Synchronous chaos in the coupled system of two logistic maps

Synchronous chaos is investigated in the coupled system of two Logistic maps. Although the diffusive coupling admits all synchronized motions, the stabilities of their configurations are dependent on the transverse Lyapunov exponents while independent of the longitudinal Lyapunov exponents. It is shown that synchronous chaos is structurally stable with respect to the system parameters. The mean motion is the pseudo-orbit of an individual local map so that its dynamics can be described by the local map. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An Extension of Self-Organizing Maps to Categorical Data

Self-organizing maps (SOM) have been recognized as a powerful tool in data exploratoration, especially for the tasks of clustering on high dimensional data. However, clustering on categorical data is still a challenge for SOM. This paper aims to extend standard SOM to handle feature values of categorical type. A batch SOM algorithm (NCSOM) is presented concerning the dissimilarity measure and update method of map evolution for both numeric and categorical features simultaneously.

Comparative genome maps of the pangolin, hedgehog, sloth, anteater and human revealed by cross-species chromosome painting: further insight into the ancestral karyotype and genome evolution of eutherian mammals

To better understand the evolution of genome organization of eutherian mammals, comparative maps based on chromosome painting have been constructed between human and representative species of three eutherian orders: Xenarthra, Pholidota, and Eulipotyphla,

Phylogenetic relationships of five pika species (genus Ochotona) based on mitochondrial DNA restriction maps

Restriction site mapping of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with 16 restriction endonucleases was used to examine the phylogenetic relationships of Ochotona cansus, O. huangensis, O. thibetana, O. curzoniae and O. erythrotis. A 1-kb length variation between O. erythrotis of subgenus Pika and other four species of subgenus Ochotona was observed, which may be a useful genetic marker for identifying the two subgenera. The phylogenetic tree constructed using PAUP based on 61 phylogenetically informative sites suggests that O. erythrotis diverged first, followed by O. cansus, while O. curzoniae and O. huangensis are sister taxa related to O. thibetana, The results indicate that both O. cansus and O. huangensis should be treated as independent species. If the base substitution rate of pikas mtDNA was 2% per million years, then the divergence time of the two subgenera, Pika and Ochotana, is about 8.8 Ma ago of late Miocence, middle Bao-dian of Chinese mammalian age, and the divergence of the four species in subgenus Ochotona would have occurred about 2.5 - 4.2 Ma ago, Yushean of Chinese mammalian age. This calculation appears to be substantiated by the fossil record.

Phylogeny of Muntiacus (Cervidae) based on mitochondrial DNA restriction maps

Mitochondrial DNA restriction maps for 12 restriction enzymes of four species of muntjacs-Indian muntjac (M. muntjak), Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis), black muntjac (M. crinifrons), and Chinese muntjac (M. reevesi)-were compared to estimate the phylogenetic relationships among them. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by both distance and parsimony methods. The two resulting trees share a similar topology, which indicates that the black muntjac and the Gongshan muntjac are closely related, followed by the Chinese muntjac; the Indian muntjac is the sister taxon to all the other muntjacs.

Bird and mammal conservation in Gaoligongshan Region and Jingdong County, Yunnan, China: patterns of species richness and nature reserves

Elevational and latitudinal patterns of species richness for birds and mammals were compared with human population density in relation to nature reserve designation in two areas of Yunnan Province, China. Results suggest that species richness is not the same for the two areas. In Gaoligongshan Region, species richness is inversely correlated with elevation and altitude, while reserve designation is positively correlated with elevation and latitude. In Jingdong County, reserve designations are positively correlated with elevation, but species richness shows no clear trends. In general, the present situation is strongly influenced by human activities. It appears that reserve designation is mismatched with species richness in Gaoligongshan Region, while there is a better fit between the two in Jingdong County. In both areas, however, it appeared that reserves were located primarily in order to reduce conflict with humans rather than to maximize conservation of biodiversity, probably because humans were responsible for forest-especially primary forest-destruction and degradation in the low-lying areas.

structuring and manipulating hand-drawn concept maps

Concept maps are an important tool to knowledge organization,representation, and sharing. Most current concept map tools do not provide full support for hand-drawn concept map creation and manipulation, largely due to the lack of methods to recognize hand-drawn concept maps. This paper proposes a structure recognition method. Our algorithm can extract node blocks and link blocks of a hand-drawn concept map by combining dynamic programming and graph partitioning and then build a concept-map structure by relating extracted nodes and links. We also introduce structure-based intelligent manipulation technique of hand-drawn concept maps. Evaluation shows that our method has high structure recognition accuracy in real time, and the intelligent manipulation technique is efficient and effective.

FACE对农田土壤微生物及VA菌根的影响

大气CO_2浓度升高对整个陆地生态系统产生巨大影响。微生物是土壤中重要而又活跃的组成部分，是自然界物质循环不可缺少的成员，行使着许多对陆地生命至关重要的功能。因此，了解土壤中微生物的变化，是了解整个陆地生态系统对大气CO_2浓度升高响应的关键。木文利用在江苏省无锡市建立的稻一麦轮作FACE系统研究平台，研究了CO_2浓度升高对农田土壤微生物及VA菌根的影响。结果发现在FACE条件下，土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量都随着小麦和水稻的生长而发生变化，分别在小麦返青期和水稻拔节期偏大，随后均有所下降，与对照相比，CO_2浓度升高增加土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量；小麦根区土壤中议菌根真菌的抱子以球囊霉属（Glomus）为优势属，以摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae）为优势种；在小麦拔节期和孕穗期观察到VA菌根真菌侵染，侵染率在拔节期偏高，后逐渐降低，CO_2浓度升高使小麦VA菌根侵染率增加，而在水稻根系没有观察到VA菌根真菌侵染；根系活力分别在小麦拔节期和水稻抽穗期偏高，到成熟期均降低，CO_2浓度升高使根系活力增强；小麦VA菌根侵染率与根系活力存在正相关关系。总之，大气CO_2浓度升高对农田土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量、VA菌根侵染率及根系活力都表现出一定的促进作用。