Influence of Inter-Fiber Spacing and Interfacial Adhesion on Failure of Multi-Fiber Model Composites: Experiment and Numerical Analysis

The uniaxial tension experiments on glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix composites reveal that the fragmentations of fibers display vertically aligned fracture, clustered fracture, coordinated fracture, and random fracture with the increase of inter-fiber spacing. The finite element analysis indicates that the fragmentations of fibers displaying different phenomena are due to the stress concentration as well as the inherent randomness of fiber defects, which is the dominant factor. The experimental results show that matrices adjacent to the fiber breakpoints all exhibit birefringent-whitening patterns for the composites with different interfacial adhesion strengths. The larger the extent of the interfacial debonding, the less the domain of the birefringent-whitening patterns. The numerical analysis indicates that the orientation of the matrix adjacent to a fiber breakpoint is caused by the interfacial shear stress, resulting in the birefringent-whitening patterns. The area of shear stress concentrations decides on the domain of the birefringent-whitening patterns.

Analysis of micro-failure behaviors in hybrid fiber model composites

Micro-failure modes and statistical fragment lengths in the hybrid fiber and non-hybrid reference composites in the uniaxial tension were investigated. Similiar to the reference experiments, fibers in hybrid strong interface/medium interface fiber composites display a decrease in aspect ratio and an increase in interfacial shear stress (IFSS) with the increase of inter-fiber spacing. While for the fibers with weak interfaces in the hybrid strong interface/weak interface fiber composites, the aspect ratio increases and IFSS decreases with enlargement of inter-fiber spacing, which is contrary to other systems. Finite element numerical analysis was used to interpret the special phenomena.

