Contact and channel modelling using part and function libraries in a function-based design approach

To support the development and analysis of engineering designs at the embodiment stage, designers work iteratively with representations of those designs as they consider the function and form of their constituent parts. Detailed descriptions of "what a machine does" usually include flows of forces and active principles within the technical system, and their localization within parts and across the interfaces between them. This means that a representation should assist a designer in considering form and function at the same time and at different levels of abstraction. This paper describes a design modelling approach that enables designers to break down a system architecture into its subsystems and parts, while assigning functions and flows to parts and the interfaces between them. In turn, this may reveal further requirements to fulfil functions in order to complete the design. The approach is implemented in a software tool which provides a uniform, computable language allowing the user to describe functions and flows as they are iteratively discovered, created and embodied. A database of parts allows the user to search for existing design solutions. The approach is illustrated through an example: modelling the complex mechanisms within a humanoid robot. Copyright © 2010 by ASME.

Liquid crystal multi-mode lenses and axicons based on electronic phase shift control

We report on the principle of operation, construction and testing of a liquid crystal lens which is controlled by distributing voltages across the control electrodes, which are in turn controlled by adjusting the phase of the applied voltages. As well as (positive and negative) defocus, then lenses can be used to control tip/tilt, astigmatism, and to create variable axicons. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

Optical design of liquid crystal lenses: Off-axis modelling

We report on our work on producing liquid crystal switchable modal lenses and their use in a compound lens system in order to produce variable focus/zoom lenses. We describe work on producing a high power lens, and present theoretical work on off-axis phase modulation in a liquid crystal lens which is important in order to be able to carry out a complete optical design of a liquid crystal lens.

Adaptive lenses based on polarization modulation

We present and demonstrate a technique for producing a high-speed variable focus lens using a fixed birefringent lens and a ferroelectric liquid crystal cell as a polarization switch. A calcite lenses with ordinary and extraordinary focal lengths of 109mm and 88mm respectively, was used to demonstrate focus switching at frequencies of up to 3kHz. Two identical lenses and a single liquid crystal were also used to demonstrate zoom.

Adaptive modally addressed liquid crystal lenses

An adaptive lens, which has variable focus and is rapidly controllable with simple low-power electronics, has numerous applications in optical telecommunications devices, 3D display systems, miniature cameras and adaptive optics. The University of Durham is developing a range of adaptive liquid crystal lenses, and here we describe work on construction of modal liquid crystal lenses. This type of lens was first described by Naumov [1] and further developed by others [24]. In this system, a spatially varying and circularly symmetric voltage profile can be generated across a liquid-crystal cell, generating a lens-like refractive index profile. Such devices are simple in design, and do not require a pixellated structure. The shape and focussing power of the lens can be controlled by the variation of applied electric field and frequency. Results show adaptive lenses operating at optical wavelengths with continuously variable focal lengths from infinity to 70 cm. Switching speeds are of the order of 1 second between focal positions. Manufacturing methods of our adaptive lenses are presented, together with the latest results to the performance of these devices.

Moderate energy impact analysis combining phenomenological contact law with localised damage and integral equation method

A computational impact analysis methodology has been developed, based on modal analysis and a local contact force-deflection model. The contact law is based on Hertz contact theory while contact stresses are elastic, defines a modified contact theory to take account of local permanent indentation, and considers elastic recovery during unloading. The model was validated experimentally through impact testing of glass-carbon hybrid braided composite panels. Specimens were mounted in a support frame and the contact force was inferred from the deceleration of the impactor, measured by high-speed photography. A Finite Element analysis of the panel and support frame assembly was performed to compute the modal responses. The new contact model performed well in predicting the peak forces and impact durations for moderate energy impacts (15 J), where contact stresses locally exceed the linear elastic limit and damage may be deemed to have occurred. C-scan measurements revealed substantial damage for impact energies in the range of 30-50 J. For this regime the new model predictions might be improved by characterisation of the contact law hysteresis during the unloading phase, and a modification of the elastic vibration response in line with damage levels acquired during the impact. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.