An investigation into the residual stresses in an aluminium 2024 test weld

This paper uses finite element (FE) analysis to examine the residual stresses generated during the TIG welding of aluminium aerospace alloys. It also looks at whether such an approach could be useful for evaluating the effectiveness of various residual stress control techniques. However, such simulations cannot be founded in a vacuum. They require accurate measurements to refine and validate them. The unique aspect of this work is that two powerful engineering techniques are combined: FE modelling and neutron diffraction. Weld trials were performed and the direct measurement of residual strain made using the ENGIN neutron diffraction strain scanning facility. The predicted results show an excellent agreement with experimental values. Finally this model is used to simulate a weld made using a "Low Stress No Distortion" (LSND) technique. Although the stress reduction predicted is only moderate, the study suggests the approach to be a quick and efficient means of optimising such techniques.

The influence of repeated loading, residual stresses and shakedown on the behaviour of tribological contacts

Most tribological pairs carry their service load not just once but for a very large number of repeated cycles. During the early stages of this life, protective residual stresses may be developed in the near surface layers which enable loads which are of sufficient magnitude to cause initial plastic deformation to be accommodated purely elastically in the longer term. This is an example of the phenomenon of 'shakedown' and when its effects are incorporated into the design and operation schedule of machine components this process can lead to significant increases in specific loading duties or improvements in material utilization. Although the underlying principles can be demonstrated by reference to relatively simple stress systems, when a moving Hertzian pressure distribution in considered, which is the form of loading applicable to many contact problems, the situation is more complex. In the absence of exact solutions, bounding theorems, adopted from the theory of plasticity, can be used to generate appropriate load or shakedown limits so that shakedown maps can be drawn which delineate the boundaries between potentially safe and unsafe operating conditions. When the operating point of the contact lies outside the shakedown limit there will be an increment of plastic strain with each application of the load - these can accumulate leading eventually to either component failure or the loss of material by wear. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measurement of Residual Stresses in Ferroelectric Pb(Zr

The residual stresses in Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3thin films were measured by the \sin^{2}\Psi method using the normal X-ray incidence. The spacing of different planes (hkl) parallel to the film surface were converted to the spacing of a set of inclined planes (100). The angles between (100) and (hkl) were equivalent to the tilting angles of (100) from the normal of film surface. The residual stresses were extracted from the linear slope of the strain difference between the equivalent inclined direction and normal direction with respect to the \sin^{2}\Psi. The results were in consistency with that derived from the conventional \sin^{2}\Psi method.

Measurement of residual stresses in ferroelectric Pb(Zr 0.3Ti0.7)O3 thin films by X-ray diffraction

The residual stresses in Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 thin films were measured by the sin2 Ψ method using the normal X-ray incidence. The spacing of different planes (hkl) parallel to the film surface were converted to the spacing of a set of inclined planes (100). The angles between (100) and (hkl) were equivalent to the tilting angles of (100) from the normal of film surface. The residual stresses were extracted from the linear slope of the strain difference between the equivalent inclined direction and normal direction with respect to the sin2 Ψ. The results were in consistency with that derived from the conventional sin2 Ψ method. © 2013 The Japan Society of Applied Physics.

Solid particle erosion of boronized steels

Boronizing is a thermochemical diffusion-based process for producing iron boride layers in the surface of steel components. The boride layer is wear resistant and is very hard. Large residual stresses are found to exist in the surface layers, which are a function of substrate steel composition and heat treatment. By slow cooling from the boronizing temperature (900°C), a large compressive stress is developed in the boride layer. Hardening the steel by rapid cooling, either directly from the boronizing treatment or after subsequent austenitizing, develops tension in the coating which causes it to fracture. Tempering of the martensite produces compression in the coating, closing but not welding the cracks. The results of solid particle erosion experiments using silicon carbide, quartz, and glass bead erodents on boronized steels are presented.

Damage development in an armor ceramic under quasi-static indentation

The objective of the present study is to assess the capabilities of a recently developed mechanism-based model for inelastic deformation and damage in structural ceramics. In addition to conventional lattice plasticity, the model accounts for microcrack growth and coalescence as well as granular flow following comminution. The assessment is made through a coupled experimental/computational study of the indentation response of a commercial armor ceramic. The experiments include examinations of subsurface damage zones along with measurements of residual surface profiles and residual near-surface stresses. Extensive finite element computations are conducted in parallel. Comparisons between experiment and simulation indicate that the most discriminating metric in the assessment is the spatial extent of subsurface damage following indentation. Residual stresses provide additional validation. In contrast, surface profiles of indents are dictated largely by lattice plasticity and thus provide minimal additional insight into the inelastic deformation resulting from microcracking or granular flow. A satisfactory level of correlation is obtained using property values that are either measured directly or estimated from physically based arguments, without undue reliance on adjustable (nonphysical) parameters. © 2011 The American Ceramic Society.

A zero-stiffness elastic shell structure

A remarkable shell structure is described that, due to a particular combination of geometry and initial stress, has zero stiffness for any finite deformation along a twisting path; the shell is in a neutrally stable state of equilibrium. Initially the shell is straight in a longitudinal direction, but has a constant, nonzero curvature in the transverse direction. If residual stresses are induced in the shell by, for example, plastic deformation, to leave a particular resultant bending moment, then an analytical inextensional model of the shell shows it to have no change in energy along a path of twisted configurations. Real shells become closer to the inextensional idealization as their thickness is decreased; experimental thin-shell models have confirmed the neutrally stable configurations predicted by the inextensional theory. A simple model is described that shows that the resultant bending moment that leads to zero stiffness gives the shell a hidden symmetry, which explains this remarkable property.