Isolation of mineralizing Nestin+ Nkx6.1+ vascular muscular cells from the adult human spinal cord

Background: The adult central nervous system (CNS) contains different populations of immature cells that could possibly be used to repair brain and spinal cord lesions. The diversity and the properties of these cells in the human adult CNS remain to be fully explored. We previously isolated Nestin(+) Sox2(+) neural multipotential cells from the adult human spinal cord using the neurosphere method (i.e. non adherent conditions and defined medium). -- Results: Here we report the isolation and long term propagation of another population of Nestin(+) cells from this tissue using adherent culture conditions and serum. QPCR and immunofluorescence indicated that these cells had mesenchymal features as evidenced by the expression of Snai2 and Twist1 and lack of expression of neural markers such as Sox2, Olig2 or GFAP. Indeed, these cells expressed markers typical of smooth muscle vascular cells such as Calponin, Caldesmone and Acta2 (Smooth muscle actin). These cells could not differentiate into chondrocytes, adipocytes, neuronal and glial cells, however they readily mineralized when placed in osteogenic conditions. Further characterization allowed us to identify the Nkx6.1 transcription factor as a marker for these cells. Nkx6.1 was expressed in vivo by CNS vascular muscular cells located in the parenchyma and the meninges. -- Conclusion: Smooth muscle cells expressing Nestin and Nkx6.1 is the main cell population derived from culturing human spinal cord cells in adherent conditions with serum. Mineralization of these cells in vitro could represent a valuable model for studying calcifications of CNS vessels which are observed in pathological situations or as part of the normal aging. In addition, long term propagation of these cells will allow the study of their interaction with other CNS cells and their implication in scar formation during spinal cord injury.

Úlceras en Extremidades Inferiores de Etiología Vascular y Pie Diabético

En el siguiente trabajo se proporcionará una clasificación detallada de las úlceras vasculares y pie diabético, así como de su fisiopatología y epidemiología, posibles complicaciones, métodos diagnósticos, pautas de prevención y tratamiento, y por último, se añade un apartado, con la finalidad de conseguir la comprensión por parte del lector de la repercusión de las úlceras en la calidad de vida del paciente.

Terapia celular para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer: angiogénesis terapéutica inducida por células microencapsuladas secretoras del factor de crecimiento del endotelio vascular

197 p. (Bibliogr. 189-197)

Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates melanoma cell adhesion and growth in the bone marrow microenvironment via tumor cyclooxygenase-2

Background: Human melanoma frequently colonizes bone marrow (BM) since its earliest stage of systemic dissemination, prior to clinical metastasis occurrence. However, how melanoma cell adhesion and proliferation mechanisms are regulated within bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) microenvironment remain unclear. Consistent with the prometastatic role of inflammatory and angiogenic factors, several studies have reported elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in melanoma although its pathogenic role in bone marrow melanoma metastasis is unknown. Methods: Herein we analyzed the effect of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib in a model of generalized BM dissemination of left cardiac ventricle-injected B16 melanoma (B16M) cells into healthy and bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-pretreated mice to induce inflammation. In addition, B16M and human A375 melanoma (A375M) cells were exposed to conditioned media from basal and LPS-treated primary cultured murine and human BMSCs, and the contribution of COX-2 to the adhesion and proliferation of melanoma cells was also studied. Results: Mice given one single intravenous injection of LPS 6 hour prior to cancer cells significantly increased B16M metastasis in BM compared to untreated mice; however, administration of oral celecoxib reduced BM metastasis incidence and volume in healthy mice, and almost completely abrogated LPS-dependent melanoma metastases. In vitro, untreated and LPS-treated murine and human BMSC-conditioned medium (CM) increased VCAM-1-dependent BMSC adherence and proliferation of B16M and A375M cells, respectively, as compared to basal medium-treated melanoma cells. Addition of celecoxib to both B16M and A375M cells abolished adhesion and proliferation increments induced by BMSC-CM. TNF alpha and VEGF secretion increased in the supernatant of LPS-treated BMSCs; however, anti-VEGF neutralizing antibodies added to B16M and A375M cells prior to LPS-treated BMSC-CM resulted in a complete abrogation of both adhesion-and proliferation-stimulating effect of BMSC on melanoma cells. Conversely, recombinant VEGF increased adherence to BMSC and proliferation of both B16M and A375M cells, compared to basal medium-treated cells, while addition of celecoxib neutralized VEGF effects on melanoma. Recombinant TNFa induced B16M production of VEGF via COX-2-dependent mechanism. Moreover, exogenous PGE2 also increased B16M cell adhesion to immobilized recombinant VCAM-1. Conclusions: We demonstrate the contribution of VEGF-induced tumor COX-2 to the regulation of adhesion-and proliferation-stimulating effects of TNFa, from endotoxin-activated bone marrow stromal cells, on VLA-4-expressing

