大蹼铃蟾抗菌肽22 对膀胱癌细胞株HLA-ABC以及DR表达影响的对照实验研究

　目的　探讨大蹼铃蟾抗菌肽22 (Maximin22) 对膀胱癌 细胞株HLA2DR 及HLA2ABC 表达的影响, 并与TNF2α、 IFN2α进行比较。方法　采用肿瘤细胞培养方法,流式细胞 仪检测各实验样品对膀胱癌细胞株T24 、BIU287 、SCaBER 的HLA2DR 及HLA2ABC 表达的影响。结果　Maximin22 对 不同的膀胱癌细胞株在小剂量下即有抑制作用,并呈剂量相 关性,各实验样品未见对各膀胱癌细胞株的HLA2DR 表达 有影响,Maximin22 、TNF2α对HLA2ABC 的表达均无影响; IFN2α则对HLA2ABC 的表达有上调作用。结论　Maximin2 2 、TNF2α抗癌机制与提高肿瘤细胞HLA2DR、ABC 的表达无 关, IFN2α可通过提高肿瘤细胞HLA2ABC 的表达提高T 细 胞对膀胱肿瘤的识别杀伤能力。

ABC转运蛋白研究的新进展

ABC转运蛋白主要包括P-糖蛋白、多药耐药相关蛋白和乳腺癌耐药蛋白,它们属于同一家族,具有保守的功能结构域和多样化的生物学功能。ABC转运蛋白部分成员的过表达与肿瘤细胞的多药耐药性(MDR)密切相关,是导致化疗失败的主要原因。随着对MDR机制认识的深入,针对多药耐药蛋白的特异结构域已设计出多种形式的MDR逆转药物。近年来发现,ABC转运蛋白广泛存在于多种正常的组织和器官,参与药物和内、外源毒素的吸收、分布和排泄,行使解毒和防御保护的作用。因此,通过转植ABC转运蛋白基因有可能降低经济鱼类、虾等水产品中有毒

Order-Order Transition of C -> sdG -> sL -> S in ABC Triblock Copolymer Thin Film Induced by Solvent Vapor

The morphology transition of polystyrene-block-poly(butadiene)-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (SBV) triblock thin film induced in benzene vapor showing weak selectivity for PS is investigated. The order-order transitions (OOT) in the sequence of core-shell cylinders (C), sphere in 'diblock gyroid' (sdG), sphere in lamella (sL) and sphere (S) are observed. The projection along (111) direction in Gyroid phase (sdG(111)) is found to epitaxially grow from C(001) in the film.

Bump-Surface Multicompartment Micelles from a Linear ABC Triblock Copolymer: A Combination Study by Experiment and Computer Simulation

Novel bump-surface multicompartment micelles formed by a linear amphiphilic ABC triblock copolymer via self-assembly in selective solvent were successfully observed both in simulation and experiment. The results revealed that the block A forms the most inner core, and the blocks B and C form the inner and outer layers, respectively, and the bumps were formed by block A and more likely to be born on curving surfaces. Moreover, the micelle shape could be controlled by changing the solvent selectivity of the blocks A and B. Spherical, cylindrical, and discoidal micelles with bumpy surfaces were obtained both in experiment and simulation.

Simulation Study of Aggregate Morphologies Formed by ABC Linear Triblock Copolymers in a Selective Solvent Through the Self-Consistent Field Theory

The effect of the hydrophobic properties of blocks B and C on the aggregate morphologies formed by ABC linear triblock copolymers in selective solvent was studied through the self-consistent field theory. Five typical micelles, such as core-shell-corona, hamburger-like, segmented-wormlike, were obtained by changing the hydrophobic properties of blocks B and C. The simulation results indicate that the shape and size of micelle are basically controlled by the hydrophobic degree of the middle block B, whereas the type of micelle is mainly determined by the hydrophobic degree of the end block C.

