The toughness of adipose tissue: measurements and physical basis.

The measured toughness J(C) of adipose and dermal porcine tissues are 4.1 and 17 kJ m(-2), respectively, via a trouser tear test. An assessment is made of the contribution to overall toughness from the microstructural elements. The analysis suggests that the toughness of adipose tissue is determined by the collagen network that surrounds the adipocytes. The volume fraction of the interlobular septa is sufficiently low for it to make a negligible contribution to the macroscopic toughness.

Physical properties of some novel nematic bimesogens for the flexoelectric effect

In a chiral nematic liquid crystal, the flexoelectric effect consists of a fast and linear coupling with an applied electric field. One difficulty to overcome is the unwinding of the helix that occurs at higher fields due to dielectric coupling. The use of bimesogens, which possess very low molecular dielectric anisotropy can improve flexoelectric characteristics. New bimesogen compounds have recently been synthesised that exhibit switching angles of 45° for applied fields of about 9 V.μm-1. In this paper, results from dielectric, electro-optic and dynamic light scattering measurements are reported for the new bimesogenic mixture. The dielectric anisotropy Δε changes sign with temperature and its values range between -0.2 and 0.3 for the temperature range studied. For Δε weakly positive, no electric field Freedericksz transition could be induced but Williams domains are observed instead. The large decrease in the bend elastic constant to viscosity coefficient ratio is attributed to a large increase in the bend viscosity coefficient. © 2001 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Gordon and Breach Science Publishers imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group.

Effect of weathering on the mechanical properties of automotive clearcoats

The effect of weathering on the wear resistance of automotive clearcoats has been evaluated. Acrylic-based and urethane-based coatings were exposed in Florida, Belgium and Australia and also under accelerated conditions to SAE J1960 with 0.55 W m -2 borosilicate/borosilicate filtered xenon arc light. Weathering caused a significant reduction in the abrasion and erosion resistance of the clearcoats and large increases in their hardness. Accelerated weathering produced different effects from natural exposure.

Numerical simulation of the growth of ZnO nanostructures in a tube furnace by physical vapour deposition

Zinc oxide is a versatile II-VI naturally n-type semiconductor that exhibits piezoelectric properties. By controlling the growth kinetics during a simple carbothermal reduction process a wide range of 1D nanostructures such as nanowires, nanobelts, and nanotetrapods have been synthesized. The driving force: for the nanostructure growth is the Zn vapour supersaturation and supply rate which, if known, can be used to predict and explain the type of crystal structure that results. A model which attempts to determine the Zn vapour concentration as a function of position in the growth furnace is described. A numerical simulation package, COMSOL, was used to simultaneously model the effects of fluid flow, diffusion and heat transfer in a tube furnace made specifically for ZnO nanostructure growth. Parameters such as the temperature, pressure, and flow rate are used as inputs to the model to show the effect that each one has on the Zn concentration profile. An experimental parametric study of ZnO nanostructure growth was also conducted and compared to the model predictions for the Zn concentration in the tube. © 2008 Materials Research Society.

Physical modelling of large area 4H-SiC PiN diodes

The recent developments in SiC PiN diode research mean that physics-based models that allow accurate, rapid prediction of switching and conduction performance and resulting converter losses will soon be required. This is especially the case given the potential for very high voltage converters to be used for enabling distributed and renewable power generation. In this work an electro-thermal compact model of a 4.5 kV silicon carbide PiN diode has been developed for converter loss modelling in Simulink. Good matching of reverse recovery has been achieved between 25 and 200 °C. The I-V characteristics of the P+ anode contact have been shown to be significant in obtaining good matching for the forward characteristics of the diode, requiring further modelling work in this area. © 2009 IEEE.

On computing the physical sources of jet noise

We derive a closed system of equations that relates the acoustically radiating flow variables to the sources of sound for homentropic flows. We use radiating density, momentum density and modified pressure as the dependent variables which leads to simple source terms for the momentum equations. The source terms involve the non-radiating parts of the density and momentum density fields. These non-radiating components are obtained by removing the radiating wavenumbers in the Fourier domain. We demonstrate the usefulness of this new technique on an axi-symmetric jet solution of the Navier-Stokes equations, obtained by direct numerical simulation (DNS). The dominant source term is proportional to the square of the non-radiating part of the axial momentum density. We compare the sound sources to that obtained by an acoustic analogy and find that they have more realistic physical properties. Their frequency content and amplitudes are consistent with. We validate the sources by computing the radiating sound field and comparing it to the DNS solution. © 2010 by S. Sinayoko, A. Agarwal.