Interpretation of measured profile losses in unsteady wake-turbine blade interaction studies

The interaction of wakes shed by a moving bladerow with a downstream bladerow causes unsteady flow. The meaning of the freestream stagnation pressure and stagnation enthalpy in these circumstances has been examined using simple analyses, measurements and CFD. The unsteady flow in question arises from the behaviour of the wakes as so-called negative-jets. The interactions of the negative-jets with the downstream blades lead to fluctuations in static pressure which in turn generate fluctuations in the stagnation pressure and stagnation enthalpy. It is shown that the fluctuations of the stagnation quantities created by unsteady effects within the bladerow are far greater than those within the incoming wake. The time-mean exit profiles of the stagnation pressure and stagnation enthalpy are affected by these large fluctuations. This phenomenon of energy separation is much more significant than the distortion of the time-mean exit profiles that is caused directly by the cross-passage transport associated with the negative-jet, as described by Kerrebrock and Mikolajczak. Finally, it is shown that if only time-averaged values of loss are required across a bladerow, it is nevertheless sufficient to determine the time-mean exit stagnation pressure.

Investigation of the losses in the stator duct spacers of large A.C. motors using the A -ip 3-D eddy current formulation

This paper describes how the A -if) formulation may be applied to determine the losses in the stator duct spacers of large a.c. motors. The model is described in terms of its geometry and boundary conditions. The novel aspects of the application of the formulation to this problem are explained. These include the modelling of fixed currents sources (the stator windings), the location of the necessary cut surfaces and the determination of their magnetic scalar potential differences, and the implementation of periodic boundary conditions for vector variables. Results are presented showing how the duct spacer losses vary with load, and with the relative permeability of the spacer material. The effects of modelling iron nonlinearity, of both the spacer and the steel laminations, are also illustrated. © 1996 IEEE.

A comparison of power losses for small (< 1 kW) induction motor drives adopting squarewave and sinusoidal PWM excitation

In this paper the influence of the form of motor excitation on the performance of a small (< 1 kW) induction motor drive is studied. Two forms of excitation, namely sine waves generated by pulse width modulation and simple square wave are explored. Sine wave excitation gives lower motor losses but increases inverter losses. Conversely, square wave excitation increases motor losses but decreases inverter losses. Losses have been measured directly by calorimetric means or, in the case of the inverter, predicted by a Pspice model that has been verified by calorimetric methods. The work shows that overall, the use of square wave excitation leads to a more efficient drive. © 2004 The Institution of Electrical Engineers.

Power losses in small inverter-fed induction motors

This paper presents the results of experimental and simulation investigations of the breakdown of losses in a small inverter fed induction motor. Factors that are considered include the impact of skew, excitation voltage waveform shape and PWM switching frequency. Detailed finite element simulations of the motor performance are carried out for the various conditions, with simulation results compared to calorimetric test results. © 2005 IEEE.

A comparison of losses in small (<1 kW) drives using sine and space vector pulse width modulation schemes

this paper quantifies effects of using three different pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes on the losses in the inverter and induction motor of a 1 kW drive. Direct measurements of losses have been made with a calorimeter. Results show that for the inverter, discontinuous PWM excitation reduces losses by up to 15% compared to sine and symmetrical space vector PWM methods. However, at a low modulation index the greater harmonic content with discontinuous PWM increased motor losses by nearly 20%. This study demonstrates the importance of careful choice of modulation scheme to achieve high overall drive efficiency. © 2005 IEEE.

Impact of PWM schemes on induction motor losses

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the impact of pulse width modulation (PWM) switching schemes on power losses in induction motors and their inverter drives. The PWM schemes considered include sinusoidal PWM, spacevector PWM and discontinuous PWM. Both experimental results and simulated predictions are presented for fractional horsepower and small integral horsepower motors. Direct loss measurements have been carried out using a calorimetric test rig; detailed simulations of the skewed motors have been carried out using multi-slice time-stepped 2D FEA. The simulated and measured losses under the different modulation schemes are compared and discussed. © 2006 IEEE.

Influence of voltage and frequency dimming on power losses in HF electronic ballasts for compact fluorescent lamps

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) incorporating electronic ballasts are widely used in lighting. In many cases the ability to dim the lamp is a requirement Dimming can be achieved by varying the voltage supplied to the inverter or by changing the switching frequency of the inverter. The effect of dimming by both approaches on the power losses in the inverter is studied in this work. The lamp and associated inverter has been modeled in PSPICE, using a behavioral model for the CFL. Predicted losses are in good agreement with experimental data obtained from calorimetry. The model was then used to determine the distribution of losses within the inverter, enabling a comparison of the effects of the two dimming methods to be made. © 2006 IEEE.

Losses in inductor-less piezoelectric transformer ballast for compact fluorescent lamps

In this study an inductor-less piezoelectric transformer (PT) based ballast for a 5 W CFL has been designed and simulated. The predictions of circuit currents and losses closely match experimentally measured values. The total simulated loss figure was confirmed against practically determined losses using a precision mini-calorimeter. Using simulation to disaggregate the total loss figure, it is seen that the PT makes the largest contribution to the total losses in such ballast.