Vortex breaking and cutting in type II superconductors.

In technological superconductors, the Lorentz force on the flux vortices is opposed by inhomogeneous pinning and so the critical current may be controlled by a combination of vortex entanglement, cutting, and cross-joining. To understand the roles of these processes we report measurements of structures in which a weak pinning layer is sandwiched between two strongly pinning leads. Quantitative modeling of the results demonstrates that in such systems the critical current is limited by the deformation of individual vortices and not by subsequent cross-joining processes.

First demonstration on the non-transparency of FWM and its application of 40 Gbit/s all-optical CSRZ-to-RZ format conversion

We report first experimental demonstration on the non-transparent characteristic of FWM using NRZ-DPSK, RZ-DPSK, CSRZ-DPSK, and CSRZ signals. One potential non-transparency application of 40Gbit/s CSRZ-to-RZ format conversion is experimentally demonstrated. © 2008 IEEE.