云南中部无量山大寨子黑长臂猿（Nomascus concolorjingdongensis）生态与行为研究

从2003年3月到2006年5月期间，在云南中部无量山大寨子（24°21′N, 100°42′E）对一个黑长臂猿种群进行了研究。2003年3月至2004年3月主要研究了 3个群体的鸣叫行为。2005年3月一个群体被习惯化，随后对其进行了14个月的连 续观察。在此期间，主要对食性、时间分配、栖息地选择和利用、过夜地及过夜 树的选择等方面进行了研究。这些资料将有助于了解黑长臂猿对其高海拔、高纬 度、季节性变化明显栖息地的适应性，并且对了解长臂猿独特的社会结构具有重 要意义。另外，本研究结合获得的行为生态方面的数据，通过漩涡模型（VORTEX） 对该种群未来动态进行了模拟，对大寨子种群的保护和发展提出了保护建议。 黑长臂猿叫声在所有长臂猿中频率最高。成年雄性能发出boom、简单重复 音节和调节音节；成年雌性只能发出成功的激动鸣叫和失败的激动鸣叫。两者互 相配合组成结构复杂的二重唱，配对个体很少单独鸣叫，青年个体经常会加入二 重唱。同一群内两个成年雌性多数时候一起鸣叫。配对个体平均两天鸣叫一次 （53%），每次鸣叫平均持续时间12.9 分钟，雌性激动鸣叫4.6 次，激动鸣叫的 平均时间间隔为115 秒，91.5%的鸣叫发生在日出前半小时和日出后3 小时之间。 通过对相邻群体间鸣叫行为的分析，结果发现相邻群体倾向于不在同一天鸣叫， 如果同一天鸣叫，鸣叫的时间间隔显著长于不在同一天鸣叫的时间间隔，这些结 果不支持鸣叫具有调节群体空间距离的功能（inter-group spacing）的假说。雄性 倾向选择一个区域内最高的树进行鸣叫，这可能是为了声音的远距离传播。另外 雄性对鸣叫树的选择也兼顾了安全因素。通过比较鸣叫前后个体间的距离，黑长 臂猿的鸣叫具有群内通讯的功能，鸣叫后个体间的距离显著短于鸣叫前的距离。 虽然鸣叫树的分布与食物斑块的分布在不同海拔段和不同网格内都呈现出了高 度的相关性，但不能确定黑长臂猿在食物斑块附近进行鸣叫就是为了对食物资源 进行防御。 利用扫描法对研究群体的食性和时间分配进行了研究。结果显示研究群体共 取食77 种植物和至少6 种动物，其中10 种重要食物占到取食比例的76.7%。在 10396 次确定食物类别的记录中，除无花果外的其它果实占25.5%，藤子叶和芽占21.0%，树叶和芽占19.2%，无花果占18.6%，花占9.1%，寄生植物的叶占6.3%， 另外其它食物占0.3%。黑长臂猿的食性具有明显的日变化和季节性变化。与其 它长臂猿相比，黑长臂猿的食性更加广泛。虽然黑长臂猿进食叶（藤子的叶和芽、 树叶和芽、寄生植物的叶）的比例稍多于进食果实（无花果和其它果实）的比例， 但当果实丰富时，它们仍然优先选择果实。 黑长臂猿平均在日出后33 分钟离开过夜树，在日落前128 分钟进入过夜树， 平均每天活动518 分钟。活动期间，黑长臂猿用于休息的时间最多，达到40.0%， 其次是取食28.7%，排在第三的是移动19.8%，排在第四的是觅食占到6.1%，鸣 叫占2.6%，玩耍和其它活动一共占活动时间的2.8%。时间分配具有明显的日变 化和季节性变化。食物和温度因素是影响黑长臂猿时间分配季节性变化的最主要 的原因。 群体一共利用129 个1 公顷的网格，如果包含在活动路线内的空隙，活动范 围达到151 公顷，主要由3 个大的山沟组成。黑长臂猿平均每天移动1391 米， 进入9 个网格，连续两天倾向于利用家域中的同一条山沟。群体平均每月仅利用 家域的19%~50%，集中利用家域中的小部分区域，除2 月份外群体总是选择利 用原始常绿阔叶林。形成这种现象的原因主要与食物的分布及其季节性变化有 关、并且与该群生活地区的地形有关。 黑长臂猿喜欢选择高大的，生长在陡坡上的树过夜，群体一般形成4 个不同 的小单元过夜（青年个体与成年雄性睡在一起，两个成年雌性与未独立的婴猿分 别睡在一起，亚成年雄性单独过夜），过夜时总是快速进入过夜树，然后立即安 静下来，利用很多棵不同的过夜树，并且间隔很长时间后才重复利用，这些行为 都是为了避免被捕食者发现和攻击。群体喜欢在山坡上过夜，并且在冬天喜欢选 择在长有寄生植物的大树枝上过夜，这些行为可能与研究地点冬天的低气温有 关。此外，过夜树的选择可能兼顾舒适和方便寻找食物的功能。 通过获得的生态学资料，结合近缘种生态学参数，利用漩涡模型（VORTEX） 对该种群未来动态进行了模拟。结果显示：大寨子亚种群是一个具有很强的潜在 繁殖力的种群，如果没有偷猎，亚种群在100a 之内不会灭绝，并且能迅速达到 环境容纳量。但是每年如果有1 只成年雄性和1 只成年雌性被猎杀，该种群将会在第78a 灭绝，且灭绝概率为100%。不同程度的死亡率对种群影响不大，但高 死亡率显著延缓了种群到达环境容纳量的时间。环境容纳量对种群遗传多样性损 失具有重要的影响，在没有猎杀的情况下，种群的长期存活需要一个较大的环境 容纳量。因此，在黑长臂猿受到严格保护、且栖息地主要在保护区内的今天，严 密监控火灾的发生，限制牲畜进入林区等人为干扰的影响，保护好黑长臂猿栖息 地是首要工作之一。但如果能使其栖息地周围的森林植被得到恢复，增加其栖息 范围，将有利于该地区黑长臂猿的发展。

A preliminary genetic map of Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston 1904)

Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston 1904) is one of the most important aquaculture species in China. The development of a genetic linkage map would provide a powerful tool for the genetic improvement of this species. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a PCR-based technique that has proven to be powerful in genome fingerprinting and mapping, and population analysis. Genetic maps of C. farreri were constructed using AFLP markers and a full-sib family with 60 progeny. A total of 503 segregating AFLP markers were obtained, with 472 following the Mendelian segregation ratio of 1:1 and 31 markers showing significant (P< 0.05) segregation distortion. The male map contained 166 informative AFLP markers in 23 linkage groups covering 2468 cM. The average distance between markers was 14.9 cM. The female genetic map consisted of 198 markers in 25 linkage groups spanning 3130 cM with an average inter-marker spacing of 15.8 cM. DNA polymorphisms that segregated in a 3:1 ratio as well as the AFLP markers that were heterozygous in both parents were included to construct combined linkage genetic map. Five shared linkage groups, ranging from 61.1 to 162.5 cM, were identified between the male and female maps, covering 431 cM. Amplified fragment length polymorphism markers appeared to be evenly distributed within the linkage groups. Although preliminary, these maps provide a starting point for the mapping of the functional genes and quantitative trait loci in C. farreri.

Genetic linkage map of bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians (Lamarck 1819)

The bay scallop (Argopecten irradians irradians Lamarck 1819) has become one of the most important aquaculture species in China. Genetic improvement of cultured bay scallop can benefit greatly from a better understanding of its genome. In this study, we developed amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and simple sequence repeat markers from expressed sequence tags (EST-SSRs) for linkage analysis in bay scallop. Segregation of 390 AFLP and eight SSR markers was analysed in a mapping population of 97 progeny. Of the AFLP markers analysed, 326 segregated in the expected 1:1 Mendelian ratio, while the remaining 74 (or 19.0%) showed significant deviation, with 33 (44.6%) being deficient in heterozygotes (A/a). Among the eight polymorphic EST-SSR loci, one marker (12.5%) was found skewing from its expected Mendelian ratios. Eighteen per cent of the markers segregating from female parent were distorted compared with 21% of the markers segregating from male parent. The female map included 147 markers in 17 linkage groups (LGs) and covered 1892.4 cM of the genome. In the male map, totally 146 AFLP and SSR markers were grouped in 18 LGs spanning 1937.1 cM. The average inter-marker spacing in female and male map was 12.9 and 13.3 cM respectively. The AFLP and SSR markers were distributed evenly throughout the genome except for a few large gaps over 20 cM. Although preliminary, the genetic maps presented here provide a starting point for the mapping of the bay scallop genome.

On The Interaction Of Channeling/Segmentation Cracks Of Coating: Study On The Critical Spacing

Channeling/segmentation cracks may arise in the coating subjected to in-plane tensile stress. The interaction between these multiple cracks, say the effect of the spacing between two adjacent cracks oil the behaviors of channels themselves and the interface around the interface corners, attracts wide interest. However, if the spacing is greater than a specific magniture,, namely the Critical Spacing (CS), there should be no interaction between such channeling/segmentation cracks. In this study, file mechanism of the effect of the crack spacing oil the interfacial stress around the interface corner will be Interpreted firstly. Then the existence of the CS will be verified and the relationship between the CS and the so-called stress transfer length Ill coating will be established for plane strain condition. Finally, the dependence of the stress transfer length, simultaneously of the CS, on the sensitive parameters will be investigated with finite element method and expressed with a simple empirical formula. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of Rock Mass Structure and Block Size on the Slope Stability-Physical Modeling and Discrete Element Simulation

This paper studies the stability of jointed rock slopes by using our improved three-dimensional discrete element methods (DEM) and physical modeling. Results show that the DEM can simulate all failure modes of rock slopes with different joint configurations. The stress in each rock block is not homogeneous and blocks rotate in failure development. Failure modes depend on the configuration of joints. Toppling failure is observed for the slope with straight joints and sliding failure is observed for the slope with staged joints. The DEM results are also compared with those of limit equilibrium method (LEM). Without considering the joints in rock masses, the LEM predicts much higher factor of safety than physical modeling and DEM. The failure mode and factor of safety predicted by the DEM are in good agreement with laboratory tests for any jointed rock slope.

