Influences of slope gradient on soil erosion

The main factors influencing soil erosion include the net rain excess, the water depth, the velocity, the shear stress of overland flows, and the erosion-resisting capacity of soil. The laws of these factors varying with the slope gradient were investigated by using the kinematic wave theory. Furthermore, the critical slope gradient of erosion was driven. The analysis shows that the critical slope gradient of soil erosion is dependent on grain size, soil bulk density, surface roughness, runoff length, net rain excess, and the friction coefficient of soil, etc. The critical slope gradient has been estimated theoretically with its range between 41.5 degrees similar to 50 degrees.

Instability from steady and axisymmetric to steady and asymmetric floating half zone convection in a fat liquid bridge of larger Prandtl number

The linear instability analysis of the present paper shows that the thermocapillary convection in a half floating zone of larger Prandtl number has a steady instability mode w(i) = 0 and m = 1 for a fat liquid bridge V = 1.2 with small geometrical aspect ratio A = 0.6. This conclusion is different from the usual idea of hydrothermal instability, and implies that the instability of the system may excite a steady and axial asymmetric state before the onset of oscillation in the ease of large Prandtl number.

The positive floating potential of high-temperature particles in plasma

It has been predicted that the floating potential of particles in plasma may become positive when the particle surface temperature is high enough, but, to our knowledge, no positive floating potential has been obtained yet. In the present paper the floating potential theory of high-temperature particles in plasma is developed to cover the positive potential range for the first time, and a general approximate analytical formula for the positive floating potential with a thin plasma sheath and subsonic plasma flow is derived from the new model recently proposed by the authors. The results show that when the floating potential is positive, the net flux of charge incident on the particle approaches a constant similar to the 'electron saturation' phenomena in the case of the electric probes.

微重力细胞生物学实验地面模拟技术研究

国家自然科学基金项目30870601/30730032/30730093

High-efficiency reflective diffraction gratings in fused silica as (de)multiplexers at 1.55 mu m for dense wavelength division multiplexing application

We describe high-efficiency, high-dispersion reflection gratings fabricated in bulk fused Silica illuminated by incident lights in the C + L bands as (de)multiplexers for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) application. Based on the phenomenon of total internal reflection, gratings with optimized profile parameters exhibit diffraction efficiencies of more than 90% under TM- and TE-polarized incident lights for 101-nm spectral bandwidths (1520-1620 nm) and can reach an efficiency of greater than 97% for both polarizations at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Without loss of metal absorption, without coating of dielectric film layers, and independent of tooth shape, this new kind of grating should be of great interest for DWDM application. (C) 2005 Optical Society of America.

Upconversion properties of TM3+/Yb3+ codoped fluorophosphate glasses with low phonon density of states

Fluorophosphate glasses codoped with Tm3+ and Yb3+ were prepared and their thermal stability, phonon states, and upconversion properties were studied. It is found that the increment of phosphate content is good for the thermal stability but increases the phonon density of states. However, the phonon density of states of these fluorophosphate glasses is very low due to the low phosphate content in their composition. The upconversion luminescence spectra were measured under excitation of 970 nm laser diode, and the intense blue (476 nm) and near infrared (794 nm) emission were simultaneous obtained at room temperature. The sensitizing mechanisms of Yb3+ to Tm3+ for blue and red emission contain both sequential and cooperative sensitization. The near infrared emission is a two-photon upconversion process. These researches suggest that when the phosphate content in the composition is low enough, fluorophosphate glass can be suitable host material of Tm3+ codoped with Yb3+ for blue and near infrared upconversion luminescence. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

