Lyapunov's stability and operational margin of grid-connected photovoltaic modules

Analyses of photovoltaic power generation based on Lyapunov's theorems are presented. The characteristics of the photovoltaic module and the power conditioning unit are analyzed in order to establish energy functions that assess the stability of solutions and define safe regions of operation. Furthermore, it is shown that grid-connected photovoltaic modules driven at maximum power may become unstable under normal grid transients. In such cases, stability can be maintained by allowing an operational margin defined as the energy difference between the stable and the unstable solutions of the system. Simulations show that modules cope well with grid transients when a sufficiently large margin is used.

Low-carbon off-grid electrification for rural areas in the United Kingdom: Lessons from the developing world

Low-carbon off-grid electrification for rural areas is becoming increasingly popular in the United Kingdom. However, many developing countries have been electrifying their rural areas in this way for decades. Case study fieldwork in Nepal and findings from United Kingdom based research will be used to examine how developed nations can learn from the experience of developing countries with regard to the institutional environment and delivery approach adopted in renewable energy off-grid rural electrification. A clearer institutional framework and more direct external assistance during project development are advised. External coordinators should also engage the community in a mobilization process a priori to help alleviate internal conflicts of interest that could later impede a project. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

A 4 GHz non-resonant clock driver with inductor-assisted energy return to power grid

Power consumption of a multi-GHz local clock driver is reduced by returning energy stored in the clock-tree load capacitance back to the on-chip power-distribution grid. We call this type of return energy recycling. To achieve a nearly square clock waveform, the energy is transferred in a non-resonant way using an on-chip inductor in a configuration resembling a full-bridge DC-DC converter. A zero-voltage switching technique is implemented in the clock driver to reduce dynamic power loss associated with the high switching frequencies. A prototype implemented in 90 nm CMOS shows a power savings of 35% at 4 GHz. The area needed for the inductor in this new clock driver is about 6% of a local clock region. © 2006 IEEE.

Experimental study of homogenisation in grid turbulence

Turbulence statistics have been measured immediately downstream of a regular grid made of round rods with rod spacing M. 2D-2C PIV was used to analyse a measurement area of 14M x 4M in the down and cross-stream directions respectively. The relevant Reynolds number span the range Re M = U ∞M/ν = 5 500 - 16 500. The Reynolds shear stresses recorded on two parallel measurement planes differently located relative to the grid exhibit significant discrepancies over the first 5M, but have completely homogenised in the cross-stream direction by x/M = 7. The downstream evolution of the two-point velocity correlation functions shows a progressive loss of coherence and a clear trend towards the expected isotropic behavior. The same conclusions apply to measurements taken in the wake of another regular grid made of square rods. Changes in the vortex shedding pattern from the grid were observed at the lowest Reynolds number, with two of the four rod wakes captured shedding in phase with each other but in anti-phase with a third one. The impact of this early flow coherence on the turbulence statistics did not persist due to the homogenisation process.

2D PIV measurements in the near field of grid turbulence using stitched fields from multiple cameras

We present measurements of grid turbulence using 2D particle image velocimetry taken immediately downstream from the grid at a Reynolds number of Re M = 16500 where M is the rod spacing. A long field of view of 14M x 4M in the down- and cross-stream directions was achieved by stitching multiple cameras together. Two uniform biplanar grids were selected to have the same M and pressure drop but different rod diameter D and crosssection. A large data set (10 4 vector fields) was obtained to ensure good convergence of second-order statistics. Estimations of the dissipation rate ε of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) were found to be sensitive to the number of meansquared velocity gradient terms included and not whether the turbulence was assumed to adhere to isotropy or axisymmetry. The resolution dependency of different turbulence statistics was assessed with a procedure that does not rely on the dissipation scale η. The streamwise evolution of the TKE components and ε was found to collapse across grids when the rod diameter was included in the normalisation. We argue that this should be the case between all regular grids when the other relevant dimensionless quantities are matched and the flow has become homogeneous across the stream. Two-point space correlation functions at x/M = 1 show evidence of complex wake interactions which exhibit a strong Reynolds number dependence. However, these changes in initial conditions disappear indicating rapid cross-stream homogenisation. On the other hand, isotropy was, as expected, not found to be established by x/M = 12 for any case studied. © Springer-Verlag 2012.

Initializing Vision Based Trackers Using Semantic Texton Forests

Vision based tracking can provide the spatial location of project related entities such as equipment, workers, and materials in a large-scale congested construction site. It tracks entities in a video stream by inferring their motion. To initiate the process, it is required to determine the pixel areas of the entities to be tracked in the following consecutive video frames. For the purpose of fully automating the process, this paper presents an automated way of initializing trackers using Semantic Texton Forests (STFs) method. STFs method performs simultaneously the segmentation of the image and the classification of the segments based on the low-level semantic information and the context information. In this paper, STFs method is tested in the case of wheel loaders recognition. In the experiments, wheel loaders are further divided into several parts such as wheels and body parts to help learn the context information. The results show 79% accuracy of recognizing the pixel areas of the wheel loader. These results signify that STFs method has the potential to automate the initialization process of vision based tracking.

Low-carbon off-grid electrification for rural areas: Lessons from the developing world

Low-carbon off-grid electrification for rural areas is becoming increasingly popular in developed nations such as the United Kingdom. However, many developing countries have been electrifying their rural areas in this way for decades. Case study fieldwork in Nepal and findings from UK-based research will be used to examine how developed nations can learn from the experience of developing countries with regards the institutional environment and delivery approach adopted in renewable energy off-grid rural electrification. A clearer institutional framework and more direct external assistance during project development are advised. External coordinators should also engage the community in a mobilization process a priori to help alleviate internal conflicts of interest that could later impede a project. ©2010 IEEE.

Airfoil flow and noise computation using monotonically integrated large eddy simulation and acoustic analogy: Effect of the grid resolution.

A new scalable Monotonically Integrated Large Eddy Simulation (MILES) method based on the Compact Accurately Boundary-Adjusting high-REsolution Technique (CABARET) has been applied for the simulation of unsteady flow around NACA0012 airfoil at Re = 400,000 and M = 0.058. The flow solution is coupled with the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings formulation for far-field noise prediction. The computational modeling results are presented for several computational grid resolutions: 8, 16, and 32 million grid cells and compared with the experimental data available.