R&D Policy in Economies with Endogenous Growth and Non-Renewable Resources

The aim of this paper is to analyze how active R&D policies affect the growth rate of an economy with endogenous growth and non-renewable resources. We know from Scholz and Ziemens (1999) and Groth (2006) that in infinitely lived agents (ILA) economies, any active R&D policy increases the growth rate of the economy. To see if this result also appears in economies with finite lifetime agents, we developed an endogenous growth overlapping generations (OLG) economy à la Diamond which uses non-renewable resources as essential inputs in final good’s production. We show analytically that any R&D policy that reduces the use of natural resources implies a raise in the growth rate of the economy. Numerically we show that in economies with low intertemporal elasticity of substitution (IES), active R&D policies lead the economy to increase the depletion of non-renewable resources. Nevertheless, we find that active R&D policies always imply increases in the endogenous growth rate, in both scenarios. Furthermore, when the IES coefficient is lower (greater) than one, active R&D policies affect the growth rate of the economy in the ILA more (less) than in OLG economies.

De re etymologica: vasc. -(r)antz ‘hacia’

Iker bilduma = Colección Iker, nº 17

Stimulation discomfort comparison of asynchronous and synchronous methods with multi-field electrodes

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is a technique that consists on applying electrical current pulses to artificially activate motor nerve fibers and produce muscle contractions to achieve functional movements. The main applications of FES are within the rehabilitation field, in which this technique is used to aid recovery or to restore lost motor functions. People that benefit of FES are usually patients with neurological disorders which result in motor dysfunctions; most common patients include stroke and spinal cord injury (SCI). Neuroprosthesis are devices that have their basis in FES technique, and their aim is to bridge interrupted or damaged neural paths between the brain and upper or lower limbs. One of the aims of neuroprosthesis is to artificially generate muscle contractions that produce functional movements, and therefore, assist impaired people by making them able to perform activities of daily living (ADL). FES applies current pulses and stimulates nerve fibers by means of electrodes, which can be either implanted or surface electrodes. Both of them have advantages and disadvantages. Implanted electrodes need open surgery to place them next to the nerve root, so these electrodes carry many disadvantages that are produced by the use of invasive techniques. In return, as the electrodes are attached to the nerve, they make it easier to achieve selective functional movements. On the contrary, surface electrodes are not invasive and are easily attached or detached on the skin. Main disadvantages of surface electrodes are the difficulty of selectively stimulating nerve fibers and uncomfortable feeling perceived by users due to sensory nerves located in the skin. Electrical stimulation surface electrode technology has improved significantly through the years and recently, multi-field electrodes have been suggested. This multi-field or matrix electrode approach brings many advantages to FES; among them it is the possibility of easily applying different stimulation methods and techniques. The main goal of this thesis is therefore, to test two stimulation methods, which are asynchronous and synchronous stimulation, in the upper limb with multi-field electrodes. To this end, a purpose-built wrist torque measuring system and a graphic user interface were developed to measure wrist torque produced with each of the methods and to efficiently carry out the experiments. Then, both methods were tested on 15 healthy subjects and sensitivity results were analyzed for different cases. Results show that there are significant differences between methods regarding sensation in some cases, which can affect effectiveness or success of FES.

El derecho de información del socio en la S.A. y en la S.R.L. Arts. 112 LSA y 51 LSRL

Este árticulo explica que el derecho de la información es uno de los denominados derechos individuales del accionista o socio, que se deriva de la titularidad de acciones o participaciones, derecho fundamental e inherente a la condición de socio, e inderogable, que se ostenta por normas imperativas que reconocen dicho derecho. Contribuye a un mayor control y participación del socio en la marcha de la sociedad ya que trata de facilitar a los socios un conocimiento directo sobre la situación y gestión social constituyendo, por tanto, uno de los más importantes derechos del mismo.

An R package for permutations, Mallows and Generalized Mallows models

[EN]Probability models on permutations associate a probability value to each of the permutations on n items. This paper considers two popular probability models, the Mallows model and the Generalized Mallows model. We describe methods for making inference, sampling and learning such distributions, some of which are novel in the literature. This paper also describes operations for permutations, with special attention in those related with the Kendall and Cayley distances and the random generation of permutations. These operations are of key importance for the efficient computation of the operations on distributions. These algorithms are implemented in the associated R package. Moreover, the internal code is written in C++.

New Oncogenic Drivers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Role of the RNA Binding Protein Hu antigen R

156 p. : graf.

ICGE: an R package for detecting relevant clusters and atypical units in gene expression

Background: Gene expression technologies have opened up new ways to diagnose and treat cancer and other diseases. Clustering algorithms are a useful approach with which to analyze genome expression data. They attempt to partition the genes into groups exhibiting similar patterns of variation in expression level. An important problem associated with gene classification is to discern whether the clustering process can find a relevant partition as well as the identification of new genes classes. There are two key aspects to classification: the estimation of the number of clusters, and the decision as to whether a new unit (gene, tumor sample ... ) belongs to one of these previously identified clusters or to a new group. Results: ICGE is a user-friendly R package which provides many functions related to this problem: identify the number of clusters using mixed variables, usually found by applied biomedical researchers; detect whether the data have a cluster structure; identify whether a new unit belongs to one of the pre-identified clusters or to a novel group, and classify new units into the corresponding cluster. The functions in the ICGE package are accompanied by help files and easy examples to facilitate its use. Conclusions: We demonstrate the utility of ICGE by analyzing simulated and real data sets. The results show that ICGE could be very useful to a broad research community.

