Absence of association between SNPs in the promoter region of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) gene and longevity in the Han Chinese population

Previous studies have indicated that genetic variations in the factors of insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway could influence human life-span by affecting IGF-1 levels. The promoter region of the IGF-1 gene is an obvious candida

Association of early growth response-1 gene polymorphisms with total IgE and atopy in asthmatic children

Early growth response-1 (Egr-1) is expressed in human airways and found to modulate tumor necrosis factor, immunoglobulin E (IgE), airway responsiveness, and interleukin-13-induced inflammation in mice. We investigated the effects of Chinese-tagging singl

Explorative study on the expression of neuregulin-1 gene in peripheral blood of schizophrenia

Neuregulin-1 (Nrg-1)(1) gene has been considered as a schizophrenia susceptibility gene. In order to observe the association of Nrg-1 gene with schizophrenia, the study was designed to investigate the effect of anti-psychotic treatment on the Nrg-1 mRNA e

Molecular characterisation and inductive expression of a fish protein arginine methyltransferase 1 gene in response to virus infection

Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) is currently thought as an effector to regulate interferon (IFN) signalling. Here Paralichthys olivaceus PRMT1 (PoPRMT1) gene was identified as a vitally induced gene from UV-inactivated Scophthalmus maximus Rhabdovirus (SMRV)-infected flounder embryonic cells (FEC). PoPMRT1 encodes a 341-amino-acid protein that shares the conserved domains including post-I, motif I, II and III. Homology comparisons show that the putative PoPMRT1 protein is the closest to zebrafish PMRT1 and belongs to type I PRMT family (including PRMT1, PRMT2, PRMT3, PRMT4, PRMT6, PRMT8). Expression analyses revealed an extensive distribution of PoPMRT1 in all tested tissues of flounder. In vitro induction of PoPRMT1 was determined in UV-inactivated SMRV-infected FEC cells, and under the same conditions, flounder Mx wash also transcriptionally up-regulated, indicating that an IFN response might be triggered. Additionally, live SMRV infection of flounders induced an increased expression of PoPRMT1 mRNA and protein significantly in spleen, and to a lesser extent in head kidney and intestine. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a major cyptoplasmic distribution of PoPRMT1 in normal FEC but an obvious increase occurred in nucleus in response to UV-inactivated SMRV. This is the first report on in vitro and in vivo expression of fish PRMT1 by virus infection, suggesting that PoPRMT1 might be implicated in flounder antiviral immune response. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Dicer-1 gene from white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: Expression pattern in the processes of immune response and larval development

Dicer is a member of the RNAase III family which catalyzes the cleavage of double-stranded RNA to small interfering RNAs and micro RNAs, and then directs sequence-specific gene silencing. In this paper, the full-length cDNA of Dicer-1 was cloned from white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (designated as LvDcr1). It was of 7636 bp, including a poly A tail, a 5' UTR of 136 bp, a 3' UTR of 78 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 7422 bp encoding a putative protein of 2473 amino acids. The predicted amino acid sequence comprised all recognized functional domains found in other Dicer-1 homologues and showed the highest (97.7%) similarity to the Dicer-1 from tiger shrimp Penaeus mondon. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to investigate the tissue distribution of LvDcr1 mRNA, and its expression in shrimps under virus challenge and larvae at different developmental stages. The LvDcr1 mRNA could be detected in all examined tissues with the highest expression level in hemocyte, and was up-regulated in hemocytes and gills after virus injection. These results indicated that LvDcr1 was involved in antiviral defense in adult shrimp. During the developmental stages from fertilized egg to postlarva VII, LvDcr1 was constitutively expressed at all examined development stages, but the expression level varied significantly. The highest expression level was observed in fertilized eggs and followed a decrease from fertilized egg to nauplius I stage. Then, the higher levels of expression were detected at nauplius V and postlarva stages. LvDcr1 expression regularly increased at the upper phase of nauplius, zoea and mysis stages than their prophase. The different expression of LvDcr1 in the larval stages could provide clues for understanding the early innate immunity in the process of shrimp larval development. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