三峡永久船闸高边坡开挖三维离散元数值模拟:3-D Simulation of the Excavation of High Steep Slope of Three-Gorges Permanent Lock by Distinct Element Method

采用面一面接触的三维离散元刚性块体模型,从实测节理面中取出其中的三组,按照其倾向、倾角和节理间距将三峡永久船闸未开挖的区域划分为10~5个离散单元,通过施加力边界条件,给出了与实测初始地应力场接近的数值模拟结果；然后,分4步模拟了永久船闸的开挖过程。计算结果表明：开挖过程会引起节理面出现张开趋势,个别岩体还会沿着节理面滑移。岩体位移的不对称现象较为自然地说明了由节理引起的岩体各向异性特征。

Multiple Axial Cracks in A Coated Hollow Cylinder due to Thermal Shock

The transient thermal stress problem of an inner-surface-coated hollow cylinder with multiple pre-existing surface cracks contained in the coating is considered. The transient temperature, induced thermal stress, and the crack tip stress intensity factor (SIF) are calculated for the cylinder via finite element method (FEM), which is exposed to convective cooling from the inner surface. As an example, the material pair of a chromium coating and an underlying steel substrate 30CrNi2MoVA is particularly evaluated. Numerical results are obtained for the stress intensity factors as a function of normalized quantities such as time, crack length, convection severity, material constants and crack spacing. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Determination of Proper Processing Conditions of Material Surface Heat Treatment Through Finite Element Method

A two-dimensional model has been developed based on the experimental results of stainless steel remelting with the laminar plasma technology to investigate the transient thermo-physical characteristics of the melt pool liquids. The influence of the temperature field, temperature gradient, solidification rate and cooling rate on the processing conditions has been investigated numerically. Not only have the appropriate processing conditions been determined according to the calculations, but also they have been predicted with a criterion established based on the concept of equivalent temperature area density (ETAD) that is actually a function of the processing parameters and material properties. The comparison between the resulting conditions shows that the ETAD method can better predict the optimum condition.

A New Finite Element Method for Strain Gradient Theories and Applications to Fracture Analyses

A new compatible finite element method for strain gradient theories is presented. In the new finite element method, pure displacement derivatives are taken as the fundamental variables. The new numerical method is successfully used to analyze the simple strain gradient problems – the fundamental fracture problems. Through comparing the numerical solutions with the existed exact solutions, the effectiveness of the new finite element method is tested and confirmed. Additionally, an application of the Zienkiewicz–Taylor C1 finite element method to the strain gradient problem is discussed. By using the new finite element method, plane-strain mode I and mode II crack tip fields are calculated based on a constitutive law which is a simple generalization of the conventional J2 deformation plasticity theory to include strain gradient effects. Three new constitutive parameters enter to characterize the scale over which strain gradient effects become important. During the analysis the general compressible version of Fleck–Hutchinson strain gradient plasticity is adopted. Crack tip solutions, the traction distributions along the plane ahead of the crack tip are calculated. The solutions display the considerable elevation of traction within the zone near the crack tip.

Distinct Element Analysis on Propagation Characteristics of P-Wave in Rock Pillar with Finite length

以节理岩体等效刚度的概念为基础,讨论了离散元刚性块体模型中节理刚度的选取问题。采用面-面接触模型模拟了纵波在一维岩体中的传播,给出了纵波波形；研究了阻尼比、软弱夹层以及节理间是否可拉对波传播规律的影响。

A finite element method for cracked components of structures

In this paper, a method is developed for determining the effective stiffness of the cracked component. The stiffness matrix of the cracked component is integrated into the global stiffness matrix of the finite element model of the global platform for the FE calculation of the structure in any environmental conditions. The stiffness matrix equation of the cracked component is derived by use of the finite variation principle and fracture mechanics. The equivalent parameters defining the element that simulates the cracked component are mathematically presented, and can be easily used for the FE calculation of large scale cracked structures together with any finite element program. The theories developed are validated by both lab tests and numerical calculations, and applied to the evaluation of crack effect on the strength of a fixed platform and a self-elevating drilling rig.

Iterative method using consistent mass matrix in axisymmetrical finite element analysis of hypervelocity impact

We present in this paper an iterative method using consistent mass matrix in axisymmetrical finite element analysis of hypervelocity impact. To retain the advantage of integration on an element-by-element basis which is at the heart of modern hydrocodes, we suggest that the first step should be to solve for accelerations at an advanced time step by using the lumped mass approach, then iterate using a consistent mass matrix to improve the estimate. Examples are given to show the improved resolution with the new method.