Encouraging the implication of shops in the city by means of retail associationism. The case of Bilbao

[EN] Retail activity in urban areas constitutes a key variable in the health of a city. For that reason, the processes of urban revitalization and retail revitalization run in parallel manner. Integrated management models for urban centres constitute a good framework to harness the competitiveness of the cities and their retail businesses, but they require of all implied participation, by means of a public – private cooperation.

Hiriguneko garraio publiko sistemaren eragina hirien bizi kalitatearen hautematean. City marketinaren ikuspuntutik hausnarketa

Hirien lehiakortasuna hobetzeko berebiziko garrantzia duen tresna dela erakutsi du hiri marketinak. Hiriek garatutako estrategietan, hirien bizi kalitatean oinarritutako ezberdintze estrategiak dira azpimarragarri izan dira, izan duten arrakastagatik. Autore askok hirien bizi kalitatearen hobetzea ingurugiroarekin, gizartearekin edo ekonomiarekin erlazionatutako adierazleekin identifikatzen dute; baina hobekuntza hauek ez dute zertan biztanleen begietara ikusgai izan behar. Gainera, aztertutako literaturak garraio publikoa – aspektu ekonomikoetan, sozialetan eta ingurugiroan duen efektua – bizi kalitatea baldintzatzen duen elementu bat dela agerian jarri du. Kasu honetan, ikerketa honek planteatu diren lau konstruktuen eta bizi kalitatearen arteko harreman positiboa dagoen aztertuko du. Horretarako, lehenik eta behin garraio publikoak garapen ekonomikoan, garapen sozialean, ingurugiroan eta irisgarritasunean duen eragina neurtzeko planteatutako eskalak baliagarriak diren egiaztatuko da.

San Francisco : a city reinvented by creative innovation

The aim of this paper is to analyse the recent evolution of the city of San Francisco to outline the major features that have made it possible this continuing process of creative innovation in the city. In order to meet this objective, the project is framed around answering two key research questions: (1) what are the main economic and social elements that characterise urban change in the city of San Francisco and (2) which is the role of public strategies in the continuing economic success of San Francisco. The paper concludes that the successful performance of San Francisco is the result of the actions taken by many agents in the city, but the role of public authorities, especially the City and County, must be stressed, both through direct intervention and by coordinating, fostering and supporting the private and non-profit sectors. This is especially relevant in a country like the US where private initiative has been seen in many occasions as the greatest driver of economic and social success. Yet, the performance of San Francisco City cannot be explained without the role played by the public sector, in coordination with the civil society