水稻富含甘氨酸蛋白在细胞中的定位及其基因调控元件的转基因分析

水稻Angrp-1基因编码富含甘氨酸蛋白质。氨基酸序列分析表明该蛋白在氨基端可能存在一个信号肽序列，其后为富含甘氨酸序列。亲水性指数显示AnGRP-1蛋白包含两个区域。第一个区域由氨基端的1到27氨基酸残基组成。为强疏水性区。该肽段的氨基端为带正电荷号肽特征。与水稻Osgrp-1和菜豆grp1.8基因编码的信号肽进行同源性比较，发现这三种信号肽具有alafLvLLNIg同源序列。AnGRP-1蛋白的第二区域由第28到183氨基酸残基组成。该区域富含甘氨酸，具轻度亲水性，并且含有15个Gly-Tyr-Gly基序，这些基序中的酷西安酸残基之间相互作用，有可能形成分子间或分子内的连接。 利用水稻原生质体瞬间表达系统，比较Angrp-1基因启动子283bp和－1020bp片段，以及Ubiquitin启动子、Actin启动子和35S启动子的活性。结果表明，在水稻原生质体瞬间表达中，Angrp-1基因的两个启动子片段活性较低，接近本底。三个对照的组成型启动子中，以Ubiquitin启动子的活性最强，Actin启动子次之， 35S启动子最弱。根据以上结果推测水稻Angrp-1基因的表达可能具有组织或发育特异异表达和特性。 为研究Angrp-1基因的稳定表达与调控特性，将Angrp-1基因的启动子缺失片段1020bp、941bp、568bp和182bp分别与GUS基因融合，得到pGRP6-121、pGRP7-121、pGRP8-121和pGRP9-121等4个克隆，进行烟草转化，获得转基因植株。GUS活性测定表明在－1020到－568之间，随缺失增多，启动子活性下降。当缺失至－182时，182bp的启动子片段活性高于568bp片段。因此，Angrp-1基因5'端－1020到－568之间存在正调控序列，在－568至－182之间存在负调控序列。对pGRP6-121的烟草转基因植株进行GUS组织染色和活性测发现，GUS基因在维管组织优先表达。在根、茎、叶三种器官中，叶和茎的表达量最高。营养生长期的表达量高于生殖生长期。用2283bp和1020bp的启动子片段分别与GUS基因融合，转化水稻，转化体的GUS组织学染色表明Gus基因具有维管束优先表达特性。因此，Angrp-1基因的表达具有较明显的组织、器官和发育特异性。 水稻AnGRP-1蛋白的免疫组织定位分析表明，Angrp-1基因产物主要定位于水稻的维管组织。利用免疫金方法对AnGRP-1蛋白进行超微结构定位，发现金颗粒主要分布于水稻细胞的细胞壁中。因此，可基本确定AnGRP-1蛋白为细胞壁蛋白。在细胞内的内质网和高尔基体上面或附近也有金颗粒的分布，表明至少有部分AnGRP-1蛋白经过内质网－高尔基体－质膜途径，最终达到细胞壁。 为研究Angrp-1基因编码的信号肽功能，将其信号肽与GUS的氨基端融合，分别置于35S启动子和Angrp-1基因1020bp启动子片段控制之下，得到克隆p35s-SP-GUS-121和pGRP6-SP-GUS-121，分别以pBI121和pGRP6-121作对照，进行烟草基因转化。转化体的GUS活性分析表明，在35S启动子控制下，加与不加信号肽对GUS活性影响不大。但是，在Angrp-1基因的1020bp启动子片段作用下，信号肽与GUS融合后的转化体中其本不表现GUS活性。利用免疫金方法进行的超微结构定位表明，在p35S-SP-GUS-121和pGRP6-SP-GUS-121转化的烟草植株中，均可在细胞壁中检测室GUS产物的存在，因此AnGRP-1的信号肽能引导GUS从细胞质分泌细胞壁中。 以Angrp-1基因5'端的－568到＋1作探针，发现Angrp-1基因以在水稻窄叶青和京系17两个亲本中存在多态性，并进一步将Angrp-1基因定位于水稻第10号染色体上。

Gene structures and promoter characteristics of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), IRF-2 and IRF-7 from snakehead Channa argus

