ZnO film based surface acoustic wave micro-pump

In this study, a micro-pump unit based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) on piezoelectric ZnO film is designed and fabricated as a micro-fluidic device. It employs a mechanical wave, which is generated electrically using an aluminum interdigital transducer (IDT), and propagates on the surface of the ZnO film. The ZnO film was used in this study because it has a high electromechanical coefficient and an excellent bonding with various substrate materials, in particular silicon. The sputtering parameters for ZnO film deposition have been optimized, and the ZnO films with different thickness from 1 micron to 5.5 microns were prepared. The film properties have been characterized using different methods, such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Aluminum IDT with a finger width and spacing of 8 microns was patterned on the ZnO film using a lift-off process. The frequency generated was measured using a network analyzer, and it varies from 130 MHz to 180 MHz as a function of film thickness. A signal generator was used to generate the frequency with a power amplifier to amplify the signal, which was then applied to aluminum IDT to generate the surface acoustic wave. If a liquid droplet exists on the surface carrying the acoustic wave, the energy and the momentum of the SAW will be coupled into the fluid, causing the liquid to vibrate and move on film surface. The strength of this movement is determined by the applied voltage and frequency. The volume of the liquid drop loaded on the SAW device in this study is of several hundreds of nanoliters. The movement of the liquid inside the droplet and also on the ZnO film surface can be demonstrated. The performance of ZnO SAW device was characterized as a function of film thickness. © 2007 IOP Publishing Ltd.

A surface acoustic wave-based immunosensing device using a nanocrystalline ZnO film on Si

The novelty of this study resides in the fabrication of a bio-sensing device, based on the surface acoustic wave (SAW) on a nanocrystalline ZnO film. The ZnO film was deposited using an rf magnetron sputtering at room temperature on silicon. The deposited films showed the c-axisoriented crystallite with grain size of ∼40 nm. The immunosensing device was fabricated using photolithographic protocols on the film. As a model biomolecular recognition and immunosensing, biospecific interaction between a 6-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) aminohexanoic acid (DNP) antigen and its antibody was employed, demonstrating the shifts of resonant frequencies on SAW immunosensing device. The device exhibited a linearity as a function of the antibody concentration in the range of 20∼20,000 ng/ml. © 2009 American Scientific Publishers. All rights reserved.

ZnO thin film surface acoustic wave based lab-on-a-chip

Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is one of the most important microsystem applications with promise for use in microanalysis, drug development, diagnosis of illness and diseases etc. LOC typically consists of two main components: microfluidics and sensors. Integration of microfluidics and sensors on a single chip can greatly enhance the efficiency of biochemical reactions and the sensitivity of detection, increase the reaction/detection speed, and reduce the potential cross-contamination, fabrication time and cost etc. However, the mechanisms generally used for microfluidics and sensors are different, making the integration of the two main components complicated and increases the cost of the systems. A lab-on-a-chip system based on a single surface acoustic wave (SAW) actuation mechanism is proposed. SAW devices were fabricated on nanocrystalline ZnO thin films deposited on Si substrates using sputtering. Coupling of acoustic waves into a liquid induces acoustic streaming and motion of droplets. A streaming velocity up to ∼ 5cm/s and droplet pumping speeds of ∼lcm/s were obtained. It was also found that a higher order mode wave, the Sezawa wave is more effective in streaming and transportation of microdroplets. The ZnO SAW sensor has been used for prostate antigen/antibody biorecognition systems, demonstrated the feasibility of using a single actuation mechanism for lab-on-a-chip applications. © 2010 Materials Research Society.

Microfluidics based on ZnO/nanocrystalline diamond surface acoustic wave devices.