Formation of Two Kinds of Hexagonally Arranged Structures in ABC Triblock Copolymer Thin Films Induced by a Strongly Selective Solvent Vapor

An order-order transition (OOT) in the sequence of a hexagonally arranged core-shell cylinder to a double-hexagonally arranged dot in polystyrene-block-poly(butadiene)-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (SBV) triblock copolymer thin films is reported to be induced upon exposure to a solvent vapor that: is strongly selective for the two end blocks. These two kinds of hexagonally arranged structures could form when the film thickness is 44, 3.23, and 223 nm. When the film thickness is decreased to 13 nm, the ordered structure is absent. The sizes of the cylinder structures formed with the same annealing time in films of different thickness are compared to address the effects of film thickness on the phase structure. The mechanism is analyzed from the total surface area of the blocks and the effective interaction parameter in the solvent vapor.

Tethered diblock copolymer chains on platelets prepared by semicrystalline ABC triblock copolymers in toluene with trace amounts of water

Lamellar platelets of triblock copolymers grown in dilute toluene solution with trace amounts of water can be used as templates for tethered diblock copolymer chain preparation and analysis. Polystyrene-bpoly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-P2VP-b-PEO) with two different block fractions were used as model templates to generate tethered P2VP-b-PS chains on the platelet basal surfaces. In toluene solution the aggregation states of PS-b-P2VP-b-PEO were sensitive to the water content in the solution. For toluene with trace amount of water, spherical micelles were formed in the early stage and large square platelets would gradually grow from these spherical micelles. The hydrogen bonding between water and EO units was responsible for the formation of micelles and subsequent square platelets in the solution. Tethered P2VP-b-PS chains on basal surface of PEO platelets could be regarded as diblock copolymer brushes and the density (or: 0.086-0.36) and height (d: 3.5-14.3 nm) of these tethered chains could be easily modulated by changing the crystallization condition and/ or the molecular weight of each block. The tethered P2VP-b-PS chains were responsive to different solvent vapor.

Formation of ordered microphase-separated pattern during spin coating of ABC triblock copolymer

In this paper, the authors have systematically studied the microphase separation and crystallization during spin coating of an ABC triblock copolymer, polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-P2VP-b-PEO). The microphase separation of PS-b-P2VP-b-PEO and the crystallization of PEO blocks can be modulated by the types of the solvent and the substrate, the spinning speed, and the copolymer concentration. Ordered microphase-separated pattern, where PEO and P2VP blocks adsorbed to the substrate and PS blocks protrusions formed hexagonal dots above the P2VP domains, can only be obtained when PS-b-P2VP-b-PEO is dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide and the films are spin coated onto the polar substrate, silicon wafers or mica. The mechanism of the formation of regular pattern by microphase separation is found to be mainly related to the inducement of the substrate (middle block P2VP wetting the polar substrate), the quick vanishment of the solvent during the early stage of the spin coating, and the slow evaporation of the remaining solvent during the subsequent stage. On the other hand, the probability of the crystallization of PEO blocks during spin coating decreases with the reduced film thickness. When the film thickness reaches a certain value (3.0 nm), the extensive crystallization of PEO is effectively prohibited and ordered microphase-separated pattern over large areas can be routinely prepared.

Self-assembly of polypeptide-containing ABC-type triblock copolymers in aqueous solution and its pH dependence

Self-assembling of novel biodegradable ABC-type triblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-lactide)-poly(L-glutamic acid) (PEG-PLLA-PLGA) is studied. In aqueous media, it self-assembles into a spherical micelle with the hydrophobic PLLA segment in the core and the two hydrophilic segments PEG and PLGA in the shell. With the lengths of PEG and PLLA blocks fixed, the diameter of the micelles depends on the length of the PLGA block and on the volume ratio of H2O/dimethylformamide (DMF) in the media. When the PLGA block is long enough, morphology of the self-assembly is pH-dependent. It assembles into the spherical micelle in aqueous media at pH 4.5 and into the connected rod at or below pH 3.2. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the copolymer changes accordingly with decreasing solution pH. Both aggregation states can convert to each other at the proper pH value. This reversibility is ascribed to the dissociation and neutralization of the COOH groups in the LGA residues. When the PLGA block is short compared to the PEG or PLLA block, it assembles only into the spherical micelle at various pH values.