Three interferon regulatory factor (IRF) genes, CaIRF-1, CaIRF-2 and CaIRF-7, and their promoters of snakehead (Channa argus) were cloned and characterized. The CaIRF-1 gene consists of ten exons, spans 4.3 kb and encodes a putative peptide of 299 aa. The CaIRF-2 gene consists of nine exons, spans 8 kb and encodes a putative peptide of 328 aa. The gene organizations of CaIRF-1 and CaIRF-2 are very similar to that of human IRF-1 and IRF-2 except more compact. Comparison of exon-intron organization of the two genes indicated a common evolutionary structure, notably within the exons encoding the DNA binding domain (DBD) of the two factors. The CaIRF-7 gene spans 4.1 kb and encodes a putative peptide of 437 aa. However, the gene organization of CaIRF-7 consisting of ten exons is different to human IRF-7a gene which has an intron in 5' UTR. Three CaIRFs share homology in N-terminal encompassing the DBD that contains a characteristic repeat of tryptophan residues. The promoters of CaIRF-1 and CaIRF-2 genes contain the conserved sites for NF-kappa B and Sp1. The gamma-IFN activation sites (GAS) were found in the promoters of CaIRF-1 and CaIRF-7. The promoter of CaIRF-7 contains conserved interferon stimulating response element (ISRE) which is characteristic of IFN-induced gene promoter, and suggests that there also exist intracellular amplifier circuit in fish IFN signal pathway. Moreover, the element GAAANN oriented in both directions is repeated in CaIRF promoter regions, which confers to further inducibility by IFN. The constitutive expression of CaIRF genes were found to increase obviously in response to induction by the known IFN-inducer poly I:C. (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Gene structure and transcription of IRF-1 and IRF-7 in the mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi

The genes of IRF-1 and IRF-7 have been cloned from the mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi). The IRF-1 gene has 4919 nucleotides (nt) and contains 10exons and 9introns, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 903 ntencoding301 aa. The IRF-7 gene has 6057 nt and also contains 10exons and 9introns, with an ORF of 1308 nt encoding 436 aa. The IRF-1 and IRF-7 genes have only one copy each in the genome. The transcription of IRF-1 and IRF-7 in different organs was analyzed by real-time PCR, and both molecules were constitutively expressed. The IRF-I and IRF-7 mRNAs were abundant in gill, spleen, kidney and pronephros. The temporal transcriptional changes for IRF-1, IRF-7 and Mx were investigated within 48 h after poly I: C stimulation in liver, gill, spleen and pronephros. An increased transcription was detected for IRF-1 and IRF-7 12 h post-stimulation, being earlier than the transcription of Mx protein; however, IRF-1 and IRF-7 transcription decreased while the Mx protein was stable at 48 h post-stimulation. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

水稻颖花开裂突变体的鉴定及颖花开裂基因srs-1的定位

　　水稻(Oryza sativa L.) 颖花开裂 (split rice spikelet，SRS) 突变体是从水稻品系 8902s 花药培养得到的双单倍体群体中筛选出的同源异型突变体。以窄叶青8号为母本，SRS突变体为父本配制杂交组合，其F2群体中正常植株和突变植株的分离比例符合3:1，说明颖花突变性状是由单隐性基因决定的。 利用扫描电镜观察 SRS突变体花器官形态发生过程。其性状表现为内外稃变软变长，不抱合，在外稃基部又着生一朵花，两浆片基部融合，质地呈稃片状，雄蕊和雌蕊形态正常，且可育。该突变体的突变性状与拟南芥APETALA1的突变表现相似，说明两者在形态建成方面具有相似之处。由于 SRS 突变体第一轮和第二轮花器官发生了变化，根据 ABC 模型，srs-l基因应属于同源异型 A 组基因。 采用BSA法在F2群体中建立DNA正常池和突变池，利用RAPD技术筛选与突变基因srs-l连锁的分子标记。从520条随机引物中筛选出了引物S465能在两池间扩增出分子量为900 bp的差异片段，并证明其在F2群体中表现共分离。将此DNA片段克隆后作为RFLP探针pS465A，该探针与srs-l基因紧密连锁，在DH群体的RFLP分子连锁图谱上成功地将它们定位于第三染色体上。 本研究是利用水稻同源异型突变体为材料，研究水稻花器官发育基因的首例报道。

