Schottky barrier heights of tantalum oxide, barium strontium titanate, lead titanate, and strontium bismuth tantalate

The Schottky barrier heights of various metals on the high permitivity oxides tantalum pentoxide, barium strontium titanate, lead zirconate titanate, and strontium bismuth tantalate have been calculated as a function of the metal work function. It is found that these oxides have a dimensionless Schottky barrier pinning factor S of 0.28-0.4 and not close to 1 because S is controlled by Ti-O-type bonds not Sr-O-type bonds, as assumed in earlier work. The band offsets on silicon are asymmetric with a much smaller offset at the conduction band, so that Ta2O5 and barium strontium titanate are relatively poor barriers to electrons on Si. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.

Schottky barrier heights of tantalum oxide, barium strontium titanate, lead zirconate titanate and strontium bismuth tantalate

Schottky barrier heights of various metals on tantalum pentoxide, barium strontium titanate, lead zirconate-titanate and strontium bismuth tantalate have been calculated as a function of metal work function. These oxides have a dimensionless Schottky barrier pinning factor, S, of 0.28 - 0.4 and not close to 1, because S is controlled by the Ti-O type bonds not Sr-O type bonds, as assumed previously. Band offsets on silicon are asymmetric with much smaller offset at the conduction band, so that Ta2O5 and barium strontium titanate (BST) are relatively poor barriers to electrons on Si.

Mechanical and leaching behaviour of slag-cement and lime-activated slag stabilised/solidified contaminated soil.

Stabilisation/solidification (S/S) is an effective technique for reducing the leachability of contaminants in soils. Very few studies have investigated the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) for S/S treatment of contaminated soils, although it has been shown to be effective in ground improvement. This study sought to investigate the potential of GGBS activated by cement and lime for S/S treatment of a mixed contaminated soil. A sandy soil spiked with 3000mg/kg each of a cocktail of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu and Pb) and 10,000mg/kg of diesel was treated with binder blends of one part hydrated lime to four parts GGBS (lime-slag), and one part cement to nine parts GGBS (slag-cement). Three binder dosages, 5, 10 and 20% (m/m) were used and contaminated soil-cement samples were compacted to their optimum water contents. The effectiveness of the treatment was assessed using unconfined compressive strength (UCS), permeability and acid neutralisation capacity (ANC) tests with determination of contaminant leachability at the different acid additions. UCS values of up to 800kPa were recorded at 28days. The lowest coefficient of permeability recorded was 5×10(-9)m/s. With up to 20% binder dosage, the leachability of the contaminants was reduced to meet relevant environmental quality standards and landfill waste acceptance criteria. The pH-dependent leachability of the metals decreased over time. The results show that GGBS activated by cement and lime would be effective in reducing the leachability of contaminants in contaminated soils.

Process envelopes for stabilisation/solidification of contaminated soil using lime-slag blend.

PURPOSE: Stabilisation/solidification (S/S) has emerged as an efficient and cost-effective technology for the treatment of contaminated soils. However, the performance of S/S-treated soils is governed by several intercorrelated variables, which complicates the optimisation of the treatment process design. Therefore, it is desirable to develop process envelopes, which define the range of operating variables that result in acceptable performance. METHODS: In this work, process envelopes were developed for S/S treatment of contaminated soil with a blend of hydrated lime (hlime) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as the binder (hlime/GGBS = 1:4). A sand contaminated with a mixture of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons was treated with 5%, 10% and 20% binder dosages, at different water contents. The effectiveness of the treatment was assessed using unconfined compressive strength (UCS), permeability, acid neutralisation capacity and contaminant leachability with pH, at set periods. RESULTS: The UCS values obtained after 28 days of treatment were up to ∼800 kPa, which is quite low, and permeability was ∼10(-8) m/s, which is higher than might be required. However, these values might be acceptable in some scenarios. The binder significantly reduced the leachability of cadmium and nickel. With the 20% dosage, both metals met the waste acceptance criteria for inert waste landfill and relevant environmental quality standards. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that greater than 20% dosage would be required to achieve a balance of acceptable mechanical and leaching properties. Overall, the process envelopes for different performance criteria depend on the end-use of the treated material.