Comparing the morphology and phase diagram of H-shaped ABC block copolymers and linear ABC block copolymers

By using a combinatorial screening method based on the self-consistent field theory (SCFT) for polymers, we have investigated the morphology of H-shaped ABC block copolymers (A(2)BC(2)) and compared them with those of the linear ABC block copolymers. By changing the ratios of the volume fractions of two A arms and two C arms, one can obtain block copolymers with different architectures ranging from linear block copolymer to H-shaped block copolymer. By systematically varying the volume fractions of block A, B, and C, the triangle phase diagrams of the H-shaped ABC block copolymer with equal interactions among the three species are constructed. In this study, we find four different morphologies ( lamellar phase ( LAM), hexagonal lattice phase ( HEX), core-shell hexagonal lattice phase (CSH), and two interpenetrating tetragonal lattice (TET2)). Furthermore, the order-order transitions driven by architectural change are discussed.

Synthesis and characterization of ABC ternary segregated H-shaped copolymers

The synthesis of a novel ABC ternary segregated H-shaped copolymer is described, of which a central poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain is terminated on both sides by polystyrene (PS) and poly(tert-butylacrylate) (PtBA) chains. The synthetic procedure involves functionalization of PEG by 2-bromosuccinic anhydride followed by esterification of 1,6-hexanediol, which gives its ends the bifunctional nature that allows sequential growth of two PS, then two PtBA arms via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The resulting segregated H-shaped copolymers were characterization by NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). All these copolymers were affirmed to have well-defined structures and narrow molecular weight distributions.

A Monte Carlo simulation for the micellization of ABC 3-miktoarm star terpolymers in a selective solvent

We have used Monte Carlo simulation to study the micellization of ABC 3-miktoarm star terpolymers in a selective solvent (good to A segment, bad to B and C segments). The simulation results reveal that the self-assembled morphology is determined by the block length, molecular architecture, terpolymer concentration and insolubility of insoluble block in the solvent. In dilute solution, symmetric terpolymers (N-B = N-C = 30) tend to aggregate into a novel wormlike pearl-necklace structure linked by an alternating arrangement of B and C spheres, whereas the asymmetric terpolymers (NB = 10, NC = 50) are likely to aggregate into spherical or cylindrical micelles (formed by C blocks) connected with some small B spheres, when the concentration of terpolymer is relatively low (chain number is 100). However, when the concentration of terpolymer is relatively high (chain number is 250), the symmetric terpolymers tend to aggregate into a netlike structure linked by an alternation of B and C spheres, whereas the asymmetric terpolymers are likely to aggregate into wormlike micelles (formed by C blocks) connected with some of small spheres (formed by B blocks). Moreover, when the insolubility of insoluble block in the solvent is weak, the insoluble blocks aggregate into some incompact micelles.

金粟兰花器官特征基因CsAP1、CsAP3和CsSEP3的结构、表达和进化研究

花是被子植物特有的繁殖器官。花的发育取决于一个复杂的涉及到多个基因和过程的调控体系，因此花的起源和多样化过程实际上可以理解为这个调控体系的进化过程。所以，要全面地理解花和被子植物的起源和多样化，就必须研究花发育基因的功能和进化。 金粟兰科（Chloranthaceae）是基部被子植物的代表类群之一。与研究得比较深入的模式植物（如真双子叶植物中的拟南芥、金鱼草和矮牵牛等，和单子叶植物中的水稻和玉米等）相比，该科植物的花比较简单。花被以及雄蕊或雌蕊的丢失使得该科一些类群（如草珊瑚属Sarcandra和金粟兰属Chloranthus）具有被子植物中最简单的两性花（仅含一枚雄蕊和一枚雌蕊），而另一些类群（如Ascarina和雪香兰属Hedyosmum）具有了被子植物中最简单的单性花（雄花仅由一枚雄蕊、雌花由一枚雌蕊构成）。因此，对金粟兰科植物中花发育基因的研究不仅有助于理解花的起源和早期分化机制，还将为认识花部构造简单化的机制提供资料。 本研究以金粟兰（Chloranthus spicatus）为研究材料，从它的花和花序中分离得到了六个可能与花被的发生和发育有关的MADS-box基因，分析了它们的序列结构、系统发育关系、表达式样和进化中所受到的选择压力，探讨了金粟兰花发育和花被缺失的分子机理。主要研究结果包括： 1. 构建了金粟兰的花和花序的cDNA文库。构建工作使用了Clontech公司的SMART试剂盒，并采用其中的LD PCR方法，还使用了Stratagene公司的包装蛋白。该文库的初始滴度大约为5 × 106 pfu，重组率大约是90%, 插入片断几乎均大于0.5 kb。因此该文库质量优良，为以后的研究工作奠定了基础。 2. 从金粟兰的花中分离出了CsAP1、CsAP1a、CsAP1b、CsAP1c、CsAP3和CsSEP3基因。氨基酸序列分析结果表明它们都是MIKCc型MADS-box基因。系统发育分析结果表明CsAP1、CsAP1a、CsAP1b和CsAP1c与AP1/SQUA类基因聚在一起，而CsAP3和CsSEP3分别与AP3/DEF类和SEP1/2/3/4类基因聚在一起。CsAP1b和CsAP1c可能与CsAP1a互为复制本。但是二者在序列上有异常之处，因此可能只有CsAP1a具有功能。从序列上看CsAP1和CsSEP3能够正常行使功能。CsAP3的C末端出现了一个由鸟嘌呤到胸腺嘧啶的点突变，因此paleoAP3基序不完整，这可能影响了它的功能。 3. 用原位杂交的方法分析了CsAP1、CsAP3和CsSEP3的表达式样。CsAP1在穗状花序分生组织（包括苞片原基）、花原基、雄蕊和心皮原基、雄蕊裂片、花粉囊、胚珠、珠被和胚囊中表达。CsAP3在穗状花序分生组织中不表达，在花原基上发生雄蕊的位置开始表达，进而在雄蕊原基、雄蕊药隔裂片和花粉囊中表达，却不在心皮原基和心皮上表达。CsSEP3在穗状花序分生组织中也不表达，而在花原基、雄蕊原基、药隔裂片、花粉囊、心皮原基和胚珠中表达。CsAP1的表达模式反映了A功能基因决定花分生组织特性的原始作用;CsAP3的表达模式体现了B功能基因在雄性器官中的固有表达，反映了该类基因在两性器官分化中的原始作用;CsSEP3的表达模式反映了E功能基因提供成花背景（floral context）的作用。 4. 分析了已知的金粟兰的花发育相关基因受到的选择压力。同大多数近缘同源基因相比，CsAP1、CsAP3、CsPI、CsAG1受到负选择并且其强度没有明显差异;CsAG2和CsSEP3受到了更强的负选择;CsAP1a则受到减轻了的负选择。该结果表明除了CsAP1a之外，其它基因的功能可能没有改变。 5. 综上所述，在无花被的金粟兰中，仍然存在着与花被发育相关的基因，并且它们的功能没有改变，这充分反映了花发育ABC模型的保守性。金粟兰中花被的缺失可能与这些基因的下游基因有关，也可能与其它途径相关。CsAP1的复制以及CsAP3的末端突变可能是花被缺失之后的结果，而不是花被缺失的原因。