Smooth thin film C/diamond membranes with controllable optical band gaps

Mixed phase carbon-diamond films which consist of small grain diamond in an a:C matrix were deposited on polished Si using a radio frequency CH4 Ar plasma CVD deposition process. Ellipsometry, surface profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and spectrophotometry were used to analyse these films. Film thicknesses were typically 50-100 nm with a surface roughness of ± 30 A ̊ over centimetre length scans. SEM analysis showed the films were smooth and pinhole free. The Si substrate was etched using backside masking and a directional etch to give taut carbon-diamond membranes on a Si grid. Spectrophotometry was used to analyse the optical properties of these membranes. Band gap control was achieved by varying the dc bias of the deposition process. Band gaps of 1.2 eV to 4.0 eV were achieved in these membranes. A technique for controlling the compressive stress in the films, which can range from 0.02 to 7.5 GPa has been employed. This has allowed the fabrication of thin, low stress, high band gap membranes that are extremely tough and chemically inert. Such carbon-diamond membranes seem promising for applications as windows in analytical instruments. © 1992.

Simplifying mooring analysis for deepwater systems using truncation

Over recent years academia and industry have engaged with the challenge of model testing deepwater structures at conventional scales. One approach to the limited depth problem has been to truncate the lines. This concept will be introduced, highlighting the need to better understand line dynamic processes. The type of line truncation developed here models the upper sections of each line in detail, capturing wave action and all coupling effects with the vessel, terminating to an approximate analytical model that aims to simulate the remainder of the line. A rationale for this is that in deep water transverse elastic waves of a line are likely to decay before they are reflected at the seabed because of nonlinear hydrodynamic drag forces. The first part of this paper is centered on verification of this rationale. A simplified model of a mooring line that describes the transverse dynamics in wave frequency is used, adopting the equation of motion of an inextensible taut string. The line is submerged in still water, one end fixed at the bottom the other assumed to follow the vessel response, which can be harmonic or random. A dimensional analysis, supported by exact benchmark numerical solutions, has shown that it is possible to produce a universal curve for the decay of transverse vibrations along the line, which is suitable for any kind of line with any top motion. This has a significant engineering benefit, allowing for a rapid assessment of line dynamics - it can be useful in deciding whether a truncated line model is appropriate, and if so, at which point truncation might be applied. This is followed by developing a truncation mechanism, formulating an end approximation that can reproduce the correct impedance, had the line been continuous to full depth. It has been found that below a certain length criterion, which is also universal, the transverse vibrational characteristics for each line are inertia driven. As such the truncated model can assume a linear damper whose coefficient depends on the line properties and frequency of vibration. Copyright © 2011 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE).

Decay of vibrations along deepwater mooring lines

Model tests for global design verification of deepwater floating structures cannot be made at reasonable scales. An overview of recent research efforts to tackle this challenge is given first, introducing the concept of line truncation techniques. In such a method the upper sections of each line are modelled in detail, capturing the wave action zone and all coupling effects with the vessel. These terminate to an approximate analytical model, that aims to simulate the remainder of the line. The rationale for this is that in deep water the transverse elastic waves of a line are likely to decay before they are reflected at the seabed. The focus of this paper is the verification of this rationale and the ongoing work, which is considering ways to produce a truncation model. Transverse dynamics of a mooring line are modelled using the equations of motion of an inextensible taut string, submerged in still water, one end fixed at the bottom the other assumed to follow the vessel response, which can be harmonic or random. Nonlinear hydrodynamic damping is included; bending and VIV effects are neglected. A dimensional analysis, supported by exact benchmark numerical solutions, has shown that it is possible to produce a universal curve for the decay of transverse vibrations along the line, which is suitable for any kind of line with any top motion. This has a significant engineering benefit, allowing for a rapid assessment of line dynamics - it is very useful in deciding whether a truncated line model is appropriate, and if so, at which point truncation might be applied. Initial efforts in developing a truncated model show that a linearized numerical solution in the frequency domain matches very closely the exact benchmark. Copyright © 2011 by ASME.

Efficient truncation scheme for modeling deepwater mooring lines

This paper is aimed at enabling the confident use of existing model test facilities for ultra deepwater application without having to compromise on the widely accepted range of scales currently used by the floating production industry. Passive line truncation has traditionally been the preferred method of creating an equivalent numerical model at reduced depth; however, these techniques tend to suffer in capturing accurately line dynamic response and so reproducing peak tensions. In an attempt to improve credibility of model test data the proposed truncation procedure sets up the truncated model, based on line dynamic response rather than quasi-static system stiffness. The upper sections of each line are modeled in detail, capturing the wave action zone and all coupling effects with the vessel. These terminate to an approximate analytical model that aims to simulate the remainder of the line. Stages 1 & 2 are used to derive a water depth truncation ratio. Here vibration decay of transverse elastic waves is assessed and it is found that below a certain length criterion, the transverse vibrational characteristics for each line are inertia driven, hence with respect to these motions the truncated model can assume a linear damper whose coefficient depends on the local line properties and vibration frequency. Stage 3 endeavors to match the individual line stiffness between the full depth and truncated models. In deepwater it is likely that taut polyester moorings will be used which are predominantly straight and have high axial stiffness that provides the principal restoring force to static and low frequency vessel motions. Consequently, it means that the natural frequencies of axial vibrations are above the typical wave frequency range allowing for a quasi-static solution. In cases of exceptionally large wave frequency vessel motions, localized curvature at the chain seabed segment and tangential skin drag on the polyester rope can increase dynamic peak tensions considerably. The focus of this paper is to develop an efficient scheme based on analytic formulation, for replicating these forces at the truncation. The paper will close with an example case study of a single mooring under extreme conditions that replicates exactly the static and dynamic characteristics of the full depth line. Copyright © 2012 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE).

Vibration decay along deepwater moorings with complex geometry and configuration, as a tool for truncation

This paper is concerned with the difficulties in model testing deepwater structures at reasonable scales. An overview of recent research efforts to tackle this challenge is given first, introducing the concept of line truncation. Passive truncation has traditionally been the preferred method by industry; however, these techniques tend to suffer in capturing accurately line dynamic response and so reproducing peak tensions. In an attempt to improve credibility of model test data the proposed truncation procedure sets up the truncated model, based on line dynamic response rather than quasi-static system stiffness. Vibration decay of transverse elastic waves due to fluid drag forces is assessed and it is found that below a certain length criterion, the transverse vibrational characteristics for each line are inertia driven, hence with respect to these motions the truncated model can assume a linear damper whose coefficient depends on the local line properties and vibration frequency. Initially a simplified taut string model is assumed for which the line is submerged in still water, one end fixed at the bottom the other assumed to follow the vessel response, which can be harmonic or random. A dimensional analysis, supported by exact benchmark numerical solutions, has shown that it is possible to produce a general guideline for the truncation length criterion, which is suitable for any kind of line with any top motion. The focus of this paper is to extend this work to a more complex line configuration of a conventional deepwater mooring line and so enhance the generality of the truncation guideline. The paper will close with an example case study of a spread mooring system, applying this method to create an equivalent numerical model at a reduced depth that replicates exactly the static and dynamic characteristics of the full depth system. Copyright © 2012 by ASME.