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices with 64 μm wavelength were fabricated on a zinc oxide (ZnO) film deposited on top of an ultra-smooth nanocrystalline diamond (UNCD) layer. The smooth surface of the UNCD film allowed the growth of the ZnO film with excellent c-axis orientation and low surface roughness, suitable for SAW fabrication, and could restrain the wave from significantly dissipating into the substrate. The frequency response of the fabricated devices was characterized and a Rayleigh mode was observed at ∼65.4 MHz. This mode was utilised to demonstrate that the ZnO/UNCD SAW device can be successfully used for microfluidic applications. Streaming, pumping, and jetting using microdroplets of 0.5 and 20 μl were achieved and characterized under different powers applied to the SAW device, focusing more on the jetting behaviors induced by the ZnO SAW.

Characterization of the surface acoustic wave devices based on ZnO/nanocrystalline diamond structures

Nanocrystalline ZnO films with strong (0002) texture and fine grains were deposited onto ultra-nanocrystalline diamond (UNCD) layers on silicon using high target utilization sputtering technology. The unique characteristic of this sputtering technique allows room temperature growth of smooth ZnO films with a low roughness and low stress at high growth rates. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices were fabricated on ZnO/UNCD structure and exhibited good transmission signals with a low insertion loss and a strong side-lobe suppression for the Rayleigh mode SAW. Based on the optimization of the layered structure of the SAW device, a good performance with a coupling coefficient of 5.2% has been realized, promising for improving the microfluidic efficiency in droplet transportation comparing with that of the ZnO/Si SAW device. An optimized temperature coefficient of frequency of -23.4 ppm°C-1 was obtained for the SAW devices with the 2.72 μm-thick ZnO and 1.1 μm-thick UNCD film. Significant thermal effect due to the acoustic heating has been redcued which is related to the temperature stability of the ZnO/UNCD SAW device. © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Enhancement of microfluidic efficiency with nanocrystalline diamond interlayer in the ZnO-based surface acoustic wave device

Ultra-smooth nanocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films with high-acoustic wave velocity were introduced into ZnO-based surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices to enhance their microfluidic efficiency by reducing the acoustic energy dissipation into the silicon substrate and improving the acoustic properties of the SAW devices. Microfluidic efficiency of the ZnO-based SAW devices with and without UNCD inter layers was investigated and compared. Results showed that the pumping velocities increase with the input power and those of the ZnO/UNCD/Si devices are much larger than those of the ZnO/Si devices at the same power. The jetting efficiency of the droplet was improved by introducing the UNCD interlayer into the ZnO/Si SAW device. Improvement in the microfluidic efficiency is mainly attributed to the diamond layer, which restrains the acoustic wave to propagate in the top layer rather than dissipating into the substrate. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

ZnO films for surface acoustic wave microfluidic devices

SAW devices were fabricated on c-axis oriented ZnO films grown on Si substrates. Effects of film thickness on the film microstructure and acoustic frequencies were studied. Both Rayleigh and Sezawa mode waves were detected on the devices, and their resonant frequencies were found to decrease with increase in film thickness.

ZnO films for surface acoustic wave microfluidic devices

SAW devices were fabricated on c-axis oriented ZnO films grown on Si substrates. Effects of film thickness on the film microstructure and acoustic frequencies were studied. Both Rayleigh and Sezawa mode waves were detected on the devices, and their resonant frequencies were found to decrease with increase in film thickness.

Integrated ZnO surface acoustic wave microfluidic components for biosensor

This paper describes the novel nanocrystalline film ZnO surface acoustic wave devices, which demonstrate their great potential for the portable disease diagnostic system with integrated functions of microfluidic transport, mixing and biosensing. The devices can be easily integrated with electronic control circuitry and fabricated with low temperature process on Si, glass or even polymer substrates. The liquid convection and internal streaming patterns was easily induced by acoustic wave at signal voltages. With further increase in applied voltage to above 20V, the liquid droplet was pushed forward. Immunoreaction-based bio-detection PSA/ACT, all based on SAW devices on thin film piezoelectric ZnO on Si substrate was demonstrated. © 2009 CBMS.