Lateral response of monopiles using centrifuge testing and finite element analysis

Offshore wind capacity is expected to grow exponentially over the next decade resulting in the production of a considerable amount of renewable energy. Monopiles are currently the most popular type of foundation for supporting offshore wind turbines in shallow to medium depth waters. In this paper, the load-deformation response of a 3.8 m diameter monopile installed in soft clays when subjected to axial and lateral loading is investigated using centrifuge testing and soil pore-fluid coupled three-dimensional finite element analysis. Monopile deformation is principally assessed in terms of its lateral displacements and bending moments. Its behaviour as a short rigid pile is discussed using concepts such as its rotation at mudline and the pile depth at which pivoting occurs. © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group.

Centrifuge testing of monopiles subject to cyclic lateral loading

Monopiles supporting offshore wind turbines are subjected to cyclic lateral loading. The properties of the applied cyclic lateral load are known to have an effect on the accumulation of permanent displacement and rotation at the pile head. The results of centrifuge testing on model piles show that certain loading regimes lead to the development of locked in soil stresses around the pile. These locked in soil stresses change the stiffness of the monopile response to cyclic lateral loading and the natural frequency of the pile-soil system. © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group.

Lateral spreading-induced abutment rotation in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake: Observations and analysis

A series of strong earthquakes near Christchurch, New Zealand, occurred between September 2010 and December 2011, causing widespread liquefaction throughout the city's suburbs. Lateral spreading developed along the city's Avon River, damaging many of the bridges east of the city centre. The short-to medium-span bridges exhibited a similar pattern of deformation, involving back-rotation of their abutments and compression of their decks. By explicitly considering the rotational equilibrium of the abutments about their point of contact with the rigid bridge decks, it is shown that relatively small kinematic demands from the laterally spreading backfill soil are needed to initiate pile yielding, and that this mode of deformation should be taken into account in the design of the abutments and abutment piles.

800V lateral IGBT in bulk Si for low power compact SMPS applications

An 800V rated lateral IGBT for high frequency, low-cost off-line applications has been developed. The LIGBT features a new method of adjusting the bipolar gain, based on a floating N+ stripe in front of the P+ anode/drain region. The floating N+ layer enhances the carrier recombination at the anode/drain side of the drift region resulting in a very significant decrease in the turn-off speed and substantially lower overall losses. Switching speeds as low as 140ns at 25oC and 300ns at 125oC have been achieved with corresponding equivalent Rdson at 125oC below 90mω.cm2. A fully operational AC-DC converter using a controller with an integrated LIGBT+depletion mode MOSFET chip has been designed and qualified in plastic SOP8 packages and used in 5W, 65kHz SMPS applications. The device is fabricated in 0.6μm bulk silicon CMOS technology without any additional masking steps. © 2013 IEEE.

200V superjunction lateral IGBT fabricated on partial SOI

A 200V lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor (LIGBT) was successfully developed using lateral superjunction (SJ) in 0.18μm partial silicon on insulator (SOI) HV process. The results presented are based on extensive experimental measurements and numerical simulations. For an n-type lateral SJ LIGBT, the p layer in the SJ drift region helps in achieving uniform electric field distribution. Furthermore, the p-pillar contributes to the on-state current. Furthermore, the p-pillar contributes to sweep out holes during the turn-off process, thus leading to faster removal of plasma. To realize this device, one additional mask layer is required in the X-FAB 0.18μm partial SOI HV process. © 2013 IEEE.

Direct epitaxial growth of θ-Ni2Si by reaction of a thin Ni(10 at.% Pt) film with Si(1 0 0) substrate

The reaction between an 11 nm Ni(10 at.% Pt) film on a Si substrate has been examined by in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), atom probe tomography (APT) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In situ XRD experiments show the unusual formation of a phase without an XRD peak through consumption of the metal. According to APT, this phase has an Si concentration gradient in accordance with the θ-Ni2Si metastable phase. TEM analysis confirms the direct formation of θ-Ni2Si in epitaxy on Si(1 0 0) with two variants of the epitaxial relationship. © 2014 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.