Geotechnical observations of construction OF A large shallow SCL tunnel in soft ground

The Fort Canning Tunnel is the first road tunnel in Singapore to be built using the sprayed concrete lining (SCL) method. The major technical challenge of this was to construct a 15m wide tunnel by mining in soft ground under a shallow overburden of 3m to 9m. This paper describes the geotechnical investigations and monitoring controls for the safe and progressive execution of the works, such as soil investigations, trial forepoling works, surface settlement monitoring, tunnel settlement monitoring, face movement monitoring, and the observational approach to construction. The monitored field data showed the volume loss to range from 0.4% to 2.1%, and the observed surface settlement trough was found to agree well with the theoretical Gaussian trough. Other observations made include substantial surface settlements induced by the stress relief at and ahead of the tunnel face in spite of the forepoling umbrella, and the higher volume losses associated with higher overburden. Tunnel face movements were observed during installation of forepoling. These observations are of interest to engineers planning future SCL tunnels in similar conditions.

Numerical simulation of long-term twin-tunnel behaviour at St James's park

The twin-tunnel construction of the Jubilee Line Extension tunnels beneath St James's Park was simulated using coupled-consolidation finite-element analyses. The effect of defining different permeabilities for the final consolidation stage was investigated, and the performance of a fissure softening model was also evaluated. The analyses suggested an unexpectedly high permeability anisotropy for soil around the tunnel crown, possibly due to stress-induced permeability changes, or low-permeability laminations. Also, the permeability profile and lining conductivity were found to differ between the tunnels. Inclusion of the fissure model gave a narrower settlement trough, more alike that in the field, by preferentially softening simple shear behaviour. Long-term settlements at the site continue to increase at an unexpectedly high rate, suggesting the possibility of creep or unexpected soil softening during excavation. © 2012 Taylor & Francis Group.

Mechanical and hydraulic properties of Nankai accretionary prism sediments: Effect of stress path

We have conducted triaxial deformation experiments along different loading paths on prism sediments from the Nankai Trough. Different load paths of isotropic loading, uniaxial strain loading, triaxial compression (at constant confining pressure, Pc), undrained Pc reduction, drained Pc reduction, and triaxial unloading at constant Pc, were used to understand the evolution of mechanical and hydraulic properties under complicated stress states and loading histories in accretionary subduction zones. Five deformation experiments were conducted on three sediment core samples for the Nankai prism, specifically from older accreted sediments at the forearc basin, underthrust slope sediments beneath the megasplay fault, and overthrust Upper Shikoku Basin sediments along the frontal thrust. Yield envelopes for each sample were constructed based on the stress paths of Pc-reduction using the modified Cam-clay model, and in situ stress states of the prism were constrained using the results from the other load paths and accounting for horizontal stress. Results suggest that the sediments in the vicinity of the megasplay fault and frontal thrust are highly overconsolidated, and thus likely to deform brittle rather than ductile. The porosity of sediments decreases as the yield envelope expands, while the reduction in permeability mainly depends on the effective mean stress before yield, and the differential stress after yield. An improved understanding of sediment yield strength and hydromechanical properties along different load paths is necessary to treat accurately the coupling of deformation and fluid flow in accretionary subduction zones. © 2012 American Geophysical Union All Rights Reserved.

Vortex migration caused by travelling magnetic wave in a 2 in. diameter YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film

We provide experimental evidence for a vortex migration phenomenon in YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) thin film caused by travelling magnetic wave. The experiment is carried out on a 2 in. diameter YBCO thin film with a circular-type magnetic flux pump. We found that the travelling wave helps the vortices migrate into the centre of the sample: after the zero-field cooling process, the increase of the flux density in the centre is four times larger than the amplitude of the travelling wave. The reason for this massive vortex migration is probably due to the magnetic stress variation caused by the travelling wave: the magnetic stress increases locally in the crest region while decreases locally in the trough region, which could help the vortices to move locally. A comparison shows that the magnetization by standing wave can be easily predicted by Bean's model while travelling wave causes vortex migration generally much larger than the prediction of Bean's model. It is possible that travelling magnetic wave can be an effective way to magnetize a type II superconductor in considering this unusual vortex dynamics. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

Thermo-hydro-geomechanical simulations of methane gas production from deep sea methane hydrate formations

A new constitutive model called Methane Hydrate Critical State (MHCS) model was conducted to investigate the geomechanical response of the gas-hydrate-bearing sediments at the Nankai Trough during the wellbore construction process. The strength and dilatancy of gas-hydrate-bearing soil would gradually disappear when the bonds are destroyed because of excessively shearing, which are often observed in dense soils and also in bonded soils such as cemented soil and unsaturated soil. In this study, the MHCS model, which presents such softening features, would be incorporated into a staged-finite-element model in ABAQUS, which mainly considered the loading history of soils and the interaction between cement-casing-formation. This model shows the influence of gas-hydrate-bearing soil to the deformation and stability of a wellbore and the surrounding sediments during wellbore construction. At the same time, the conventional Mohr-Coulomb model was used in the model to show the advantages of MHCS model by comparing the results of the two models.

Numerical study on hydrate bearing sediments during gas production

The fully coupled methane hydrate model developed in Cambridge was adopted in this numerical study on gas production trial at the Eastern Nankai Trough, Japan 2013. Based on the latest experimental data of hydrate soil core samples, the clay parameters at Eastern Nankai site were successfully calibrated. With updated clay parameters and site geometry, a 50 days gas production trail was numerically simulated in FLAC2D. The geomechanical behaviour of hydrate bearing sediments under 3 different depressurization strategies were explored and discussed. The results from both axisymmetrical and plane-strain models suggest, the slope of the seabed only affects mechanical properties while no significant impact on the dissociation, temperature and pore pressure. For mechanical deformation after PT recovery, there are large settlements above the perforation zone and small uplift underneath the production zone. To validate the fully coupled model, numerical simulation with finer mesh in the hydrate production zone was carried out. The simulation results suggest good agreement between our model and JOE's results on history matching of gas and water production during trial. Parameter sensitivity of gas production is also investigated and concluded the sea water salinity is a dominant factor for gas production.

Vulnerability assessment of buildings subject to tunnel-induced settlements: the influence of orientation and position of the building

The assessment of settlement induced damage on buildings during the preliminary phase of tunnel excavation projects, is nowadays receiving greater attention. Analyses at different levels of detail are performed on the surface building in proximity to the tunnel, to evaluate the risk of structural damage and the need of mitigation measures. In this paper, the possibility to define a correlation between the main parameters that influence the structural response to settlement and the potential damage is investigated through numerical analysis. The adopted 3D finite element model allows to take into account important features that are neglected in more simplified approaches, like the soil-structure interaction, the nonlinear behaviour of the building, the three dimensional effect of the tunnelling induced settlement trough and the influence of openings in the structure. Aim of this approach is the development of an improved classification system taking into account the intrinsic vulnerability of the structure, which could have a relevant effect on the final damage assessment. Parametric analyses are performed, focusing on the effect of the orientation and the position of the structure with respect to the tunnel. The obtained results in terms of damage are compared with the Building Risk Assessment (BRA) procedure. This method was developed by Geodata Engineering (GDE) on the basis of empirical observations and building monitoring and applied during the construction of different metro lines in urban environment. The comparison shows a substantial agreement between the two procedures on the influence of the analysed parameters. The finite element analyses suggest a refinement of the BRA procedure for pure sagging conditions.