Efficacy and safety of autologous platelet rich plasma for the treatment of vascular ulcers in primary care: Phase III study

Background: Vascular ulcers are commonly seen in daily practice at all levels of care and have great impact at personal, professional and social levels with a high cost in terms of human and material resources. Given that the application of autologous platelet rich plasma has been shown to decrease healing times in various different studies in the hospital setting, we considered that it would be interesting to assess the efficacy and feasibility of this treatment in primary care. The objectives of this study are to assess the potential efficacy and safety of autologous platelet rich plasma for the treatment of venous ulcers compared to the conventional treatment (moist wound care) in primary care patients with chronic venous insufficiency (C, clinical class, E, aetiology, A, anatomy and P, pathophysiology classification C6). Design: We will conduct a phase III, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, randomized study. The subjects will be 150 patients aged between 40 and 100 years of age with an at least 2-month history of a vascular venous ulcer assigned to ten primary care centres. For the treatment with autologous platelet rich plasma, all the following tasks will be performed in the primary care setting: blood collection, centrifugation, separation of platelet rich plasma, activation of coagulation adding calcium chloride and application of the PRP topically after gelification. The control group will receive standard moist wound care. The outcome variables to be measured at baseline, and at weeks 5 and 9 later include: reduction in the ulcer area, Chronic Venous Insufficiency Quality of Life Questionnaire score, and percentage of patients who require wound care only once a week. Discussion: The results of this study will be useful to improve the protocol for using platelet rich plasma in chronic vascular ulcers and to favour wider use of this treatment in primary care.

Valoración del riesgo cardiovascular y edad vascular en personas con hipertensión primaria

INTRODUCCIÓN: los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares (FRCV) son los que se asocian a una mayor probabilidad de sufrir una enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV), estos pueden ser no modificables o modificables como la hipertensión primaria que tiene un origen multifactorial. Mediante el método Framingham se describen el perfil del riesgo cardiovascular absoluto (RCV) que es la probabilidad de presentar un evento cardiovascular en 10 años y la edad vascular (EV) la cual indica la edad que le corresponde a las arterias. OBJETIVOS: 1) Estimar el perfil de RCV y EV en personas con HTA primaria a través del método Framingham. 2) Conocer dentro del RCV, si el riesgo es bajo, medio o alto teniendo en cuenta la edad, HDL-colesterol, colesterol total (COL), pensión arterial sistólica (PAS), diabetes tipo 1 y tipo 2 y el tabaquismo. MÉTODOS: participaron en el estudio 58 personas (edad= 51,7 ±7,8 años) 46 hombres y 12 mujeres) diagnosticadas con HTA primaria y sobrepeso u obesidad, incluidas en la investigación EXERDIET-HTA. Se les realizó una estimación del RCV y EV a través del método Framingham. Las variables que se consideraron para la valoración fueron la edad, HDL-C, COL, PAS, si padecían diabetes o no y si eran fumadores o no. RESULTADOS: las personas estudiadas presentan un RCV del 15,5±7,7% que se relaciona con un RCV de nivel medio, siendo más alto en los hombres que en las mujeres (P=0,001). En la totalidad el 24% de los participantes presenta un RCV alto, el 47% medio y el 24% bajo. La EV media estimada es de 65±10 años, 13 años superior a la edad cronológica. CONCLUSIONES: Personas con diagnóstico de HTA primaria y el correspondiente tratamiento farmacológico presentan un RCV medio a sufrir un evento cardiovascular en los próximos 10 años de entre el 10-20%. Se hace necesario un control más exhaustivo de todos los FRCV, de forma especial en los hombres en relación con el hábito del tabaquismo. La EV en personas hipertensas es superior a la edad cronológica, lo que acentúa la necesidad de adopción de un estilo de vida más saludable