169 resultados para 338.924


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以激光熔凝表面强韧化处理为背景,应用空间弹塑性有限单元和高精度数值算法同时考虑材料组织性能的变化模拟工件的温度场及残余应力,研究激光熔凝加工中瞬时温度场及残余应力数值模拟,同时考虑相变潜热及相变塑性的影响,用算例验证了模型的正确性,给出了不同时刻温度场分布及残余应力分布。

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Rossby waves are the most important waves in the atmosphere and ocean, and are parts of a large-scale system in fluid. The theory and observation show that, they satisfy quasi-geostrophic and quasi-static equilibrium approximations. In this paper, solitary Rossby waves induced by linear topography in barotropic fluids with a shear flow are studied. In order to simplify the problem, the topography is taken as a linear function of latitude variable y, then employing a weakly nonlinear method and a perturbation method, a KdV (Korteweg-de Vries) equation describing evolution of the amplitude of solitary Rossby waves induced by linear topography is derived. The results show that the variation of linear topography can induce the solitary Rossby waves in barotropic fluids with a shear flow, and extend the classical geophysical theory of fluid dynamics.

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A semi-gas kinetics (SGK) model for performance analyses of flowing chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) is presented. In this model, the oxygen-iodine reaction gas flow is treated as a continuous medium, and the effect of thermal motions of particles of different laser energy levels on the performances of the COIL is included and the velocity distribution function equations are solved by using the double-parameter perturbational method. For a premixed flow, effects of different chemical reaction systems, different gain saturation models and temperature, pressure, yield of excited oxygen, iodine concentration and frequency-shift on the performances of the COIL are computed, and the calculated output power agrees well with the experimental data. The results indicate that the power extraction of the SGK model considering 21 reactions is close to those when only the reversible pumping reaction is considered, while different gain saturation models and adjustable parameters greatly affect the output power, the optimal threshold gain range, and the length of power extraction.

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液滴或气泡的迁移现象无论是在流体力学的基础研究中,还是在材料加工,化学工程等实际应用中都是一个很重要的课题.在微重力环境中,如果液滴或气泡所在的母液中外加一个温度场,则液滴或气泡就会由于表面张力分布的不均匀而发生迁移运动.这种运动被称为Marangoni迁移或热毛细迁移运动.综述了液滴或气泡的热毛细迁移问题历史研究中理论分析,数值模拟以及实验方面的主要结果,阐述了该问题的研究发展过程.目前液滴迁移问题的研究,理论分析解还只限于线性及弱非线性的定常问题,数值模拟工作已经得到了在热对流作用较小时液滴的非定常迁移过程,对于热对流影响很大的情况(Marangoni数大于100)则尚未得到与实验中观测到的相一致的理论结果.在总结前人研究的基础上,给出了热对流作用较大时液滴热毛细迁移非定常问题的最新的数值模拟结果,并对该问题在此情况下产生的新变化给予了分析.最后,分析了当前研究中所存在的问题并进一步展望液滴热毛细迁移问题未来的发展方向.

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实验研究了正色散固体介质中的激光脉冲自压缩现象,证明了无需任何外加色散补偿情况下,固体透明介质中的自聚焦传输过程可使高功率飞秒激光脉冲实现时域脉冲压缩,并详细研究了输出脉冲的时域和频域特性随入射脉冲强度的演化规律.实验结果表明脉冲自压缩量随入射脉冲强度的增加呈递增趋势,然而当入射光强增大到足以引起超连续谱及锥形辐射产生时,脉冲时域形状会发生分裂.此外还发现发散光束入射情况下同样可以观察到脉冲自压缩现象.

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We studied effects of the relative phase between the probe and driving fields on the absorption and dispersion properties in an open three-level ladder system with spontaneously generated coherence but without incoherent pumping. It is shown that by the phase controlling, switching from absorption to lasing without inversion (LWI) and enhancing remarkablely LWI gain can be realized; large index of refraction with zero absorption and the electromagnetically induced transparency can be obtained. We also find that varying the atomic injection and exit rates has a considerable influence on the phase dependent-absorption property of the probe field, existent of the atomic injection and exit rates gives the necessary condition of the realization of LWI, getting LWI is impossible in the corresponding closed system without incoherent pumping. We studied effects of the relative phase between the probe and driving fields on the absorption and dispersion properties in an open three-level ladder system with spontaneously generated coherence but without incoherent pumping. It is shown that by the phase controlling, switching from absorption to lasing without inversion (LWI) and enhancing remarkablely LWI gain can be realized; large index of refraction with zero absorption and the electromagnetically induced transparency can be obtained. We also find that varying the atomic injection and exit rates has a considerable influence on the phase dependent-absorption property of the probe field, existent of the atomic injection and exit rates gives the necessary condition of the realization of LWI, getting LWI is impossible in the corresponding closed system without incoherent pumping.