树鼩PD-1基因的分离、鉴定及表达分析

cDNA序列.序列分析显示树鼩PD-1 cDNA 的开放阅读框编码一个由242个氨基酸组成的跨膜蛋白,并且和人类、灵长类和啮齿类中的同源基因有高度相似性.组织分布分析表明在所检测的几种组织中PD-1基因只在脾中表达.此外,淋巴细胞刺激实验显示,利用PMA和ionomycin刺激新鲜分离的树鼩外周血单核细胞(PBMCs)能够诱导PD-1 mRNA水平上的表达.我们的结果为将来进一步探讨树鼩的免疫功能提供了良好的基础.

Elongation Factor ELL (Eleven-Nineteen Lysine-rich Leukemia) Acts as a Transcription Factor for Direct Thrombospondin-1 Regulation

The eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia (ELL) gene undergoes translocation and fuses in-frame to the multiple lineage leukemia gene in a substantial proportion of patients suffering from acute forms of leukemia. Studies show that ELL indirectly modulates transcription by serving as a regulator for transcriptional elongation as well as for p53, U19/Eaf2, and steroid receptor activities. Our in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that ELL could also serve as a transcriptional factor to directly induce transcription of the thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) gene. Experiments using ELL deletion mutants established that full-length ELL is required for the TSP-1 up-regulation and that the trans-activation domain likely resides in the carboxyl terminus. Moreover, the DNA binding domain may localize to the first 45 amino acids of ELL. Not surprisingly, multiple lineage leukemia-ELL, which lacks these amino acids, did not induce expression from the TSP-1 promoter. In addition, the ELL core-response element appears to localize in the -1426 to -1418 region of the TSP-1 promoter. Finally, studies using zebrafish confirmed that ELL regulates TSP-1 mRNA expression in vivo, and ELL could inhibit zebrafish vasculogenesis, at least in part, through up-regulating TSP-1. Given the importance of TSP-1 as an anti-angiogenic protein, our findings may have important ramifications for better understanding cancer.

哺乳动物适应性进化的分子机制探讨——若味受体基因和犁鼻器受体1基因的研究

动物的适应进化是生物学研究的最基本的问题之一。虽然，人们早从形态学上研究了动物的适应现象，但是对适应的遗传学机制知之甚少。动物感觉系统对周围环境的适应是动物适应进化中的一个关键问题。因此，我们选取了动物感觉系统中苦味受体基因家族（T2R）和犁鼻器受体1基因家族（VIR）为研究对象，对哺乳动物适应性进化的分子机制进行探讨。通过生物信息学和分子生物学手段相结合，我们在哺乳动物6个目共16个物种中获得了157个的苦味味觉受体基因，并对这些TZR基因的系统发育关系进行分析，结果显示哺乳动物的TZR基因家族经历了"生一和一灭"的进化模式，即频繁的基因重复和假基因化。另外，结果还显示这些基因可以被分为3个主要类群，分别命名为A，B和C。有趣的是，B和C类群的基因在所研究的物种间普遍是一对一的直系同源的，而A类群基因则显示了种属或世系特异性。有可能B和C类群的基因是识别哺乳动物共同的苦味物质所必需的，而A类群基因则是用于识别具有种属特异性的苦味物质。这个分析还揭示了在系统发育关系上近相关的基因在它们的染色体位置上也是靠近的，这证明了串联重复是新的TZR基因产生的主要方式。此外，通过核昔酸的异义替换数和同义替换数的比较显示不同物种新近产生的基因所编码的受体蛋白在膜外区的异义替换数显著地大于同义替换数，提示着这些通过基因重复产生的新基因受到了正选择的作用。在自然界中，许多的天然有毒物质一般都是苦的，因此，我们推测哺乳动物TZR基因的分"化选择是为了使其在探索新的生活环境和寻找新食物时能够辨别出更多不同的有毒物质，更好地适应新环境。此外，我们还研究了苦味受体基因和甜味／鲜味受体基因的进化途径。结果显示苦味受体基因和甜味／鲜味受体基因在进化上具有远相关，并具有不同的进化途径，提示着这可能是导致了这些受体基因具有不同功能，传导不同味觉的原因。犁鼻受体噬因家族（VIR）是哺乳动物的信息素受体。应用生物信息学手，我们从大鼠和小鼠的基因组中分别得到了152和115个VIR基因。大鼠VIR基因家族包含11个亚家族，其中10个是与小鼠共享的，而M家族是大鼠特有的；另夕卜大鼠缺少了H和I亚家族，而这两个亚家族存在于小鼠的基因组中。系统发育关系分析发现，"生一和一灭"进化模式也在V1R基因的进化过程中占了主导地位。所有检测到的亚家族都出现于啮齿目和灵长目分歧之后，这说明V1R基因的多样性反映了这一基因家族在啮齿目内基因重复、丢失，基因漂变及自然选择等作用的动态过程。我们的分析还表明大部分不同亚家族下的基因簇爆发的时间接近于大、小鼠分歧的时间。此外，用最大似然法分析的结果表明在这些基因簇中异义替换和同义替换的比值远大于1，揭示了正选择在这些基因的分化过程的作用。一般认为V1R在动物识别信息素过程中起重要的作用，因此我们推测V1R基因的适应性进化是为了使不同的哺乳动物能够识别不同的、复杂的信息素。

Molecular cloning and expression of a Toll receptor gene homologue from Zhikong Scallop, Chlamys farreri

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an ancient family of pattern recognition receptors, which show homology with the Drosophila Toll protein and play key roles in detecting various non-self substances and then initiating and activating immune system. In this report, the full length of the first bivalve TLR (named as CfToll-1) is presented. CfToll-1 was originally identified as an EST (expressed sequence tag) fragment from a cDNA library of Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri). Its complete sequence was obtained by the construction of Genome Walker library and 5' RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA end) techniques. The full length cDNA of CfToll-1 consisted of 4308 nucleotides with a polyA tail, encoding a putative protein of 1198 amino acids with a 5' UTR (untranslated region) of 211 bp and a 3'UTR of 500 bp. The predicted amino acid sequence comprised an extracellular domain with a potential signal peptide, nineteen leucine-rich repeats (LRR), two LRR-C-terminal (LRRCT) motifs, and a LRR-N-terminal (LRRNT), followed by a transmembrane segment of 20 amino acids, and a cytoplasmic region of 138 amino acids containing the Toll/IL-1R domain (TIR). The deduced amino acid sequence of CfToll-1 was homologous to Drosophila melanogaster Tolls (DmTolls) with 23-35% similarity in the full length amino acids sequence and 30-54% in the TIR domain. Phylogenetic analysis of CfToll-1 with other known TLRs revealed that CfToll-1 was closely related to DmTolls. An analysis of the tissue-specific expression of the CfToll-1 gene by Real-time PCR showed that the transcripts were constitutively expressed in tissues of haemocyte, muscle, mantle, heart, gonad and gill. The temporal expressions of CfToll-1 in the mixed primary cultured haemocytes were observed after the haemocytes were treated with 1 mu g ml(-1) and 100 ng ml(-1) lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. The expression of CfToll-1 was up-regulated and increased about 2-fold at 6 h with the treatment of 1 mu g ml(-1) LPS. The expression of CfToll-1 was down-regulated with the treatment of 100 ng ml(-1) LPS. The results indicated that the expression of CfToll-1 could be regulated by LPS, and this regulation was dose-dependent. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

AiC1qDC-1, a novel gC1q-domain-containing protein from bay scallop Argopecten irradians with fungi agglutinating activity

