 平面应变问题
7·4 不可压缩各向同性弹性体
第八章 简单流体
8·1 直线流动
8·2 曲线流动
8·3 伸长历史恒定运动
8·4 定常测黏流动
8·5 Poiseuille流动
8·6 Couette流动
8·7 圆锥-平板流动
8·8 端部正应力效应
8·9 Stokes流体测黏流动
8·10 定常拉伸流动
第九章 黏弹性物质
9·1 线性黏弹性理论
9·2 非线性黏弹性固体
9·3 本构泛函展开
9·4 非线性黏弹性流体
第十章 弹塑性物质
10·1 微小变形塑性理论
10·2 张量的时间导数
10·3 有限塑性变形的本构方程
10·4 塑性大变形基本方程
10·5 Drucker公设与有限塑性变形
第十一章 晶体塑性理论
11·1 晶体塑性变形运动学
11·2 硬化规律
11·3 硬化系数表示式
11·4 晶体塑性本构关系
11·5 滑移剪切率γ(α)的存在性与惟一性
11·6 率相关流动规律
第十二章 缺陷连续统的线性理论
12·1 张量场的微分运算
12·2 协调条件
12·3 缺陷的几何意义
12·4 位错弹性理论
12·5 位错塑性理论
12·6 一般缺陷塑性理论
12·7 晶体塑性位错理论
12·8 Nye张量及缺陷塑性理论小结
12·9 位错塑性理论二维公式及算例
第十三章 非黎曼几何及流形简介
13·1 Euler空间张量场的绝对微分
13·2 曲率张量
13·3 线性空间
13·4 仿射联络空间
13·5 非完整变换
13·6 拓扑空间
13·7 微分流形
第十四章 缺陷连续统的非线性理论
14·1 非Niemann物质流形的构造
14·2 缺陷的几何意义
14·3 缺陷连续统的弹性理论
14·4 缺陷连续统的塑性理论
14·5 晶体塑性位错理论
第十五章 理性力学若干应用
15·1 有限变形的精确描述
15·2 曲线坐标的相应公式
15·3 本构方程的客观性原理
15·4 物质对称性
15·5 主轴法
15·6 客观应力率
附录 曲线坐标
1 基向量与度量张量
2 逆变导数
3 应力张
4 运动方程
Resumo:
It is proposed that single attosecond pulses be generated via high-order harmonic generation by using a two-color pump pulse with time dependent ellipticity. The two-color pump pulse is created by the fundamental field and its second harmonic: the fundamental field is left-circularly polarized and the second harmonic is right-circularly polarized. Numerical simulations show that single attosecond pulses can be produced in the cut-off region by using the synthesis of 20 fs left-hand and right-hand circularly polarized pulses with a pulse delay of 20 fs. The attosecond pulses produced this way are much stronger than that produced by a few-cycle linear polarized pulse of comparable intensity. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America
Resumo:
In this paper we theoretically study the left-handed behaviors in a two-dimensional triangular photonic crystal made of elliptical rods in air. An absolute left-handed region is found in the second photonic band by using the plane wave expansion method to analyze the photonic band structure and equifrequency contours. Typical left-handed behaviors such as negative refraction, flat superlensing and plano-concave lensing are demonstrated by the finite-difference time-domain simulations. These behaviors are also compared with the quasi-negative refraction and the resulted focusing effects in a square-lattice two-dimensional photonic crystal. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America
