A comparison of losses in small (<1 kW) drives using sine and space vector pulse width modulation schemes

this paper quantifies effects of using three different pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes on the losses in the inverter and induction motor of a 1 kW drive. Direct measurements of losses have been made with a calorimeter. Results show that for the inverter, discontinuous PWM excitation reduces losses by up to 15% compared to sine and symmetrical space vector PWM methods. However, at a low modulation index the greater harmonic content with discontinuous PWM increased motor losses by nearly 20%. This study demonstrates the importance of careful choice of modulation scheme to achieve high overall drive efficiency. © 2005 IEEE.

Retaining axial-lateral orthogonality in steered ultrasound data to improve image quality in reconstructed lateral displacement data

Ultrasound elastography tracks tissue displacements under small levels of compression to obtain images of strain, a mechanical property useful in the detection and characterization of pathology. Due to the nature of ultrasound beamforming, only tissue displacements in the direction of beam propagation, referred to as 'axial', are measured to high quality, although an ability to measure other components of tissue displacement is desired to more fully characterize the mechanical behavior of tissue. Previous studies have used multiple one-dimensional (1D) angled axial displacements tracked from steered ultrasound beams to reconstruct improved quality trans-axial displacements within the scan plane ('lateral'). We show that two-dimensional (2D) displacement tracking is not possible with unmodified electronically-steered ultrasound data, and present a method of reshaping frames of steered ultrasound data to retain axial-lateral orthogonality, which permits 2D displacement tracking. Simulated and experimental ultrasound data are used to compare changes in image quality of lateral displacements reconstructed using 1D and 2D tracked steered axial and steered lateral data. Reconstructed lateral displacement image quality generally improves with the use of 2D displacement tracking at each steering angle, relative to axial tracking alone, particularly at high levels of compression. Due to the influence of tracking noise, unsteered lateral displacements exhibit greater accuracy than axial-based reconstructions at high levels of applied strain. © 2011 SPIE.

Effects of turbulent reynolds number on the displacement speed statistics in the thin reaction zones regime of turbulent premixed combustion

The effects of turbulent Reynolds number on the statistical behaviour of the displacement speed have been studied using three-dimensional Direct Numerical Simulation of statistically planar turbulent premixed flames. The probability of finding negative values of the displacement speed is found to increase with increasing turbulent Reynolds number when the Damkhler number is held constant. It has been shown that the statistical behaviour of the Surface Density Function, and its strain rate and curvature dependence, plays a key role in determining the response of the different components of displacement speed. Increasing the turbulent Reynolds number is shown to reduce the strength of the correlations between tangential strain rate and dilatation rate with curvature, although the qualitative nature of the correlations remains unaffected. The dependence of displacement speed on strain rate and curvature is found to weaken with increasing turbulent Reynolds number when either Damkhler or Karlovitz number is held constant, but the qualitative nature of the correlation remains unaltered. The implications of turbulent Reynolds number effects in the context of Flame Surface Density (FSD) modelling have also been addressed, with emphasis on the influence of displacement speed on the curvature and propagation terms in the FSD balance equation. © 2011 Nilanjan Chakraborty et al.