The globular C1q-domain-containing (C1qDC) proteins are a family of versatile pattern recognition receptors via their globular C1q (gC1q) domain to bind various ligands including several PAMPs on pathogens. In this study, a new gC1q-domain-containing protein (AiC1qDC-1) gene was cloned from Argopecten irradians by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approaches and expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis. The full-length cDNA of AiC1qDC-1 was composed of 733 bp, encoding a signal peptide of 19 residues and a typical gC1q domain of 137 residues containing all eight invariant amino acids in human C1qDC proteins and seven aromatic residues essential for effective packing of the hydrophobic core of AiC1qDC-1. The gC1q domain of AiC1qDC-1, which possessed the typical 10-stranded beta-sandwich fold with a jelly-roll topology common to all C1q family members, showed high homology not only to those of Cl qDC proteins in mollusk but also to those of C1qDC proteins in human. The AiC1qDC-1 transcripts were mainly detected in the tissue of hepatopancreas and also marginally detectable in adductor, heart, mantle, gill and hemocytes by fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR. In the microbial challenge experiment, there was a significant up-regulation in the relative expression level of AiC1qDC-1 in hepatopancreas and hemocytes of the scallops challenged by fungi Pichia pastoris GS115, Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus and Gram-negative bacteria Listonella anguillarum. The recombinant AiC1qDC-1 (rAiC1qDC-1) protein displayed no obvious agglutination against M. luteus and L. anguillarum, but it aggregated P. pastoris remarkably. This agglutination could be inhibited by D-mannose and PGN but not by LPS, glucan or D-galactose. These results indicated that AiC1qDC-1 functioned as a pattern recognition receptor in the immune defense of scallops against pathogens and provided clues for illuminating the evolution of the complement classical pathway. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

SNAP-23蛋白在鲈鱼巨噬细胞白细胞介素1β分泌过程中的功能

SNARE蛋白家族是所有真核细胞胞吐及分泌作用中的关键因子，由其介导的运输囊泡膜与靶膜的锚靠、融合为胞内蛋白的运出提供了一条重要途径。体外试验表明，Syntaxin6-Syntaxin7-Vti1b，SNAP-23-Syntaxin4等SNARE核心蛋白之间精确的相互作用是哺乳动物巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子α (TNF-α)运输和分泌的必备条件，在机体非特异性免疫应答反应过程中起重要作用。 本研究受上述启示，旨在揭示SNARE蛋白在海洋鱼类免疫细胞内重要细胞因子白细胞介素1β (IL-1β)的分泌过程中的作用。参照Percoll密度梯度离心技术，从鲈鱼头肾组织分离纯化巨噬细胞进行稳定培养；利用RT-PCR方法克隆出鲈鱼t-SNARE蛋白SNAP-23和Syntaxin3的部分cDNA序列，再结合先前克隆的VAMP2和已知的鲈鱼IL-1β，TNF-α和IL-8的基因序列，设计特异性引物。利用Real-time PCR技术在mRNA水平上精确测定鲈鱼巨噬细胞中上述6种基因在革兰氏阴性菌脂多糖(LPS)分子刺激下的表达变化，发现SNAP-23基因与三种细胞因子基因的表达正相关；通过免疫印迹检测SNAP-23蛋白表达变化，利用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测IL-1β的分泌水平，在蛋白水平上验证了SNAP-23表达与IL-1β分泌的正相关性；利用5`RACE和3`RACE技术克隆出鲈鱼SNAP-23全长基因，结合定点突变策略和靶向PCR克隆手段，构建鲈鱼SNAP-23野生型融合质粒pEGFP-SNAP-23wt，Cys缺失突变融合质粒pEGFP-SNAP-23ΔCys和模拟E型肉毒神经毒素(BoNT/E)切割突变融合质粒pEGFP-SNAP-23ΔBoNT/E，以及鲈鱼IL-1β野生型融合表达质粒IL-1β-pEGFP和IL-1β-pEYFP。所有融合蛋白均在鲈鱼巨噬细胞内成功表达，结合ELISA实验结果发现，SNAP-23野生型的表达对IL-1β的分泌有促进作用，而Cys缺失突变体的表达则抑制IL-1β向胞外分泌。首次证实了鱼类巨噬细胞内SNAP-23蛋白在IL-1β分泌过程中的重要作用。此外通过与GFP共表达，定位了IL-1β分子在巨噬细胞内的分布，发现新合成的IL-1β分子很可能像TNFα一样经“内质网－胞质－伪足－胞外” 的分泌路径运出胞外。