Wetness loss prediction for a low pressure steam turbine using computational fluid dynamics

Two-phase computational fluid dynamics modelling is used to investigate the magnitude of different contributions to the wet steam losses in a three-stage model low pressure steam turbine. The thermodynamic losses (due to irreversible heat transfer across a finite temperature difference) and the kinematic relaxation losses (due to the frictional drag of the drops) are evaluated directly from the computational fluid dynamics simulation using a concept based on entropy production rates. The braking losses (due to the impact of large drops on the rotor) are investigated by a separate numerical prediction. The simulations show that in the present case, the dominant effect is the thermodynamic loss that accounts for over 90% of the wetness losses and that both the thermodynamic and the kinematic relaxation losses depend on the droplet diameter. The numerical results are brought into context with the well-known Baumann correlation, and a comparison with available measurement data in the literature is given. The ability of the numerical approach to predict the main wetness losses is confirmed, which permits the use of computational fluid dynamics for further studies on wetness loss correlations. © IMechE 2013 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.

Experimental study of the effects of temperature variation on droplet size and wetness fraction in a low-pressure model steam turbine

The three-stage low-pressure model steam turbine at the Institute of Thermal Turbomachinery and Machinery Laboratory (ITSM) was used to study the impact of three different steam inlet temperatures on the homogeneous condensation process and the resulting wetness topology. The droplet spectrum as well as the particle number concentration were measured in front of the last stage using an optical-pneumatic probe. At design load, condensation starts inside the stator of the second stage. A change in the steam inlet temperature is able to shift the location of condensation onset within the blade row up- or downstream and even into adjoining blade passages, which leads to significantly different local droplet sizes and wetness fractions due to different local expansion rates. The measured results are compared to steady three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics calculations. The predicted nucleation zones could be largely confirmed by the measurements. Although the trend of measured and calculated droplet size across the span is satisfactory, there are considerable differences between the measured and computed droplet spectrum and wetness fractions. © IMechE 2013 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/ journalsPermissions.nav.

Increased carbon nanotube area density after catalyst generation from cobalt disilicide using a cyclic reactive ion etching approach

We used a cyclic reactive ion etching (RIE) process to increase the Co catalyst density on a cobalt disilicide (CoSi2) substrate for carbon nanotube (CNT) growth. Each cycle of catalyst formation consists of a room temperature RIE step and an annealing step at 450 °C. The RIE step transfers the top-surface of CoSi2 into cobalt fluoride; while the annealing reduces the fluoride into metallic Co nanoparticles. We have optimized this cyclic RIE process and determined that the catalyst density can be doubled in three cycles, resulting in a final CNT shell density of 6.6 × 10 11 walls·cm-2. This work demonstrates a very effective approach to increase the CNT density grown directly on silicides. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.