A constitutive model for cavitation and cavity growth in rubber-like materials under arbitrary tri-axial loading

In this paper, we attempted to construct a constitutive model to deal with the phenomenon of cavitation and cavity growth in a rubber-like material subjected to an arbitrary tri-axial loading. To this end, we considered a spherical elementary representative volume in a general Rivlin's incompressible material containing a central spherical cavity. The kinematics proposed by [Hou, H.S., Abeyaratne, R., 1992. Cavitation in elastic and elastic-plastic solids. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 40, 571-722] was adopted in order to construct an approximate but optimal field. In order to establish a suitable constitutive law for this class of materials, we utilized the homogenisation technique that permits us to calculate the average strain energy density of the volume. The cavity growth was considered through a physically realistic failure criterion. Combination of the constitutive law and the failure criterion enables us to describe correctly the global behaviour and the damage evolution of the material under tri-axial loading. It was shown that the present models can efficiently reproduce different stress states, varying from uniaxial to tri-axial tensions, observed in experimentations. Comparison between predicted results and experimental data proves that the proposed model is accurate and physically reasonable. Another advantage is that the proposed model does not need special identification work, the initial Rivlin's law for the corresponding incompressible material is sufficient to form the new law for the compressible material resulted from cavitation procedure. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

利用帧连贯性的实时绘制消隐算法

针对实时图形绘制中关键的隐藏面消除算法的效率问题 ,分析了实时视觉仿真中帧连贯性现象 ,提出了利用帧连贯性改进的深度排序算法。在低端平台上实现了实时视觉仿真 ,比较了简单排序算法和改进排序算法的性能 ,并对不同的视点运动算法执行的效果进行了分析。

Adhesive behavior of two-dimensional power-law graded materials

In this paper, we investigate the adhesive contact between a rigid cylinder of radius R and a graded elastic half-space with a Young's modulus varying with depth according to a power-law, E = E-0(y/c(0))(k) (0 < k < 1), while the Poisson's ratio v remains constant. The results show that, for a given value of ratio R/C-0, a critical value of k exists at which the pull-off force attains a maximum; for a fixed value of k, the larger the ratio R/c(0), the larger the pull-off force is. For Gibson materials (i.e., k = 1 and v = 0.5), closed-form analytical solutions can be obtained for the critical contact half-width at pull-off and pull-off force. We further discuss the perfect stick case with both externally normal and tangential loads.

羊草叶片光合参数对不同水分变化的响应机理与模拟林祥磊

由温室气体的大量排放引起的全球环境变化不仅导致了温度的升高和降水格局的变化，亦引起了干旱等极端气候事件的频繁发生。研究羊草光合参数对水分胁迫及复水的响应，可以增进全球变化对植物光合作用和陆地生态系统影响的理解，揭示羊草光合参数对水分胁迫及复水的响应机理，为发展植物光合参数对水热变化的响应模型提供参数与依据。基于温室模拟试验和野外观测实验，采用Li-6400R便携式光合作用系统（Li-cor, Lincoln, NE, USA）测定了羊草（Leymus chinensis）叶片A/Ci曲线(净光合速率A和胞间CO2浓度Ci的关系曲线)，获取了羊草叶片的光合参数Vcmax（Rubisco的最大羧化速率）、Jmax（最大光合电子传递速率）和TPU（磷酸丙糖利用率），分析研究了羊草叶片光合参数Vcmax（Rubisco的最大羧化速率）、Jmax（最大光合电子传递速率）和TPU（磷酸丙糖利用率）对干旱与复水的响应机理。结果表明，无论是模拟实验还是野外观测均显示羊草叶片的光合参数随着土壤水分的增加呈抛物线曲线变化，但各光合参数最大值对土壤水分的响应不同。温室模拟下的羊草光合参数Vcmax，Jmax和TPU在土壤含水量分别在15.56%，15.89%和16.23%时达到最大，而野外观测羊草的光合参数Vcmax，Jmax和TPU在土壤含水量分别为16.89%，17%和16.79%时达到最大。复水后羊草植株叶片光合参数的变化取决于前期干旱的影响，土壤含水量18%～19%和15%～16%处理的羊草复水后光合参数能够恢复正常，前者甚至超过正常水平，说明适宜的水分胁迫在复水后能够提高羊草叶片的光合能力，促进光合作用;土壤含水量10%～12%和7%～9%处理下的羊草复水后光合参数则不能恢复到正常水平。土壤含水量15%～16%可能是羊草光合能力在水分胁迫后能否恢复的阈值。

Cross-species chromosome painting in the Perissodactyla: delimitation of homologous regions in Burchell's zebra (Equus burchellii) and the white (Ceratotherium simum) and black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)

Conserved chromosomal segments in the black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis (DB1, 2n = 84), and its African sister-species the white rhinoceros, Ceratotherim simum (CSI, 2n = 82), were detected using Burchell's zebra (Equus burchellii, EBU, 2n = 44) chromosome-specific painting probes supplemented by a subset of those developed for the horse (Equus caballus, ECA, 2n = 64). In total 41 and 42 conserved autosomal segments were identified in C simum and D. bicornis respectively. Only 21 rearrangements (20 fissions and I fusion) are necessary to convert the Burchell's zebra karyotype into that of the white rhinoceros. One fission distinguishes the D. bicornis and C simum karyotypes which, excluding hetero- chromatic differences, are identical in all respects at this level of resolution. Most Burchell's zebra chromosomes correspond to two rhinoceros chromosomes although in four instances (EBU 18, 19, 20 and 21) whole chromosome synteny has been retained among these species. In contrast, one rhinoceros chromosome (DBI1, CSI1) comprises two separate Burchell's zebra chromosomes (EBU11 and EBU17). In spite of the high diploid numbers of the two rhinoceros species their karyotypes are surprisingly conserved offering a glimpse of the putative ancestral perissodactyl condition and a broader understanding of genome organization in mammals. Copyright (C) 2003 S. Karger AG, Base

Chromosome painting in the long-tailed field mouse provides insights into the ancestral murid karyotype

We report on the hybridization of mouse chromosomal paints to Apodemus sylvaticus, the long-tailed field mouse. The mouse paints detected 38 conserved segments in the Apodemus karyotype. Together with the species reported here there are now six species of rodents mapped with Mus musculus painting probes. A parsimony analysis indicated that the syntenies of nine M. musculus chromosomes were most likely already formed in the muroid ancestor: 3, 4, 7, 9, 14, 18, 19, X and Y. The widespread occurrence of syntenic segment associations of mouse chromosomes 1/17, 2/13, 7/19, 10/17, 11/16, 12/17 and 13/15 suggests that these associations were ancestral syntenies for muroid rodents. The muroid ancestral karyotype probably had a diploid number of about 2n = 54. It would be desirable to have a richer phylogenetic array of species before any final conclusions are drawn about the Muridae ancestral karyotype. The ancestral karyotype presented here should be considered as a working hypothesis. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel.

HIV-1核衣壳蛋白NCp7抑制剂体外筛选方法的建立

目的 表达HIV-1核衣壳蛋白(nucleocapside protein p7,NCp7),并建立抑制剂筛选方法.方法 从pBRU2/ADP202质粒经PCR得到HIV-1 NCp7编码序列,克隆到pet28a 质粒中构建HIV-1 NCp7表达载体.阳性克隆转染E.coli BL21 DE3,以IPTG诱导,细胞裂解液经Q Sepharose H.P和SP Sepharose H.P纯化后纯度达到90%以上.将具有锌离子逐出活性的H2O2和2,2'-联硫基二吡啶(2,2'-dithiodipyridine,AT-2)与NCp7作用,用锌离子特异的荧光染料检测.用该方法检测KIZ-CM系列化合物.结果 可以检测H2O2和AT-2的锌离子逐出活性,经该方法筛选,KIZ-CM 10,18,19等化合物具有一定的锌离子逐出活性.结论 在国内首次建立了HIV-1 NCp7锌离子逐出方法,该方法可以用于NCp7抑制剂的筛选.