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Frequency resolved optical gating (FROG), is an effective technique for characterizing the ultrafast laser pulses. The multi-shot second harmonic generation (SHG) FROG is the most sensitive one in different FROGs. In this paper we use this technique to measure the femtosecond optical pulses generated by a conventional Ti:sapphire oscillator.

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A dissolved oxygen sensor made of plastic optical fiber as the substrate and dichlorotris (1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium as a fluorescence indicator is studied. Oxygen quenching characteristics of both intensity and phase were measured; the obtained characteristics showed deviation from the linear relation described by the Stern-Volmer equation. A two-layer model is proposed to explain the deviation, and main parameters can be deduced with the model. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

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制备了5种浓度下系列不同OH^-根含量的掺铒碲酸盐玻璃样品,测试了样品的红外吸收光谱,分析了在不同通氧除水时间下玻璃的红外吸收系数变化情况.测试了样品的吸收光谱,利用Judd-Ofelt理论计算了不同铒掺杂浓度和OH^-根含量样品的光谱参量Ωi(i=2,4,6).根据McCumber理论计算了铒离子在1532nm处的吸收截面和Er^3+:^4I13/2→^4I15/2跃迁峰值发射截面.测试了样品中Er^3+:^4I13/2→^4I15/2跃迁对应的荧光光谱和^4I13/2能级荧光寿命,讨论了OH^-根对不

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组织培养能够诱导染色体断裂和重接进而产生染色体易位的观点已被广泛认识。大量的研究注意到了组织培养产生的核型不稳定性,其中大多数研究的对象是栽培作物及其属间或种间杂种幼胚和幼穗再生植株。借助于减数分裂分析、染色体分带和其它检测技术,在再生植株中发现了包括易位在内的许多染色体变异。可以相信,除了传统的同源和部分同源染色体配对时的自发易位和辐射诱变等方法以外,远缘杂种组织培养有可能作为产生染色体易位的又一种选择。尽管如此,至今还没有取得培养细胞中染色体易位的直接证据。本研究以普通小麦×硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂种为材料,研究了组织培养过程中离体细胞的染色体变异,用基因组原位杂交技术(GISH)证实组织培养诱导小麦染色体与簇毛麦染色体发生易位。同时,研究了小麦×黑麦杂种培养细胞中的染色体变异和黑麦B-染色体的变化。利用组织培养技术获得了小麦-黑麦和小麦-长穗偃麦草代换系和附加系。 1 普通小麦比较容易与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体TH_1和TH_1W杂交,所选的9个普通小麦品种或品系与TH_1和TH_1W配制的19个杂交组合,平均结实率为46.7%,共计获得19个杂交组合2316粒杂种种子。正反交结果表明,以普通小麦为母本的杂交结实率高于反交结实率。在继代培养过程中,杂种幼胚愈伤组织生长迅速,甚至直接诱导出绿苗,共获得不同杂交组合2005株再生植株。 2 普通小麦与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂种愈伤组织发生了比较大范围的染色体数目和结构变异。在检查的中国春×TH_1W、TH_1W×84加7911515、TH_1×84加7911515、TH_1W×91E27、鲁资357×TH_1W等5个杂种组合的1730个愈伤组织细胞中,平均有19.1%的细胞发生了染色体数目变异,不同杂交组合变化在12.7%(中国春×TH_1W)至30.7%(TH_1×84加7911515),其中,以染色体数目减少的变异为主,数目增加的变异比较少。杂种愈伤组织平均有6.3%的细胞发生了染色体断裂,产生染色体断片、环状染色体、端着丝点染色体和缺失染色体。断裂的染色体可能重新融合在一起,形成双着丝点染色体。 3 培养时间影响普通小麦×硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体和普通小麦×黑麦杂种愈伤组织细胞中的染色体数目和结构变异。在一定时间里,随着培养时间的延长,未发生核型变异的细胞逐渐减少,发生变异的细胞逐渐增多,主要表现在染色体数目减少的细胞增多,而染色体数目增加的细胞有减少的趋势。在长时间培养(190日龄)的愈伤组织中染色体加倍的细胞消失了,表明长时间培养对高倍性的细胞具有不利的选择,使这类细胞难以在长期继代培养中生存下去。愈伤组织在第一次继代培养时就发现有核型变异,说明染色体变异在愈伤组织培养初期就可以发生。 4 以簇毛麦总基因组DNA为探针,采用荧光原位杂交技术在普通小麦×硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂种愈伤组织细胞中发现小麦染色体与簇毛麦染色体发性易位,这一结果是组织培养诱导培养细胞中属间染色体易位的第一个直观的证据。易位的染色体既有臂间易位,也有小片段易位。易位的染色体不仅可以在愈伤组织细胞中存在,也能够在再生植株中表达。在64株中国春×TH_1W和NPFP×TH_1再生植株中,观察到了3个易位株,其中1个易位株是一个小麦染色体与一个簇毛麦染色体发生了相互易位,易位的簇毛麦染色体片段比较小,大约为簇毛麦染色体臂的1/2,而易位的小麦染色体大约是臂长的1/3,另外2个易位株染色体断点位于或靠近着丝点。本研究的结果再次证实了利用组织培养能够创造小麦与外源染色体之间发生易位。 5 ~(60)Co γ-射线辐射处理对于普通小麦中国春与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体TH_1W杂种愈伤组织细胞的染色体变异有很大的影响。表现在未发生变异的细胞大大减少,发生染色体数目变异的细胞急剧增加,主要是染色体数目减少的变异提高了21.3%,相反染色体增加的变异不但没有增加,而且还有所减少。经过辐射处理的愈伤组织细胞染色体结构变异也有大幅度增加,变异频率提高,变异类型增加。发生染色体断裂和重接形成双着丝点染色体的细胞频率达到22.3%,比对照提高13.9%。辐射诱变对培养细胞中簇毛麦染色体变异发生明显的影响。与此同时,簇毛麦染色体与小麦染色体易位频率比对照提高了近2倍。观察结果还表明愈伤组织辐射处理比延长培养时间诱导染色体变异的效果更好。 6 尽管愈伤组织中发生的染色体变异在再生植株中多有发现,但是,只有比较小范围染色体变异的愈伤组织细胞具有再生能力形成再生植株,那些发生剧烈变异的细胞通常不具有再生能力,因而不能在再生植株中得到表达。普通小麦与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂种大多数再生植株染色体数目与供体杂种保持一致,只有少数植株发生染色体数目变异。显然,发生较大染色体变异的愈伤组织细胞在增殖和分化过程中处于不利的地位,逐渐被淘汰。 7 在普通小麦与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦与黑麦杂种愈伤组织中,观察到相当高频率的染色体加倍细胞,为利用组织培养创造双二倍体提供了一种可能。但是,加倍的细胞只是培养初期的愈伤组织中出现,经过一段时间的培养,这种细胞大多消失了。而且,大多数再生植株染色体数目未发生加倍,其中并没有出现期望的双二倍体植株。表明加倍了的细胞在愈伤组织生长和分化过程中大范围变异的细胞一样受到不利的选择,再生能力比较差。因此,利用组织培养创造双二倍体需要更大的努力。 8 一些黑麦品种含有数目不等的B-染色体。B-染色体的多少对普通小麦与黑麦的杂交结实率有比较大的影响,数目越多,杂交结实率越低。在培养初期的愈伤组织细胞中,B-染色体的频率很高,例如69%的中国春×芬7416杂种的40日龄愈伤组织细胞中含有数目不等的B-染色体。常染色体的倍性影响B-染色体的分布,染色体数目加倍的双二倍体细胞中含多数B-染色体的细胞频率大大高于单倍体细胞。经过一段时间的培养之后,绝大多数B-染色体都不存在了,只有极少数细胞含有1个B-染色体。可能的原因是离体培养过程对B-染色体产生了不利的选择。 9 利用组织培养技术,从普通小麦与八倍体小黑麦杂种幼胚再生植株自交后代中选育出2个异代换系,从4D缺体小麦×八倍体小黑麦再生植株回交后代中选育出1个附加系。荧光原位杂交、C-分带和种子贮藏蛋白分析证明这两个代换系1D/1R代换,附加的也是1R染色体。从4D缺体小麦与八倍体小偃麦杂种再生植株自交和回交后代中选育出5个代换系和2个附加系。染色体配对和RAPD分析证实了长穗偃麦草染色质的存在。其中一些小麦-长穗偃麦草代换系和附加系对叶锈病免疫或高抗,对条锈病的一些生理小种和白粉病具有比较高的抗性。而且,附加系924和代换系807蛋白质含量分别达到19.32%和18.83%。 10 当普通小麦鲁资357与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂交时,无论是实生苗还是再生植株都发生杂种致死现象。细胞学观察没有发现植株染色体发生变异,荧光原位杂交表明簇毛麦染色也没有发生可见的变异。推测这种杂种致死现象是由于鲁资357和硬粒小麦81086A(TH_1和TH_1W的硬粒小麦亲本)中可能分别带有互补的杂种致死基因所致。