Kalman Filtering in R

Support in R for state space estimation via Kalman filtering was limited to one package, until fairly recently. In the last five years, the situation has changed with no less than four additional packages offering general implementations of the Kalman filter, including in some cases smoothing, simulation smoothing and other functionality. This paper reviews some of the offerings in R to help the prospective user to make an informed choice.

Cartas enviadas por Francisco R. de Arbulu a Justo Garate en 1970

12 cartas y 2 notas (manuscritas) ; entre 160x215mm y 240x350mm. Ubicación: Caja 1 - Carpeta 41

Cartas enviadas por Francisco R. de Arbulu a Justo Garate entre 1972 y 1973

12 cartas (manuscritas) ; entre 215x230mm y 210x2970mm. Ubicación: Caja 1 - Carpeta 41

Tarjeta enviada por R. Azkue a Justo Garate en 1925

1 tarjeta (manuscrita) ; 136x92mm. Ubicación: Caja 1 - Carpeta 83

Cambios en las sinapsis del hipocampo de rata inducidos por el receptor de neurokinina 3 (NK3-R)

Mediante Western blot y cultivos celulares, en el presente trabajo se han observado las variaciones en el número de espinas dendríticas y sinapsis en neuronas del hipocampo de ratas macho de tres meses de edad, cuando se activa o se inhibe el receptor de neurokinina 3 (NK3-R) mediante drogas agonistas o antagonistas. Se ha visto que el gen de este receptor tiene una menor expresión en ratas muy ansiosas en comparación con las poco ansiosas, por lo que se pretende estudiar las implicaciones que pueda tener esta proteína en el trastorno de ansiedad.

HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES BASED ON ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTING POLYMERS AND INORGANIC NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES

La fotovoltaica orgánica es una tecnología solar emergente que todavía no ha entrado en el mercado. El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido acercar un poco más la industrialización de dicha tecnología mediante el incremento de la eficiencia y la durabilidad de estos dispositivos solares. Para la consecución de dicho objetivo se identificaron las limitaciones existentes y se diseñó una hora de ruta con diversas estrategias para poder superar cada uno de los problemas. Así, mediante un exhaustivo control de la nano morfología del film fotoactivo y la introducción de electrodos nanoestructurados se ha conseguido incrementar la eficiencia. La sustitución de los electrodos estándares por nuevos electrodos basados en óxidos metálicos confiere durabilidad al sistema. Por último, la sustitución del óxido de indio y estaño como electrodo transparente por nanohilos metálicos de plata habilita la posibilidad de fabricar dispositivos solares flexibles de bajo coste.

TRANSFER OF ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE CHARACTERISATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS TO R&D PROCESSES OF IDOKI

IDOKI SCF Technologies S.L. is a technology-based company, set up on September 2006 in Derio (Biscay) with the main scope of developing extraction and purification processes based on the use of supercritical fluid extraction technology (SFE) in food processing, extraction of natural products and the production of personal care products. IDOKI¿s researchers have been working on many different R&D projects so far, most of them using this technology. However, the optimization of a SFE method for the different matrices cannot be performed unless we have an analytical method for the characterisation of the extracts obtained in each experiment. The analytical methods are also essential for the quality control of the raw materials that are going to be used and also for the final product. This PhD thesis was born to tackle this problem and therefore, it is based on the development of different analytical methods for the characterisation of the extracts and products. The projects that we could include in this thesis were the following: the extraction propolis, the recovery of agroindustrial residues (soy and wine) and the dealcoholisation of wine.On the one hand, for the extraction of propolis, several UV-Vis spectroscopic methods were used in order to measure the antioxidant capacity and the total polyphenol and flavonoid content of the extracts. A SFC method was also developed in order to measure more specific phenolic compounds. On the other hand, for the recovery of agroindustrial residues UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to determine the total polyphenol content and two SFC methods were developed to analyse different phenolic compounds. Extraction methods such as MAE, FUSE and rotary agitation were also evaluated for the characterisation of the raw materials.Finally, for the dealcoholisation of wine, the development of a SBSE-TD-GC-MS and DHS-TD-GC-MS methods for the analysis of aromas and a NIR spectroscopic method for the determination of ethanol content with the help of chemometrics was necessary. Most of these methods are typically used in IDOKI¿s lab as routine analyses apart from others not included in this PhD thesis.

Introducción al entorno R

R puede entenderse como un lenguaje de programación, como un potente software de análisis estadísticos o incluso como un generador de gráficos. Cualquiera de las tres acepciones es compatible con una definición de R. Estas páginas ofrecen al lector interesado y no iniciado en programación, los conceptos básicos y necesarios de la sintaxis de R que le permitirán trabajar en un entorno pensado para su uso con interfaces de códigos. Si bien es cierto que existen interfaces gráficas (R Commander) que facilitan el uso de R como software para el análisis de datos, no es menos cierto que la adquisición de destrezas en el manejo de unas normas de sintaxis básicas permitirán al usuario de R beneficiarse aún más de la potencia y de las ventajas que ofrece este entorno.