四川乌头属的修订

　毛茛科乌头属全世界约有300余种，主要分布在北半球温带地区，包括三个亚属，即牛扁亚属、乌头亚属和露蕊乌头亚属。我国西南横断山区是乌头属植物的重要分布区，已记载的种类达100余种，很多种都为地方特有。由于缺乏野外观察和标本不够丰富等原因，有些种类的分类处理尚不能令人满意，应予修订。乌头属的属下系统以及与近缘属之间的关系也不十分清楚，还需进一步研究。本文对我国乌头属植物的重要分布区四川的乌头属植物进行了分类修订，同时通过形态学、细胞学和分子系统学等方面的研究对乌头属的系统发育进行了探讨。结果如下： 　　1．分类修订 通过广泛的野外观察、文献查阅和标本研究，对乌头属的形态性状在居群间和居群内的变异式样进行了比较分析，发现叶分裂程度、上萼片的形状和花梗毛被等性状是较为可靠的分种依据，但是在个别情况，这些性状也会在同一种的同一居群内或不同居群间发生变化。花瓣和种子的特征对于属下划分有重要意义。 本文确认四川乌头属植物有45种、11变种，另有2种和1变种暂存疑。30种、22变种降为异名;作出新组合2个，其中包括1个改级新组合。紫乌头和保山乌头为四川新分布记录。对康定乌头、川鄂乌头和狭裂乌头进行了模式选定。初步澄清了东俄洛乌头和狭裂乌头等种类中长期存在的名实混乱。本文还给出了各个种的形态描述、地理分布图以及分亚属、分系和分种检索表。 　　2．细胞学 对国产14种乌头属植物进行了细胞学研究。染色体基数为x=8。研究的所有种都为二倍体（2n=16）。各个种的核型公式如下：狭盔高乌头2n=2m+10sm+4st; 赣皖乌头2n=2m+8sm+6st; 西南乌头2n=4m+10sm+2st; 镰形乌头2n=4m+12sm; 弯喙乌头2n=4m+12sm; 东俄洛乌头2n=2m+12sm+2st; 毛瓣乌头, 来自两个居群, 2n=2m+14sm(1sat)和2n=2m+14sm(2sat); 狭裂乌头2n=2m+10sm+4st; 大渡乌头2n=8m+8sm; 展毛大渡乌头2n=6m(1sat)+8sm(2sat)+2st; 贡嘎乌头2n=2m+14sm; 刷经寺乌头, 来自四个居群, 分别为2n=4m+10sm+2st, 2n=6m+10sm, 2n=2m+14sm, 2n=2m+14sm; 工布乌头，来自两个居群， 2n=2m+10sm+4st和 2n=6m+10sm; 岩乌头2n=2m+14sm; 美丽乌头2n=4m+12sm; 康定乌头2n=4m+12sm。其中赣皖乌头、弯喙乌头、东俄洛乌头、狭裂乌头、大渡乌头、展毛大渡乌头、贡嘎乌头、工布乌头和康定乌头9种的染色体数目和核型为首次报道。乌头属植物通常都有两对较大的染色体，即第一对为中部着丝点染色体，第二对为近中部着丝点染色体，其余染色体相对较小，为中部着丝点、近中部着丝点或近端部着丝点染色体。牛扁亚属的核型与乌头亚属在染色体大小、形态及不对称性等方面有明显的区别。随体的数目和位置在同一种内的不同居群中都有变化。核型不对称性表现有2B、3B、2C和3C型。 对国产乌头属植物的染色体数目资料进行了统计。国产61种乌头属植物已有染色体报道，占国产乌头属植物的41%。二倍体、四倍体、六倍体和八倍体都有发现，有5种乌头属植物表现为种内多倍性。横断山区分布的乌头亚属植物多为二倍体，多倍体通常在主要分布于华北和东北地区的乌头亚属的乌头系中观察到。横断山区的牛扁亚属植物多数为四倍体。少数种的染色体具有B-染色体。 　　3．分子系统学 通过对翠雀族23种植物两个DNA片段ITS和trnL-F进行简约分析和邻接法分析，构建了乌头属三个亚属之间及其与近缘属的系统关系树。结果如下：翠雀族作为单系类群得到了较强的支持;翠雀族中，与乌头属关系较近的是翠雀属;在乌头属中，乌头属作为单系类群未得到支持，除非将露蕊乌头亚属排除在外;牛扁亚属和乌头亚属均为单系群，二者互为姐妹群;新建的唐古特乌头亚属与乌头亚属聚在一起不能分开，其亚属的地位未得到支持。 采用ITS序列，选取代表乌头亚属植物不同组、系以及不同地理分布区的54个样品，进行了乌头亚属的系统发育研究。乌头亚属的单系发生得到了支持。多果乌头位于乌头亚属的基部，与其他乌头亚属植物构成姐妹群关系。岩乌头系和褐紫乌头系也各自成为分支, 但唐古特乌头系、圆叶乌头系、保山乌头系与短柄乌头系共同组成一个单系类群，而显柱乌头系、兴安乌头系、乌头系、蔓乌头系和准噶尔乌头系共同组成一个单系类群。从上述结果来看，这些系或组是否应当划分及其系统关系均应重新考虑。在ITS系统树中，中国北方分布的乌头亚属植物与欧洲、北美及东亚的乌头亚属植物有较近的关系;来自横断山区的种类外部形态差异显著，但遗传差异却很小，说明这一地区的种可能是近期形成的。本研究的ITS序列分析结果与种子和花瓣的形态相吻合，种子和花瓣的特征有可能在一定程度上反映了乌头亚属的系统发育关系。