Vibration of pressurised, elastic, spherical shells

Balloons are one example of pressurised, elastic, spherical shells. Whilst analytical solutions exist for the vibration of pressurised spheres, these models only incorporate constant tension in the membrane. For elastic shells, changes in curvature will result in restoring forces that are proportional to the elasticity in the membrane; hence the assumption of constant tension is not valid. This paper describes an analytical solution for the natural frequencies of an elastic spherical shell subject to internal pressure. When the membrane tension is set to zero, the results are shown to converge to the analytical solution for a spherical shell, and when the skin elasticity is neglected, the results converge to the constant-tension solution. This analytical solution is used to predict the natural frequencies of a small balloon, based on a value for the elastic modulus that is determined using biaxial tensile testing. These predictions are compared to experimental measurements of balloon vibrations using impact hammer testing, and good agreement is seen.

Sound radiation from point-excited structures: Comparison of plate and sphere

Acoustic radiation from a structure can be expressed in terms of modal radiation and modal coefficients. This paper investigates the contributions of these two modal properties to radiation excited by a point force. Sound radiation from two basic structures is considered: a baffled rectangular plate and a closed spherical shell. The plate behaviour is familiar, and governed by the relation between the natural frequency of a mode and its coincidence frequency. For a closed spherical shell, there are either zero or two critical frequencies, depending on the radius and thickness. When there are two the shell radiates well both above and below the two frequencies, and poorly in the frequency range between them. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

High-resolution TEM characterization of ZnO core-shell nanowires for dye-sensitized solar cells

Recently ZnO nanowire films have been used in very promising and inexpensive dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). It was found that the performance of the devices can be enhanced by functionalising the nanowires with a thin metal oxide coating. This nm-scale shell is believed to tailor the electronic structure of the nanowire, and help the absorption of the dye. Core-shell ZnO nanowire structures are synthesised at low temperature (below 120°C) by consecutive hydrothermal growth steps. Different materials are investigated for the coating, including Mg, Al, Cs and Zr oxides. High resolution TEM is used to characterise the quality of both the nanowire core and the shell, and to monitor the thickness and the degree of crystallisation of the oxide coating. The interface between the nanowire core and the outer shell is investigated in order to understand the adhesion of the coating, and give valuable feedback for the synthesis process. Nanowire films are packaged into dye-sensitised solar cell prototypes; samples coated with ZrO2 and MgO show the largest enhancement in the photocurrent and open-circuit voltage and look very promising for further improvement. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd.